When and Where Anytime you put a word in a sentence that indicates when or where something is taking place, you must add the particle 에 to the end of

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Nouns: 기계 = machine 대학교 = college, university 트럭 = truck 검은색 = (the color) black 흰색 = (the color) white 음료수 = beverage, drink 외국 = foreign country 외국인 = foreigner 고등학교 = high school 도서관 = library

1 Nouns: 기계 = machine 대학교 = college, university 트럭 = truck 검은색 = (the color) black 흰색 = (the color) white 음료수 = beverage, drink 외국 = foreign country 외국인 = foreigner 고등학교 = high school 도서관 = library Verbs: 놀다 = to play 쓰다 = to use 쓰다 = to write 실수하다 = to make a mistake 수리하다 = to repair 잡다 = to catch, to grab, to grasp 읽다 = to read 내다 = to pay for 받다 = to get, to receive, to acquire 도착하다 = to arrive 여행하다 = to travel Adjectives: 젊다 = to be young 늙다 = to be old Adjectives: 나이가많다 = to be old 완벽하다 = to be perfect 아프다 = to be sick, to be sore 똑똑하다 = to be smart 중요하다 = to be important 나쁘다 = to be bad Adverbs and Other Words:: 즉시 = immediately 바로 = immediately 빨리 = quickly/fast 자주 = often 가끔 = sometimes 많이 = many/a lot of 방금 = a moment ago 곳 = place 동시에 = same time 밤 = night 어젯밤 = last night 갑자기 = suddenly 매년 = every year 다시 = again 혼자 = alone 낮 = daytime 동 = East 남 = South 서 = West 북 = North Korean Adverbs To this point, you have studied Korean verbs and adjectives in great depth, but you have yet to learn much about Korean adverbs. First of all, what is an adverb? Adverbs are words in sentences that tell you when, where, or to what degree something is being done. When: I went to work on Tuesday Where: I am inside the house Degree: I opened the door quickly In this lesson, you will learn how to use adverbs in Korean sentences. Let's get started! HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 1

2 When and Where Anytime you put a word in a sentence that indicates when or where something is taking place, you must add the particle 에 to the end of that word. Keep in mind, however, that 에 is not the only particle that can go at the end of words of position or time. There are other particles that can go at the end of these words to indicate from when/where something occurred, until when/where, etc. For now, though, let s just talk about 에. This is very important. Even though all places (park, house, hospital, school, office, room, kitchen, etc) are also nouns, when they are being talked about as a place, the particle 에 must be attached to them. Notice the difference between the following two sentences: 저는병원을지었어요 = I built a hospital 저는병원에갔어요 = I went to the/a hospital In the first sentence, hospital is the thing in which you are building so it is an object, which requires you to use the 을 / 를 particle. In the second sentence, the hospital is the place in which you went to so it is a place, which requires it to have the 에 particle. However, if you wanted to say where you built that hospital, you could say this: 저는병원을공원옆에지었어요 = I built a hospital beside the park In addition to this, any word that indicates when something is taking place, needs have the Korean particle 에 attached to it. For example: 저는화요일에가겠어요 = I will go on Tuesday 저는저녁에공부했어요 = I studied in the evening 저는가을에공원옆에병원을지었어요 = I built a hospital beside the park in the fall The best part about Korean adverbs is that they can essentially be placed at any place in the sentence. The only place they cannot be placed is at the end of the sentence - because a sentence must always end in an adjective or verb. They could even be placed at the beginning of a sentence: 여름에저는공부하겠어요 = I will study in the summer Korean people don t add ~ 에 when using 오늘 (today), 내일 (tomorrow) and 어제 (yesterday). For example: 저는한국에오늘도착했어요 = I arrived in Korea today 저는도서관에어제갔어요 = I went to the library yesterday 저는내일한국어를공부하겠어요 = I will study Korean tomorrow. HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 2

3 To what degree/how much In addition to when and where adverbs, many adverbs can tell us to what degree something is being done. These adverbs usually (but not always) end in ly in English: I ran really quickly I ate fast I left immediately I often meet my friend on Thursday I eat too much sometimes When adding these types of adverbs to sentences, no particle needs to be attached. While other adverbs are generally free to be placed anywhere in a sentence, adverbs like this that indicate a degree to which something is done are typically placed immediately before the verb. For example: 저는저의친구를자주만나요 = I meet my friend often 저는밥을많이먹었어요 = I ate a lot of food (rice) 저는집에바로갔어요 = I went home immediately 저는숙제를빨리했어요 = I did my homework quickly Also, many of these words are just transferred from their adjective forms to create an adverb. This is done in English as well, for example: Quick Easy Quiet Quickly Easily Quietly A lot of adverbs in Korean are simply made by adding 게 to the stem of an adjective: Adjective 쉽다 = easy 비슷하다 = similar 다르다 = different Adverb 쉽게 = easily 비슷하게 = similarly 다르게 = differently Adjectives that end in 하다 are sometimes changed into adverbs by changing 하다 to 히. With most 하다 adjectives you can either add 게 to the stem or 히 with no difference in meaning. The only thing I can suggest is try to listen to which one is said in a specific situation, because even Korean people don t know the answer to the question what is the difference between 조용하게 and 조용히 : Adjective 조용하다 = quiet 안전하다 = safe Adverb 조용하게 / 조용히 = quietly 안전하게 / 안전히 = safely HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 3

4 Finally, some adjectives are changed into adverbs in a different way. When this happens, they are usually very similar to their original adjective form: Adjective 많다 = many 빠르다 = quick/fast Adverb 많이 = many/a lot* 빨리 = quickly * 많다 and 많이 essentially have the same meaning aside from the fact that one is an adverb and one is an adjective. With most words, the difference between the adjective and adverb form is very clear, but with 많이 / 많다, the meaning is similar. For example: 저는많은밥을먹었어요 = I ate a lot of rice 저는밥을많이먹었어요 = I ate a lot of rice. Now that you know ALL that, using adverbs in sentences is easy as pie!: 저는조용하게먹었어요 = I ate quietly 저는거리를안전하게건넜어요 = I crossed the street safely 저는행복하게살았어요 = I lived happily You can, of course, use more than one adverbs in a sentence. To look at the list I showed you earlier: I ran really quickly = 저는매우빨리달렸어요 I ate fast = 저는빨리먹었어요 I left immediately = 저는바로떠났어요 I often meet my friend on Thursday = 저는저의친구를목요일에자주만나요 I eat too much sometimes = 저는가끔너무많이먹어요 Though you can do that, using two adverbs that indicate the degree of something is generally not done in Korean. For example, this would sound awkward: 저는쉽게빨리거리를건넜어요 = I easily quickly crossed the street (It s also awkward in English!) HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 4

5 Negative Sentences There are two ways you can make a sentence negative: 1. By adding 안, which acts as an adverb in the sentence. 안 is typically placed immediately before the final verb or adjective. For example: 그여자는안예뻐요 = That girl isn t pretty 저는생선을안좋아해요 = I don t like fish 저는내일학교에안가겠어요 = I m not going to school tomorrow 2. By adding ~ 지않다 to the stem of the final verb or adjective. 않다 then becomes the verb or adjective in that sentence and must be conjugated accordingly. For example: 그여자는예쁘지않아요 = That girl isn t pretty 저는생선을좋아하지않아요 = I don t like fish 저는내일학교에가지않겠어요 = I m not going to school tomorrow Their respective meanings are identical. It is up to the speaker to decide which one will be used. There are times when it will be more natural to use 안 and there will be times when it will be more natural to use ~ 지않다. At this point, you can consider them the same. Throughout your studies you will constantly be exposed to 안 and ~ 지않다, and through this exposure you can gradually develop a preference for which one should be used and in which circumstance. I like to share my observations that I have made through my experiences with the Korean language. I think this can be helpful to learners as they struggle to understand when to use some grammatical principles over others. There are a few things I would like to talk about regarding these negative sentences As you know, most verbs ending in ~ 하다 can be turned into a noun-form of that verb by removing ~ 하다. For example. 공부하다 = to study 공부 = the noun form of study 실수하다 = to make a mistake 실수 = a mistake 여행하다 = to travel 여행 = a trip HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 5

6 When indicating that one does not do a ~ 하다 verb, it is common to separate ~ 하다 from the noun and place 안 in between them. For example: 저는공부를안했어요 = I didn t study Instead of: 저는안공부했어요 저는실수를안했어요 = I didn t make (do) a mistake Instead of: 저는안실수했어요 저는여행을안했어요 = I didn t travel Instead of: 저는안여행했어요 It would also be appropriate to use the ~ 지않다 form with these words. However, in these cases, it doesn t matter if the noun is separated from ~ 하다 or not. For example. 저는공부하지않았어요 = I didn t study 저는공부를하지않았어요 = I didn t study 저는실수하지않았어요 = I didn t make a mistake 저는실수를하지않았어요 = I didn t make a mistake 저는여행하지않았어요 = I didn t travel 저는여행을하지않았어요 = I didn t travel Many adjectives end in ~ 하다. It is unnatural to remove the ~ 하다 in these words and place 안 between them. You can t separate an adjective and act on it with ~ 하다 because they are adjectives. For example, the following would be incorrect: 저는행복을안해요 (This does not mean I am not happy ) However, you could use ~ 지않다 on a - 하다 adjective or place 안 before the verb without separating it. For example: 저는안행복해요 = I am not happy 저는행복하지않아요 = I am not happy HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 6

7 I have had people ask me about the word order of sentences using an adverb and the negative adverb 안. One learner asked me if this sentence would be okay: 저는빨리안공부했어요 While it might be understood, this sentence sounds very awkward in Korean. The reason is probably due to the fact that there are two adverbs being used. In this sentence, both 빨리 and 안 act as adverbs that indicate the degree to which the studying was done. As I mentioned earlier, this usually isn t done in Korean. Instead, if you wanted to express that meaning, you can use the ~ 지않다 negative addition instead. By doing this, you effectively remove one of the adverbs and are left with: 저는빨리공부하지않았어요 = I didn t study quickly Even still, though. This sentence could still be a little awkward in Korean because when would you ever say I didn t study quickly? In most cases, it would be more natural to simply use an adverb that has the opposite meaning. For example, this sentence: 저는밥을빨리먹지않았어요 = I didn t eat (rice) quickly Would be more naturally said as: 저는밥을천천히먹었어요 = I ate rice slowly HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 7

8 To not be: 아니다아니다 (to not be) is the opposite of the word 이다 (to be), but they are used a little bit differently. Remember that 이다 is always attached directly to a noun. For example: 나는선생님이다 = I am a teacher 나는대학생이다 = I am a university student However, when using 아니다, the particle ~ 이 / 가 is attached to the noun, and 아니다 is used as a separate word: 나는선생님이아니다 = I am not a teacher 나는대학생이아니다 = I am not a university student Below are some examples, with possible conjugations of 아니다. You have learned how to conjugate verbs and adjectives, but you still haven't learned how to conjugate 이다 and 아니다. You will learn this in the next lesson. 나는선생님이아니다 = I am not a teacher ( 저는선생님이아니에요 ) 나는너의친구가아니다 = I am not your friend ( 나는너의친구가아니야 ) 나는대학생이아니다 = I am not a University Student ( 저는대학생이아니에요 ) 없다 Just like how 아니다 is the opposite of 이다, 없다 is the opposite of 있다. You learned that 있다 can mean to have or to be in/at a location/for something to be there : To have: 저는돈이있다 = I have money To be in/at a location: 저는학교안에있어요 = I am inside the school 없다 can have the meanings of to not have or to not be in/at a location/for there to be none of. For example: To not have: 저는돈이없어요 = I don t have money 저는시간이없어요 = I don t have time 우리는차가없어요 = We don't have a car To not be in a location: 저의친구는지금한국에없어요 = My friend is not in Korea now For there to be none of: 사람이없었어요 = There was no people HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 8

9 To not like: 싫어하다 and 싫다 While we are talking about negative words, I want to talk about 싫어하다 quickly. " 싫어하다 " is a verb that is used to indicate that one dislikes something. 싫어하다 is the opposite of 좋아하다 (to like). For example: 저는과일을싫어해요 = I dislike fruit 저는과일을좋아해요 = I like fruit In Lesson 3, you learned how 좋다 and 좋아하다 are different. I explained that 좋다 is an adjective (meaning "to be good"), and thus cannot act on an object. For example: 그선생님은좋다 = That teacher is good 이학교는좋다 = This school is good The adjective form of 싫어하다 is 싫다. However, contrary to what you probably expect, 싫다 is not used to mean "to not be good." In order to indicate that something is "not good" (i.e. "bad"), the adjective 나쁘다 is commonly used. Instead, 싫다 is often used to indicate that one dislikes something (just like 싫어하다 ). For example: 저는과일이싫어요 = I dislike fruit Notice that because 싫다 is an adjective, it cannot act on an object, so the particles ~ 이 / 가 are attached to the noun. This type of sentence is a little bit too complex right now, so I don't want to dig too deep into it. I discuss this more deeply in Lesson 15. Be careful to not make double negative sentences. Although technically grammatically correct, this one reads funny: 저는과일을싫어하지않아요 = I don t dislike fruit HowtoStudyKorean.com Unit 1 9

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not,

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not, Page 1 of 5 Learn Korean Ep. 4: To be and To exist Of course to be and to exist are different verbs, but they re often confused by beginning students when learning Korean. In English we sometimes use the