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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp , August 2016 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 김태형 정승래 강성식 장성록 부경대학교안전공학과 ( 접수 / 채택 ) Effects of Combinational Posture of Shoulder, Elbow and Wrist on Grip Strength and Muscle Activity Tae Hyung Kim Seung Rae Jung Sung Sik Kang Seong Rok Chang Department of Safety Engineering, Pukyong National University (Received January 22, 2016 / Accepted May 20, 2016) Abstract : This study aimed to analyze postures that were frequently conducted in manufacturing industry. To find grip strength and muscle activities of each posture, Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and ElectroMyoGraphy (EMG) were measured. Based on the results of this study, the most appropriate posture could be suggested and used as a basic information for preventing musculoskeletal disorders. Most work-related musculoskeletal disorders have been occurred in the fields of manufacturing industry. According to previous studies, it was reported that the rate of musculoskeletal diseases of upper extremity was higher than that of other body parts. Accordingly, there were many studies about discomfort and grip strength of upper extremity. However, these studies dealt with single selection of wrist, elbow and shoulder. So, it was insufficient for comprehensive studies about upper extremity. And in order to improve the work posture, the physiological changes being generated by the combination of wrist, elbow and shoulder postures should be observed and analyzed. In order to conduct this study, thirty university students who had no records of MSDs involved were recruited. Independent variables were postures of wrist(pronation, neutral, supination), postures of elbow(flexion 45, 90 ) and postures of shoulder(flexion 0, 90 ). And dependent variables were MVC values and EMG values. Jamar dynamometer and TeleMyo 2400T G2 was used to measure MVC and EMG. MVC and EMG for 12 postures were measured for three second and for three times. Experiment was performed randomly. A 10 minutes rest period was provided after each t. To measure muscle load, the EMG signals of eight muscles (Biceps, Medial triceps, Lateral triceps, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor carpi radialis) were evaluated. MVC values and EMG values were analyzed using Minitab ver. 14. The results showed that MVC value was the highest at shoulder 0, elbow 45 and wrist supination. In case of wrist postures, MVC of supination is the highest. In case of elbow and shoulder postures, MVC of flexion 45 and 0 was the highest. It was found that there were interaction between wrist and elbow posture under shoulder flexion and between shoulder and wrist under elbow flexion 45. In case of the angle of shoulder 0, elbow 45 and wrist supination, the EMG values of four muscles(medial Triceps, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris) were the highest. Based on this study, it is worth to note that the combination postures of upper extremity have a large impact on the MVC and EMG. The optimal condition upper extremity was shoulder flexion 0, elbow flexion 45 and wrist supination for preventing work-related musculoskeletal disease. Key Words : combinational posture, grip stength, muscle activity, MSDS 1. 서론 최근산업구조의변화와함께사업장의업종변화또는작업의변화등으로인하여인력으로운영되던작업이기계로대체되고있는추세이다. 하지만수송용기계 기구제조업등의조립업종등은아직도인력에의존하고있는작업이대부분을차지하고있다 1). 이러한조립작업은제품생산과정에서이루어지고 있으며, 해당작업을위해특정신체부위만을사용하여단순한동작을반복적으로수행하고있다. 이는신체적부하를초래하여작업관련근골격계질환을유발한다 2). 근골격계질환은부적절한자세, 과도한힘, 반복적인작업, 접촉스트레스, 진동등의환경적인요인에의해발생을하게된다. 이러한요인들중에서부적절한자세는많은연구들에서근골격계질환발병의주요요인으로언급되고있다 3). 고용노동부산업재해조 Corresponding Author : Seong Rok Chang, Tel : , srchang@pknu.ac.kr Department of Safety Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea 111
2 김태형 정승래 강성식 장성록 사결과 2000 년에 1,009 명의근골격계질환자가발생하였으며 2007 년까지증가추이를보였다. 이후 2007 년부터 2011 년까지감소추이를보였으나 2011 년부터 2013 년까지미세한증가추이를보이며 2013 년도의근골격계질환자수는 5,446 명이다. 또한 2013 년의업무상질환자수에대한근골격계질환자수의비율은 71.4% 로근골격계질환자수가업무상질환자수의많은비중을차지하는것으로나타났다 년근골격계질환자수를업종별로비교해본결과제조업에서 46.4% 의높은비율을보이고있다. 또한제조업내세부업종에대하여근골격계질환자수를비교한결과수송용기계 기구제조업에서 32% 로가장많은근골격계질환자가발생하였다 4). 수송용기계 기구제조업에서근골격계질환발병부위별로살펴보면어깨가 30.4% 로가장많았으며, 팔꿈치 27.4%, 손목 13.5% 등으로나타났다. 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목등상지에서발생한근골격계질환이 51.5% 를차지하였다 1). 수송용기계 기구제조업내공정별근골격계부담작업발생비율을분석한결과근골격계부담작업 344 건중조립부에서 253 건으로 74% 에해당하는근골격계부담작업이있는것으로나타났다. 그외근골격계부담작업은엔진부 (10%), 페인트부 (5%) 순으로나타났다 5). 또한수송용기계 기구제조업에서는어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목등상지를이용한자세가빈번하고다양한것으로나타났다. 이에따라상지에대하여많은연구가이루어졌다. 김동진외 4 인은어깨와팔꿈치의조합자세및외부부하가지각불편도에미치는영향을분석하였으며 6), J. A. Balogun 외 2 인의연구에서팔꿈치의근육이수축보다이완했을경우악력이크게나타났다 7). E. A. Kuzala 외 1 인은팔꿈치굴곡 0, 45, 90, 135 에따른악력을연구하였으며 8), L. G. Richards 외 2 인은외전, 중립, 내전에따른악력을연구하였다 9). 하지만이러한선행연구는어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목의단일부위에대한연구였다. 조립작업을진행할때상지의모든부위를이용하기때문에상지의종합적인연구가미흡한실정이다. 또한각관절의조합에따른자세를취할시나타나는생리적인변화를고려하지않았다. 따라서본연구에서는상지자세에따른영향을알아보기위해수송용기계 기구제조업중조립부, 엔진부, 프레스부등근골격계질환부담이많은주요공정에서빈번하게취하는자세를선정하였다. 선정된각자세에서발휘할수있는근력을분석하기위하여최대발휘근력 (Maximum Voluntary Contraction, MVC) 을측정하였다. 또한각자세에서힘을줄경우어떠한근육이가장많이동원되는가를분석하기위하여근전도 (Electromyography, EMG) 를측정하였다. 이를통해상지작업시최적의자세를도출하고이를통하여상지근골격계질환을예방할수있는기초자료를제시하고자한다. 2.1 피실험자선정 2. 연구방법 피실험자들의개인적인신체적특성이나컨디션등의차이에의한실험결과의편차를줄이기위해과거많은인간공학관련연구에서는피실험자의수를최소 30 명으로결정하여실험을하였다 10,11). 따라서본연구에서는과거상지에근골격계질환의병력이없는건강한남자대학생 30 명을대상으로실험을실시하였다. 피실험자모두오른손을주로사용하는사람이었으며, 실험에참여한피실험자들의연령, 신장, 체중의평균및표준편차는 Table 1 과같다. Table 1. The participant s characteristics Mean SD Age(yrs) 25.7 ± 2.5 Height(cm) ± 3.5 Weight(kg) ± 실험장비최대발휘악력을측정하기위하여 Jamar Dynamometer 를사용하였고, 근전도를측정하기위하여 Noraxon사의 TeleMyo 2400T G2를사용하였다. 2.3 실험변수 독립변수본연구의독립변수는어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목각도이다. 각부위별측정수준을설정하기위하여선행연구에서사용된변수의수준을조사하였다. 그결과, 어깨는굴곡 0, 60, 90, 120, 팔꿈치는굴곡 0, 45, 90, 135, 손목은굴곡, 신전, 척골편향, 요골편향, 외전, 내전이사용되었다. 이를바탕으로수송용기계 기구제조업 4 개회사에서프레스, 엔진, 생산, 조립, 도장등주요 Table 2. Independent variables Variables Level Shoulder Flexion 0, 90 Elbow Flexion 45, 90 Wrist Neutral, Pronation 45, Supination Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2016
3 공정의현장동영상을분석하여작업시가장빈번하게취하는상지의자세를선정하였으며, 이는 Table 2 와같다. Biceps Triceps brachii, medial head 종속변수종속변수는최대발휘근력과근전도의값으로설정하였다. 하지만최대발휘근력과근전도분석의한계점은실험참여자, 측정날짜, 인접한다른근육의간섭등다양한요소에의해크게영향을받는다. 따라서피실험자간비교를위해최대발휘근력값은다음의식 (1) 과같이 12 가지작업자세에따른최대발휘근력을기준으로표준화하였으며, 근전도값은다음의식 (2) 와같이최대근수축상태의근전도신호를기준으로표준화하였다. Triceps brachii, lateral head Extensor carpi ulnaris Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis max (1) : 변수 에서최대발휘근력의표준화값 : 변수 에서의최대발휘근력값 max : 최대발휘근력의최대값 Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris max (2) Fig. 1. Target muscle. : 변수 에서근전도의표준화값 : 변수 에서의근전도값 max : 최대근수축상태의근전도값 : 휴식상태의근전도값 2.4 실험절차 실험에앞서피실험자에게실험의목적, 실험방법과유의사항을상세하게설명하였다. 다음어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목의각도에따른 12 가지작업자세에대한시범을보였고, 적응기간을주어피실험자가실험장비와실험조건에익숙해지도록하였다. 실험장비와실험조건에익숙해진후, 전극을부착하였다. 전극부착위치는 Fig. 1 과같이과거상지의근육에대한근전도측정논문에서주로사용되었던여러가지근육들중에서예비실험을통해본연구에가장적합하다고판단된이두근 (Biceps), 삼두근내측두 (Triceps brachii, medial head), 삼두근외측두 (Ticeps brachii, lateral head), 상완요골근 (Brachioradialis), 척추수근신근 (Extensor carpi ulnaris), 단요측수근신근 (Extensor carpi radialis), 요골측수근굴근 (Flexor carpi radialis), 척골측수근굴근 (Flexor carpi ulnaris) 을대상으로선정하였다 12). 장비의안정화를위하여에이징시간을 30 분으로설정하였다. 이후 8 가지근육에대하여최대근수축상태의근전도를측정하였다. 최대근수축상태의근전도는표준화하기위해서각근육이최대로발휘할수있는근력을측정하였다. 이때각근육별로 3 초씩 3 회측정하였으며, 각각의근전도측정사이에 10 분간의휴식시간을주어근육의누적피로를최소화하였다. 또한 Biceps Triceps brachii Fig. 2. MVC positions. Brachioralialis Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis 한국안전학회지, 제 31 권제 4 호, 2016 년 113
4 김태형 정승래 강성식 장성록 실험순서는누적효과를없애기위해무작위로실시하였으며, 최대근수축상태의근전도값은측정시간 3 초중가장높게나타난근전도값전 후 0.15 초씩총 0.3 초에대한평균값을사용하였다. Fig. 2 는최대근수축상태의근전도측정자세이다 12). 최대근수축상태의근전도값을측정한후 12 가지자세에대한최대발휘근력과근전도를측정하였다. 최대발휘근력과근전도측정시간은각자세별로 3 초로설정을하였다. 측정시간 3 초중처음 1 초는서서히힘을주는구간, 중간 1 초는최대로힘을주는구간, 마지막 1 초는서서히힘을빼는구간으로설정하였으며, 각자세별근전도값은최대로힘을주고있는중간 1 초의구간중에가장높게나타난근전도값전 후기준으로전후 0.15 초씩총 0.3 초에대한평균값으로분석하였다. 측정은총 3 회측정하였으며, 실험순서는무작위로실시하였다. 각실험간 10 분의휴식시간을두어근육피로에의한영향을배재하여실험의재현성을유지하도록하였다. 2.5 데이터분석 본연구에서의피실험자데이터는평균과표준편차를구하였으며, Anderson-Darling 검정법을사용하여측정된자료의정규성을검증하였다. 또한각자세에따른영향을알아보기위하여최대발휘근력값과근전도값을 t 검정 (paired t-test) 과분산분석 (Analysis of Variance, ANOVA) 을실시하였다. 자료의통계처리를위하여 MINITAB ver.14 를사용하였으며, 통계학적유의성을검정하기위하여유의수준 (p-value) 은 0.05 로설정하였다. 3.1 최대발휘근력 3. 연구결과 Table 3 은피실험자 30 명의 12 가지작업자세에대한최대발휘근력의결과를나타낸표이다. 12 가지작업자세중가장높은최대발휘근력을보인자세는어깨 0, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전 45, 가장낮은최대발휘 Table 3. Result of ANOVA of wrist postures for each posture (S:Shoulder, E:Elbow, W:Wrist, N:Neutral, P:Pronation, S:Supination) S 0 S 90 E 45 E 90 E 90 E 90 W N W P W S W N W P W S W N W P W S W N W P W S Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Sub Mean SD Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2016
5 근력을보인자세는어깨 90, 팔꿈치 90, 손목내전 45 인것으로나타났으며, 두자세간에 9.8 kgf 의차이를보이는것으로나타났다 손목최대발휘근력분석전체최대발휘근력값을손목자세에대하여분석한결과는 Fig. 3 과같다. 외전 45 의최대발휘근력값이가장높았으며, 중립, 내전 45 의경우약 0.4%, 4.2% 로감소하는것으로나타났다. 통계분석을위해분산분석을실시한결과, 유의수준은 <0.001 로손목자세에따른최대발휘근력은외전 45, 중립, 내전 45 순으로통계적으로유의하게감소하는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과로부터손목의자세중외전이가장힘을발휘하기좋은자세인것으로분석되었다. 이와같이나타난이유는악력은생체역학적으로굴곡건의작용의결과이며 13) 외전시상완과전완의굴골및신전이가장많이동원되기때문인것으로사료된다. 따라서어깨, 팔꿈치의수준을조합한 4 가지자세에대하여손목자세별최대발휘근력값을분석한결과는 Fig. 3. NMVC values of wrist postures. Table 4. Result of ANOVA of wrist postures for each posture (S:Shoulder, E:Elbow, N:Neutral, P:Pronation, S:Supination) Variable Wrist posture MVC value f-value p-value N 0.93 S 0, E 45 P < S 0.99 S 0, E 90 S 90, E 45 S 90, E 90 N 0.87 P 0.82 S 0.90 N 0.86 P 0.84 S 0.91 N 0.80 P 0.76 S < < Table 4 와같다. 분석결과, 4 가지자세모두에서외전 45 가가장높았으며, 중립, 내전 45 순으로감소하는것으로나타났다. 통계분석을실시한결과 4 가지자세모두에서손목자세에따른최대발휘근력은외전 45, 중립, 내전 45 순으로통계적으로유의하게감소하는것으로나타났다. 손목의자세에대해서는어깨와팔꿈치의전완근이상완근보다더큰영향을미치는것으로사료된다 팔꿈치최대발휘근력분석전체최대발휘근력값을팔꿈치자세에대하여최대발휘근력값을분석한결과는 Fig. 4 와같다. 팔꿈치굴곡 45 가굴곡 90 보다높았으며, 그차이는약 2.1% 감소하는것으로나타났다. 통계분석을위해 t 검정을실시한결과유의수준은 <0.001 로팔꿈치자세에따른최대발휘근력은통계적으로유의한차이를보이는것으로나타났다. 이는팔꿈치관절을통과하는유일한굴근인천지굴근 (Flexor digitorum superficialis) 14) 에의한영향으로사료된다. 근육의길이에따라발휘하는근력이변화하게된다. 즉, 작업자세의변화에의한근육의길이변화는발휘근력에영향을미치게되는데, 이러한관계를나타는것이근육의 length-tension relationship 이다 15). 팔꿈치의굴곡각도가커질수록근육의길이는짧아지게되는데 6), 팔꿈치의굴곡각도가커질수록천지굴근의길이가짧아져발휘근력에영향을미친것으로사료된다. 따라서어깨, 손목의수준을조합한 6 가지자세에대하여팔꿈치골곡각도자세별최대발휘근력값을분석한결과는 Table 5 와같다. 6 가지자세모두에서팔꿈치굴곡 45 가골곡 90 보다높은것으로나타났다. 통계분석을실시한결과 6 가지자세모두에서팔꿈치자세에따른최대발휘근력은통계적으로유의한차이를보이는것으로분석되었다. 이는어깨각도와손목의자세에상관없이팔꿈치굴곡각도가증가함에 Fig. 4. NMVC values of elbow postures. 한국안전학회지, 제 31 권제 4 호, 2016 년 115
6 김태형 정승래 강성식 장성록 Table 5. Result of ANOVA of elbow postures for each posture (S:Shoulder, W:Wrist, N:Neutral, P:Pronation, S:Supination) Variable Elbow posture MVC value t-value p-value S 0, W N S 0, W P S 0, W S S 90, W N S 90, W S S 90, W P < < < < Table 6. Result of ANOVA of shoulder postures for each posture (E:Elbow, W:Wrist, N:Neutral, P:Pronation, S:Supination) Variable Shoulder posture MVC value t-value p-value E 45, W N E 45, W P E 45, W S E 90, W N E 90, W S E 90, W P < < < < < 따라근육길이는줄어들고그에따라근육의발휘정도차이에의해나타나는것으로사료된다 어깨최대발휘근력분석전체최대발휘근력값을어깨자세에대하여분석을실시한결과는 Fig. 5 와같다. 어깨굴곡 0 가굴곡 90 보다높았으며, 약 1.4% 감소하는것으로나타났다. 통계분석을위해 t 검정을실시한결과유의수준은 <0.001 로 0.05 를기준으로어깨자세에따른최대발휘근력은통계적으로유의한차이를보이는것으로나타났다. 이는어깨를사용하는작업에서앞쪽어깨세모근 (anterior deltoid) 이주된역할을하지만피로도가높으며 16), 어깨각도가높아짐에따라불편도가크기때문이다 17). 따라서팔꿈치, 손목의수준을조합한 6 가지자세에대하여어깨골곡각도자세별최대발휘근력값을분석한결과는 Table 6 과같다. 6 가지자세모두에서어깨굴곡 0 가굴곡 90 보다최대발휘근력값이큰것으로나타났다. 6 가지자세중팔꿈치 45, 손목외전 45 Fig. 5. NMVC values of shoulder postures. 에서어깨굴곡 0 와굴곡 90 의최대발휘근력값이가장큰것으로분석되었다. 통계분석을실시한결과 6 가지자세모두에서어깨자세에따른최대발휘근력은통계적으로유의한차이를보이는것으로분석되었다. 어깨자세에대한차이는팔꿈치자세와손목자세에상관없이어깨의굴곡각도가증가함에따라피로도가커지고, 자세의불편도가증가함에따른차이인것으로사료된다 교호작용분석어깨자세, 팔꿈치자세와손목자세간에교호작용을분석한결과는 Table 7 과같다. 팔꿈치와손목자세간에교호작용을분석한결과어깨굴곡 0 에서서로교호작용을하는것으로나타났다. 하지만어깨굴곡 90 에서팔꿈치자세와손목자세간의교호작용은없는것으로분석 Table 7. Result of ANOVA for interaction Variables f-value p-value Wrist posture < Shoulder 0 Elbow posture < Interaction Shoulder 90 Elbow 45 Elbow 90 Wrist posture < Elbow posture < Interaction Wrist posture < Shoulder posture < Interaction Wrist posture < Shoulder posture < Interaction Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2016
7 Table 8. Result of ANOVA of wrist postures for each posture (S:Shoulder, E:Elbow, W:Wrist, N:Neutral, P:Pronation, S:Supination) Biceps Lat. Triceps Med. Triceps Brachioradiaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris S 0 E 45, W N S 0 E 45, W P S 0 E 45, W S S 0 E 90, W N S 0 E 90, W P S 0 E 90, W S S 90, E 45, W N S 90, E 45, W P S 90, E 45, W S S 90, E 90, W N S 90, E 90, W P S 90, E 90, W S p - value 되었다. 어깨와손목자세간에교호작용을분석한결과팔꿈치굴곡 45 에서교호작용을하는것으로나타났다. 하지만팔꿈치굴곡 90 에서어깨자세와팔꿈치자세간의교호작용은없는것으로분석되었다. 3.2 근전도 피실험자 30 명에대한 12 가지작업자세별 Biceps, Medial Triceps, Lateral Triceps, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris 의근전도측정결과의평균값은 Table 8 과같다. Biceps 의경우근전도의최대값은어깨 90, 팔꿈치 45, 손목중립에서나타났다. 12 가지작업자세에대해분석한결과유의수준 로통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로분석되었다. Lat. Triceps 의경우에는어깨 90, 팔꿈치 45, 손목내전에서최대값이나타났으며, Med. Triceps 의경우에는어깨 0. 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전 45 에서나타났다. Brachioradiaris 의경우에는어깨 90, 팔꿈치 90, 손목외전 45 에서나타났으며, Extensor carpi ulnaris 와 Extensor carpi radialis 의경우에는어깨 0, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전 45 에서나타났다. Flexor carpi radialis 의경우에는어깨 0, 팔꿈치 90 손목외전 45 에서, Flexor carpi ulnaris 의경우에는어깨, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전 45 에서나타났다 Biceps 근전도분석 Biceps 에대한피실험자의전체근전도데이터를손목, 팔꿈치, 어깨자세별로분석을실시한결과는 Fig. 5 와같다. 손목에대한분석결과외전 45 의근전도값이가장크고, 중립, 내전 45 순으로감소하는것으로나타났으며, 팔꿈치의경우굴곡 45 가굴곡 90 보 Fig. 5. Biceps EMG values of each posture. Table 9. Result of ANONA for EMG of each posture(biceps) Variable f-value (t-value) p-value Wrist postures Elbow postures (2.94) Shoulder postures (1.45) 다근전도값이큰것으로분석되었다. 어깨의경우굴곡 90 가굴곡 0 보다근전도값이큰것으로분석되었다. 통계분석결과손목자세의경우외전, 중립, 내전에대하여, 팔꿈치자세의경우굴곡 45 와굴곡 90 에대하여통계적으로유의한차이를보이는것으로분석되었다. 어깨자세에대해서는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. Biceps 의경우팔꿈치의굴곡과신전에사용되는근육 12) 이므로팔꿈치의자세에영향을받았으며, 외전에도개입 17) 을하기때문에손목의자세에영향을받는것으로나타났다 Extensor carpi ulnaris 근전도분석 Extensor carpi ulnaris 에대한피실험자의전체근전도데이터를손목, 팔꿈치, 어깨자세별로분석한결과는 Fig. 6 과같다. 손목자세의경우외전시근전도값이가장큰것으로나타났으며, 중립, 내전순으로감소 한국안전학회지, 제 31 권제 4 호, 2016 년 117
8 김태형 정승래 강성식 장성록 Fig. 6. Extensor carpi ulnaris EMG values of each posture. Table 10. Result of ANONA for EMG of each posture(extensor carpi ulnaris) Variable f-value (t-value) p-value Wrist postures Elbow postures (1.00) Shoulder postures (0.00) 하는것으로나타났다. 팔꿈치자세의경우굴곡 45 가굴곡 90 보다근전도값이큰것으로나타났으며, 어깨자세의경우굴곡 0 가굴곡 90 보다큰것으로나타났다. 통계분석결과 Extensor carpi ulnaris 는손목자세에대하여통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며팔꿈치와어깨자세에대해서는유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다. Extensor carpi ulnaris 의경우외전시길이가길어지기때문에 8) length-tension relationship 에의해최대발휘근력에영향을미친것으로사료된다 Extensor carpi radialis 근전도분석 Extensor carpi radialis 에대한피실험자의전체근전도데이터를손목, 팔꿈치, 어깨자세별로분석한결과는 Fig. 7 과같다. 손목자세의경우외전시근전도값이가장큰것으로나타났으며, 중립, 내전순으로감 Fig. 7. Extensor carpi radialis EMG values of each posture. Table 11. Result of ANONA for EMG of each posture(extensor carpi ulnaris) Variable f-value (t-value) p-value Wrist postures Elbow postures (-0.85) Shoulder postures (1.00) 소하는것으로나타났다. 팔꿈치자세의경우굴곡 90 가굴곡 45 보다근전도값이큰것으로나타났으며, 어깨자세의경우굴곡 0 가굴곡 90 보다큰것으로나타났다. 통계분석결과 Extensor carpi radialis 는손목자세에대하여통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로분석되었으며, 팔꿈치와어깨자세에대해서는없는것으로분석되었다. Extensor carpi radialis 의경우외전시길이가길어지기때문에 8) length-tension relationship 에의해최대발휘근력에영향을미친것으로사료된다. 4. 결론및고찰 본연구에서는어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목의자세가작업부담에미치는영향에대해알아보기위해수송용기계 기구제조업의프레스, 엔진생산, 조립, 도장공정에서취하는상지의자세중어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목별로가장빈번하게취하는자세를선정하였다. 가장빈번하게취하는자세는어깨 2 가지수준 ( 굴곡 0, 골곡 90 ), 팔꿈치 2 가지수준 ( 굴곡 45, 굴곡 90 ), 손목 3 가지수준 ( 내전, 중립, 외전 ) 이었으며, 이를독립변수로설정하였다. 독립변수들의각수준을조합한 12 가지자세에대하여최대발휘근력과근전도를분석하였다. 분석결과어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목을조합한 12 가지자세중어깨 0, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전에서의최대발휘근력이가장높게나타났으며, 근전도분석결과, 이자세에서 Medial Triceps, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris 총 4 개의근육에서가장큰근전도값이나타났다. 따라서근육의발휘정도는작업자세에따라차이가있으며, 상지를이용한조립작업시최적자세는어깨 0, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전이가장최적의자세인것으로분석되었다. 만약작업장소의협소, 기타환경적인요인에의하여최적의자세인어깨 0, 팔꿈치 45, 손목외전의자세를유지할수없을경우에는손목의자세를가장먼저고려해야될것이며, 손목의자세중에서도외전을가장먼저고려해야될것으로사료된다. References 1) H. S. Park, H. N. Lee, Y. K. Lee and S. H. Lim, A Analysis of Status and Problem for Cumulative Trauma Disorders in Korea Manufacturing, Proceedings of Fall Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, pp , ) H. S. Kang, A Design of Optimal Hand Tools (plier) Based on Grip Strength, Muscle Activities and Resultant Force in 118 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2016
9 Maximum Gripping Task, Master s Thesis, SungKyun Kwan University, pp , ) T. J. Armstrong, P. Buckle, L. J. Fine, M. Hagberg, B. Jonsson, A. Kilbom, I. A. Kuorinka, B. A. Silverstein, G. Sjogaard and E. R. Viikari-Juntura, A Conceptual Model for Work-related Neck and Upper-limb Musculoskeletal Disorders, Sandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp , ) The Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Industrial Accident Analysis, ) K. S. Choi, J. K. Park, E. S. Jung and J. H. Choi, Modeling of Wrist Discomfort with External Loads, The Ergonomics Society of Korea, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp , ) D. J. Kim, S. H. Na, G. M. Park, D. H. Kee and M. K. Chung, The Effect of Shoulder and Elbow Postures with External Loads on the Perceived Discomfort, The Ergonomics Society of Korea, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp , ) J. A. Balogun, C. T. Akomolafe and L. O. Amusa, Grip Strength: Effects of Testing Posture and Elbow Position, Archives of Physical Medical and Rehabilitation, Vol. 72, No. 5, pp , ) E. A. Kuzala and M. C. Vargo, The Relationship between Elbow Position and Grip Strength, The American journal of Occupational Therapy, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp , ) L. G. Richards, B. Olson, P. Palmiter-Thomas, How Forearm Position Affects Grip Strength, The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp , ) J. U. Bystrom, G. A. Hansson, L. Rylander, K. Ohlsson, G. Kallrot and S. Skerfving, Physical Workload in Neck and Upper Limb using Two CAD Application, Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp , ) M. Forsman, R. Kadefors, Q. Zhang, L. Birch, P. Palmerud, Moter-unit Recruitment in the Trapezius Muscle during Arm Movements and in VDU Percision Work, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp , ) P. Konrad, The ABC of EMG; A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological Eletromyography, Version 1,0, Noraxon Inc., USA, ) H. Motamed, Anatomy, Radiology and Kineisiology of the Band-unit, Motamed Medical Publisher, ) F. P. Kendall and E. K. McCreary, Muscles, Testing and Function, Williams and Wilkins, ) A. M. Gordon, A. F. Huxley and F. J. Julian, The Variation of Isometric Muscle Tension with Sarcomere Length in Vertebrate Muscle Fibers, The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 184, No. 1, pp , ) J. S. Park and J. Y. Kim, Workload Evaluation of Various Shoulder Posture by using Muscle Force, Fatigue and Psychophysical Workload, The Ergonomics Society of Korea, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp , ) Hay, G. James and G. Reid, Anatomy, Mechanics and Human Motion, Prentice-Hall, 한국안전학회지, 제 31 권제 4 호, 2016 년 119
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