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1 Journal of Korea TAPPI Vol. 49. No. 1, 2017, 3-8p ISSN (Print): Printed in Korea 활엽수표백크라프트펄프대체용바가스펄프의배합비에따른수초지의강도특성변화 장동욱 박종문 1 접수일 (2017 년 1 월 13 일 ), 수정일 (2017 년 1 월 25 일 ), 채택일 (2017 년 2 월 1 일 ) Changes of Handsheet s Physical Properties depending on Mixing Ratio of Bagasse Pulp for Replacement of Hardwood Bleached Kraft Pulp Dong-Wook Jang and Jong-Moon Park 1 Received January 13, 2017; Received in revised form January 25, 2017; Accepted February 1, 2017 ABSTRACT About 80% of pulp is imported from abroad which is used in most of paper mills in Korea. In order to reduce production cost, abundant non-woody pulps attracts interest to papermaker when it has high quality with low price. Bagasse pulp has high brightness with low price among non-woody pulps. Bagasse pulp is widely used to produce newsprint, printing paper, and paperboard in subtropic and tropical countries. Bagasse pulp has short fiber length, thick fiber width, and high fines content. In order to replace hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) efficiently, handsheet s physical properties depending on bagasse pulp mixing ratios were analyzed. When the bagasse pulp mixing ratio was increased, breaking length, stretch, folding endurance, tear strength, and stiffness of handsheets were decreased. Therefore the mixing ratio of the bagasse pulp up to 10-15% was considered proper to replace Hw-BKP. Keywords: Bagasse pulp, non-woody pulp, refining, hardwood bleached kraft pulp 삼화제지연구소 (415-14, Osangajaro, Oksan-myeon, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28101, Korea) 1 충북대학교목재 종이과학과 (Dept. of Wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea) 교신저자 (Corresponding Author): jmpark@cbu.ac.kr J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.1 Feb
2 활엽수표백크라프트펄프대체용바가스펄프의배합비에따른수초지의강도특성변화 1. 서론 현대의제지공장에서는대부분종이생산시침엽수표백크라프트펄프 (Softwood bleached kraft pulp, Sw-BKP) 와활엽수표백크라프트펄프 (Hardwood bleached kraft pulp, Hw-BKP) 를사용한다. 강도가높은종이를생산하고자할때, 섬유자체의강도가큰 Sw-BKP를사용하고, 지합과평활도가우수한종이를생산하고자할때 Hw-BKP를사용하되, 흔히두펄프의장단점을고려하여서로배합하여사용하고있다. 1) 현재지류제품생산을위해국내에서사용하는대부분의펄프는 80% 이상해외에서수입하고있으며, 국제펄프가격이예측불가능하기때문에제지업계에서예의주시하고있다. 따라서국제펄프가격의변화에능동적으로대처하고, 종이생산원가를줄이면서도, 기존에생산중인제품과유사한특성을가진제품을생산할수있는대체가능한제지용섬유의발굴을위해많은노력을쏟고있다. 따라서목재펄프의대체섬유인신규비목재섬유에많은관심을보이고있으며, 그중대표적으로사탕수수로부터얻는바가스펄프가있다. 바가스펄프는열대또는아열대기후인국가에서인쇄용지와위생용지, 신문용지그리고포장용지를생산할때널리사용한다. 바가스펄프는사탕수수를정제하고남은잔여물을이용하기때문에목재펄프에비해가격이저렴하며, 여러비목재펄프와달리백색도가우수하고생산량이높아안정적인공급이가능하다는장점이있다. 2) 또한, 섬유장이 Hw-BKP와유사하고섬유폭이보다넓은특성을보여 Hw-BKP의대체가능성도가지 고있다. 그러나, 국내에는 Hw-BKP를대체하여바가스펄프를일정량배합하였을때, 바가스펄프가종이생산원료로서적절한지에대한연구는아직부족하다. 따라서본연구에서는인쇄용지생산시펄프배합비측면에서 Hw-BKP 대신일정량을바가스펄프로대체했을때변화하는수초지의강도적특성을분석하였다. 2. 재료및방법 2.1 공시재료국내제지회사에서사용하는 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP와해외에서수입한바가스소다펄프를사용하였다. 각펄프의특성을 Table 1 3) 에나타냈다. 2.2 실험방법 지료의조성 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP와바가스소다펄프를 Table 2 3) 와같이일정비율로혼합했으며, 실험실용 Valley beater를이용하여고해하중 5.6 kg f 에서여수도 400 ml C.S.F. 까지고해했다 섬유특성분석 Table 2와같이 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP와바가스소다펄프를배합한지료의초기여수도로부터 200 ml C.S.F. 까지고해할때, 여수도 100 ml C.S.F. 간격으로각단계에서지료의섬유장, 섬유폭과미세분함량을섬유분석기 (Kajaani Fiber Lab V.3) 로분석하였다. Table 1. Characteristics of Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP and bagasse soda pulp Pulps Fiber length (mm) Fiber width (μm) Fines contents (%) Sw-BKP Hw-BKP Bagasse soda pulp Table 2. Refining method and mixing ratio of pulps Refining Method Sw-BKP (%) Hw-BKP (%) Bagasse pulp (%) 70 (252 g) 0 (0 g) Mixed 30 (108 g) 60 (224 g) 10 (36 g) 50 (108 g) 20 (72 g) 40 (156 g) 30 (96 g) 4 펄프 종이기술 49(1) 2017
3 장동욱 박종문 수초지제작 Table 2의배합비로조성한각각의펄프지료를여수도 400 ml C.S.F. 까지고해하고지료농도 0.5% 로희석한뒤, 200 cm 2 의실험실용원형수초지기를이용하여평량 75 g/m 2 의수초지를제작하였다 수초지특성분석제작한수초지의강도적특성을분석하기위해열단장과신장률 (TAPPI standard T 220 sp-96), 내절도 (TAPPI standard T 511 om-02), 인열강도 (TAPPI standard T 414), 강직성 (TAPPI standard T 556), 겉보기밀도를측정했다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 펄프배합비변화에따른여수도변화분석 고해시간이경과함에따라여수도의변화를 Fig. 1에나타냈다. 지료의초기여수도는바가스소다펄프배합비증가에따라큰변화는없었다. 그러나고해시간의경과에따라여수도 200 ml C.S.F. 까지도달하는시간은바가스소다펄프의배합비가 10% 일때 6분, 20% 일때 7분, 30% 일때약 10분가까이감소하는것을확인할수있었다. 이는바가스소다펄프가 Sw-BKP와 Hw-BKP에비하여섬유의조도가낮으며 4), 이에따라고해처리에섬유가저항하는성질이감소해고해시유리하기때문으로판단되었고, 바가스펄프의배합비가증가할수록 200 ml C.S.F. 까지도달하는데소요되는고해시간은점차감소하였다. 3.2 섬유특성분석각각의펄프를일정한비율로배합하고 200 ml C. S.F. 까지고해한후섬유장, 섬유폭, 미세분함량을분석한 3) 바가있었다. 섬유장은 Hw-BKP를대체한바가스소다펄프투입량이증가해도큰변화를볼수없었는데, 이는바가스소다펄프의섬유장이 Hw-BKP와유사하며섬유폭은넓고, 섬유의세포벽이얇은특성 5) 을갖기때문으로판단됐다. 따라서 Hw-BKP와바가스소다펄프의섬유장이서로유사해 Hw-BKP를대체한바가스소다펄프의투입량이증가하여도지료내평균섬유장의변화가거의없는것으로판단됐다. 섬유폭과미세분함량은바가스소다펄프투입량증가하면비례적으로증가하였고, 이는 Hw-BKP보다넓은섬유폭과고해에대한저항성이낮아서많은미세분을발생시키기때문으로판단됐다. 3.3 수초지특성 열단장열단장은섬유자체의강도와섬유간결합력이중요한요소이며, 섬유간결합력은섬유의외부 내부피브릴화에의한섬유간의결합면적의변화, 단위결합면적당결합강도, 섬유의유연성, 섬유장등여러섬유특성에영향을받는다. 펄프의배합비를변화시키고 400 ml C.S.F. 까지고해하여수초지를제조하고열단장을측정한결과를 Fig. 2에나타냈다. Fig. 2에서열단장은 Hw-BKP를대체한바가스소다펄프의투입량이증가하면점차감소했다. 이는 Table 1 에서보는바와같이바가스소다펄프는짧고섬유장에비해섬유폭이넓은구조의섬유특성을갖기때문에섬 Fig. 1. Freeness changes depending on refining time and pulp mixing ratios. Fig. 2. Breaking length depending on mixing ratios of pulps. J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.1 Feb
4 활엽수표백크라프트펄프대체용바가스펄프의배합비에따른수초지의강도특성변화 유의유연성이저하되고섬유간결합의감소를야기하기때문으로판단됐다 신장률신장률은종이가늘어나는성질로인장강도와열단장에반비례하는특성을가진다. 또한, 종이의신장률은펄프내의섬유가고해시고해처리에의해파괴될때급격하게저하되었다. 6) 펄프의배합비를변화시키고수초지의신장률을측정한결과를 Fig. 3에나타냈다. 수초지의신장률은 Fig. 3에서보는바와같이바가스소다펄프투입량이증가할때감소했다. 이는열단장의경우와유사하게바가스펄프섬유특성에의해섬유간결합력의저하와섬유의유연성이기존 Hw-BKP보다떨어지기때문으로판단됐다. 일반적으로볼때펄프섬유를고해하면, 섬유간결합이증가하고, 인장강도가증가하면서, 신장률은감소하는경향을가진다. 그러나상대적으로 Sw-BKP와 Hw-BKP보다약한바가스소다펄프배합비를증가시켰기때문에, 인장강도가하락하고 Fig. 3. Stretch depending on mixing ratios of pulp. 동시에신장률도하락하는것으로판단됐다 내절도내절도는종이의강도가크고, 섬유의유연성이우수할수록상승하는특성으로펄프섬유가가지는고유섬유의강도와섬유길이에도영향을받았다. 7) 펄프의배합비를변화시키고고해를실시했을때수초지의내절도를측정한결과를 Fig. 4에나타냈다. Fig. 4에서내절도는바가스소다펄프투입량이증가할때감소했다. 이는바가스소다펄프섬유의조도가일반적으로알려져있는바와같이목재펄프보다낮고섬유의고유강도가낮고, 또한이전연구의결과 3) 와같이섬유장이짧은동시에넓은섬유폭을가져섬유의유연성이저하되기때문으로판단됐다 인열강도인열강도는종이가찢어질때견디는힘을나타내는것으로써, 내절도와유사하게섬유가갖는섬유의고유강도와유연성이클수록증가하며, 섬유간결합력이클수록초기에는증가하나그후에는악영향을끼치는강도이다. 8) 펄프의배합비를변화시키고고해를실시했을때수초지의인열강도를 Fig. 5에나타냈다. Fig. 5에서보는바와같이, 바가스소다펄프배합비를증가했을때인열강도가감소하였는데, 이는앞에서언급한열단장, 신장률, 내절도와동일한경향을나타냈다. 인열강도가낮아지는이유는바가스소다펄프섬유의짧고섬유장에비해섬유폭이넓은특성에의한섬유의유연성의저하와섬유간결합의저하에의한결과로판단됐다. Fig. 4. Folding endurance depending on mixing ratios of pulp. Fig. 5. Tear strength depending on mixing ratios of pulp. 6 펄프 종이기술 49(1) 2017
5 장동욱 박종문 강직성 (Stiffness) 강직성은종이의빳빳한정도를말하며, 그라비아또는활판인쇄보다평판옵셋인쇄에서중요한특성중하나이며, 각각의펄프섬유가가지는섬유의고유강도가큰영향을미치는결과를보였다. 9,10) 펄프의배합비를변화시키고고해를실시했을때수초지의강직성을 Fig. 6에나타냈다. Fig. 6에서바가스소다펄프배합비를증가했을때종이의강직성이감소했는데, 이는바가스소다펄프의섬유특성에기인한결과로보였다. 섬유의강직성보다섬유간결합과종이의두께가종이의강직성에더중요한영향을끼치는것으로알려져있으므로, 그들의영향에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로판단됐다. 강직성은 Figs. 2-5의열단장, 신장률, 내절도와인열강도와다르게종이를파괴하기위해가해지는외력이잡아당기거나찢는큰힘이아니고, 바가스소다펄프자체가빳빳한특성을가지기때문에투입량증가에따른강직성의감소폭은미미하게나타난것으로판단됐다 겉보기밀도겉보기밀도는단위용적내에존재하는섬유등의고형분의중량을나타내며, 종이를구성하는섬유의조도와섬유폭, 섬유간의결합에영향을받는특성으로종이의물리 광학적특성을결정하는중요한요인중하나이다. 11) Fig. 7에서 Hw-BKP를대체한바가스소다펄프의투입량이증가함에따라수초지의겉보기밀도가감소했다. Table 1에서바가스소다펄프는섬유장이 Sw- BKP보다짧고 Hw-BKP보다약간길며, 섬유폭은넓 은형태의섬유특성을가지는것을확인하였다. 따라서, 바가스소다펄프는지료조성시혼합한 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP와의섬유간결합력낮아종이의강도적특성은하락하는동시에 bulk 특성을향상시키는것으로판단됐다. 4. 결론 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP, 바가스소다펄프의섬유특성분석을통해바가스소다펄프가 Hw-BKP와섬유장은유사하지만섬유폭이넓은특성을갖는것을확인하였다. 따라서바가스소다펄프를 Hw-BKP에일정비율대체하여혼합하고고해하였을때, Hw-BKP보다넓은섬유폭에의해수초지의겉보기밀도가감소하여 Bulk 특성이향상됨을확인하였다. 고해효율은 Hw-BKP를대체한바가스소다펄프투입량이증가할때고해시간이점차단축되었고, 이는바가스소다펄프섬유가갖는섬유의조도가 Sw-BKP, Hw-BKP의목재펄프에비해낮기때문이며, 고해의진행에따라서목재펄프에비해바가스소다펄프의미세분발생량이월등히높은것을통해알수있었다. 수초지의열단장, 내절도, 인열강도, 강직성등강도적특성이바가스소다펄프투입량증가에따라점차감소하였다. 이는바가스소다펄프가짧고통직한구조의섬유를가져섬유의유연성이낮고, 조도가낮아고해에의해섬유자체가쉽게파괴되기때문으로판단됐다. 펄프원가를절감하기위해, 강도저하가크지않은조건에서, 바가스소다펄프를혼합사용한다면, Hw- Fig. 6. Stiffness depending on mixing ratios of pulp. Fig. 7. Apparent density depending on mixing ratio of pulp. J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.1 Feb
6 활엽수표백크라프트펄프대체용바가스펄프의배합비에따른수초지의강도특성변화 BKP 대신바가스소다펄프를 10-15% 정도대체하여사용이가능할것으로판단되나, 고해시증가하는미세분에의한문제는연구가추가적으로필요할것으로판단됐다. Literature Cited 1. Chauhan, V. S., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Chakrabarti, S. K., and Thaper, S. K., Effect of separate and mixed refining of hardwood and softwood pulps on paper properties, Journal of Korea TAPPI 43(4):2-9 (2011). 2. Kim, J. J., Han, Y. S., Jeon, B. H., Han, K. Y., Jung, C. H., and Park, J. M., Effects of mixing ratio of bagasse pulp on tissue paper s properties, Journal of Korea TAPPI 45(6):72-77 (2013). 3. Jang, D. W., Lee, S. H., Ko, Y. C., and Park, J. M., Relationship between handsheet s smoothness, formation and fractal dimensions, Journal of Korea TAPPI 48(6): (2016). 4. Won, J. M., Shin, D. J., and Kim, H. B., Effects of refining and blending of pulps on the physical properties of paper, Journal of Korea TAPPI 41(2):7-12 (2009). 5. Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M. S., Fiber Atlas, Timell, T. E. (ed.), Springer, New York, pp (1994). 6. Lim, J. H., Chae, H. J., Park, C. S., and Park, J. M., Effects of refining and kneading of kraft pulp fibers on elongation and fracture toughness of paper, Journal of Korea TAPPI 42(4):39-44 (2010). 7. Kim, J. J., Changes of Paper s Properties depending on Fibers Characteristics of Cotton Linter Pulp and Wood Pulp, Chungbuk National University, Master Thesis (2015). 8. Gullichsen, J. and Paulapuro, H., Paper Making, Part 1, Stock Preparation and Wet End, Book 8, pp (2000). 9. You, B. C. and Park, J. M., Changes of stiffness of paper board - elasticity of top layer, Korea TAPPI, Fall Technical Proceeding, pp (2002). 10. Yi, S. J. and Choi, T. H., Development of glue for artifact conservation using papermaking starch (Part 1) - The nature and adhesive strength of glues, Journal of Korea TAPPI 46(4):44-53 (2014). 11. Mohlin, U. B., Miller, J., Mohlin, U., and Miller, J., Industrial refining-effects of refining conditions on fibre properties, In 3rd International Refining Conference and Exhibition, pp (1995). 8 펄프 종이기술 49(1) 2017
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