JKPT pissn Vol. 30, No. 1, February 2018 J Kor Phys Ther 2018:30(1): eissn X Original Article

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1 pissn Vol. 30, No. 1, February 2018 J Kor Phys Ther 2018:30(1): eissn X Original Article Effects of a Trunk Stabilization Exercise with Gym Ball on Scapular Position for Patients with Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Mi Young Jung 1, Young Uk Ryu 2 1 Yeungnam University Yeongcheon Hospital, Daegu; 2 Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea Purpose: The present study was to investigate effects of scapular position and pain on a trunk stabilization exercise with gym ball for patients with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Subjects were patients after 2 weeks of rotator cuff repairs. Subjects were randomly assigned to conservative treatment group (CTG, n=10) or trunk stabilization with gym ball group (SBG, n=10), and participated one of those groups for 2 weeks. Measurements about pain and scapular position were assessed in before and after treatment programs. Results: Pain reduced in both rest and night in SBG compared to CTG. In the case of scapular position, decreased scapular retraction (increased protraction) was found in CTG and vice versa in SBG. Reduced scapular anterior tilting was also found on SBG. Conclusion: The present study showed that early performed trunk stabilization with gym ball could bring a scapular alignment that increases subacromial space and reduces pain. This suggests early trunk stabilization with gym ball programs to restore shoulder functions for patients with rotator cuff repair. Keywords: Scapula, Stabilization exercise, Rotator cuff repair, Shoulder impingement INTRODUCTION 어깨관절의돌림근띠 (rotator cuff) 손상은 60대이상의 10% ( 미국의경우 ) 가가지고있을만큼흔한질환이다. 1 돌림근띠를손상시키는여러원인들중에서부딪힘에의한손상을충돌증후군 (impingement syndrome) 이라한다. 어깨충돌증후군은일반적으로팔을어깨높이이상으로올리는동작을할때, 어깨봉우리아래공간 (subacromial space) 과부리봉우리인대 (coracoacromial ligament) 에돌림근띠가부딪쳐서미세손상을만들어내게되고이러한손상이누적되어발생한다. 2 어깨의이러한부딪힘을야기하는원인은다양하지만, 특별히어깨뼈의내밈 (protraction) 과앞쪽기울기 (anterior tilting) 증가등이봉우리의아래공간을좁혀충돌을일으키는원인이될수있다. 3 지속된충돌로인하여돌림근띠가찢어질경우, 외과적인봉합이필요할수있으며, 이는돌림근띠의연속성을재형성시켜주어어깨의기능을향상시키는것이다. 4 일반적으로돌림근띠봉합수술후외전 보조기를 4-6주간착용하는데, 장기간의착용은등뼈 (thoracic vertebra) 의뒤굽음 (kyphosis) 을증가시킬수있다. 5 등뼈뒤굽음은어깨뼈내밈과어깨안쪽돌림 (internal rotation) 을증가시킨다. 6 어깨뼈내밈은작은가슴근 (pectoralis minor) 단축을가져와어깨뼈를앞쪽으로기울게만든다. 6,7 이는돌림근띠봉합이후에, 보존적인관리로는여전히자세적문제로충돌을일으킬수있음의미한다. 6 어깨뼈정렬과몸통움직임은상호작용을한다. 몸통근육의강화는팔과다리의조화로운움직임에영향을미치므로인간의움직임에있어몸통의근력이뒷받침되어야한다. 8 어깨뼈의설정중재를통한자세조절능력의증진은균형및보행에효과적이며, 9 어깨뼈안정화가뇌졸중환자의균형에도움을줄수있다는보고도있다. 10 또한몸통의협조운동은안정시어깨뼈의위치나움직임에도움이될수있는것으로보고되고있다. 11 이러한연구결과들은몸통운동과어깨관절안정성은관련이있다는것을암시한다. 돌림근띠파열의빈도가증가함에따라관절경에의한봉합술이 Received Jan 8, 2018 Revised Feb 7, 2018 Accepted Feb 22, 2018 Corresponding author Young Uk Ryu ryuyounguk@gmail.com Copylight 2018 The Korea Society of Physical Therapy This is an Open Access article distribute under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License ( creativecommons.org/license/by-nc/4.0.) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution,and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 8

2 Effectiveness of trunk stabilization on scapular position after rotator cuff repair 많이이루어지고있지만수술후환자의어깨관절기능회복에있어여전히다양한프로그램이제시되고있다. 1,12,13 기능적인팔움직임을위해어깨뼈와몸통의정렬에대한훈련의중요성을언급하고있지만재활에적용하는시기는불분명하며, 어깨관절에대한국한적인치료위주로제시되고적용되고있다. 14,15 어깨재활프로그램에있어어깨부위의안정성은중요한요소로여겨지고있으나재활프로그램에있어어깨뼈의위치변화를살펴본연구는많지않다. 16 본연구는관절경하돌림근띠봉합술을시행한환자에게수술후초기단계에서짐볼 (gym ball) 을이용한몸통안정화운동의적용이어깨뼈의위치변화와통증에미치는영향을알아보았다. METHODS 1. 연구대상본연구는자기공명영상법 (MRI) 상에서돌림근띠파열이확인되어정형외과전문의로부터관절경하돌림근띠봉합술을받은환자를대상으로하였다. 본연구대상자의선정조건은다음과같았다. 첫째, 돌림근띠파열진단을받고수술후 2주경과한자, 둘째, 돌림근띠파열크기가 1-3 cm의소, 중범위이하손상자, 셋째, 어깨관절외전보조기를풀고누운자세와선자세를유지할수있는자, 넷째, 돌림근띠봉합술을받은어깨외에정형학적, 신경학적병력이없는자, 마지막으로 통증에대한시각적상사척도표 (visual analogue scale, VAS) 을이해하고사용할수있는자로하였다. 이러한선정조건에부합한환자들중에서, 연구의목적을이해하고자발적으로연구동의서에서명한환자 20명을대상으로연구가진행되었다. 연구는보존적치료군 (conservative treatment group, CTG) (n = 10) 과짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동을적용시킨운동군 (stabilization exercise with gym ball, SBG) (n = 10) 으로나누어졌고, 대상자들은두그룹에무작위로지정되었다. 2. 실험절차두그룹모두보존적치료를적용받았으며, SBG는짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동을추가적으로적용받았다. 두그룹은주 3회, 2주간의치료가적용되었다. CTG는보존적치료만처치되었으며, 냉찜질 10분, 적외선 15분, 간섭파치료 15분, 지속적수동관절가동운동 (Artus-701S, Life-med, South Korea) 20분이적용되었다. SBG는보존적치료실시후, 55 cm, 65 cm의짐볼 (Togu, Germany) 을이용하여, 레그컬 (leg curl)1, 레그컬2, 교각 (bridging) 운동, 푸싱 (pushing) 운동을실시하였다 (Fig 1). 각운동은갈고리누운자세에서 10회실시되었으며, 3세트반복하였다. 레그컬1 은공위에두발을얹고, 천천히가슴쪽으로당긴후, 다시펴는동작이었다 (Fig. 1A). 레그컬2는다리와엉덩이사이에공을끼워배에힘을주고가슴쪽으로당긴후천천히제자리로돌아오는동작이었다 (Fig. 1B). 교각운동은벽에공을두고무릎 A B C D Figure 1. Trunk stabilization exercises with gym ball (A) leg curl 1, (B) leg curl 2, (C) bridging, (D) pushing. 9

3 The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Mi Young Jung, et al. 을구부려두발로공을밟은후, 골반을바닥에서들어올린후천천히내리는동작으로골반을들어올렸을때, 어깨와골반과무릎이일직선이되도록하였다 (Fig. 1C). 마지막으로푸싱은벽에공을두고무릎을 90도정도구부린후공에발을두고, 배에힘을주어공을밟는동작이었다 (Fig. 1D). 각세트사이에 1분의휴식이주어졌으며, 각운동사이엔 3분의휴식이주어졌다. 실험기간동안, 두그룹모두약물처치는통제하지못하였다. 3. 측정방법연구대상자들은실험전과 2주간의프로그램적용후에어깨뼈위치관련지표와통증정도에대한측정을하였다. 통증은안정시통증과야간통증에대하여시각적상사척도를사용하여측정하였다. 어깨뼈위치에대한측정은다음의 4가지방법을사용하였다. 1) 복장패임 (sternal notch, SN) 에서부리돌기 (coracoid process, CP) 까지의거리 (D SN_CP) D SN_CP 는안정시어깨뼈위치 (resting scapular position, RSP) 를평가하는필수적인검사법중하나이다. 17 값이클수록어깨뼈의들임 (retraction) 정도가큰것을의미한다. 측정방법은환자는편하게선자세에서손을자연스럽게엉덩관절옆에위치시키도록하고, 머리는편하게정면을응시하게한다. 검사자는표시용테이프를이용하여복장패임의중간부위와부리돌기의내측면을표시하고줄자를이용하여거리를측정한다 (Fig. 2A). 18 본측정방법에대한신뢰도와타당도는아직연구되지않았다. 16 2) 세번째등뼈 (3rd thoracic spine, T3) 에서봉우리후외측각 (posterolateral angle of acromion, PLA) 까지의거리 (D T3_PLA) D T3_PLA 는 RSP를평가하는필수적인검사중에하나이며, 값이클수록어깨뼈의내밈정도가큰것을의미한다. 17 환자는 Fig. 2B와같은자세를취하고, 견봉의후외측각과세번째흉추극돌기중간부위의거리가측정된다. 이측정방법의측정자내신뢰도는 0.94이다. 19 3) 어깨뼈지수 (scapular index, SI) SI는어깨뼈위치를일반화하기위한측정방법으로임상적으로어깨뼈의위치와작은가슴근과의관계를반영하는방법으로다음과같이계산한다. 값이클수록어깨뼈가당김 (retraction) 된것이다. 18 SI = (D SN_CP / D T3_PLA) 100 4) 누운자세에서의소흉근 (pectoralis minor) 거리 (D PM) D PM 은소흉근길이혹은어깨뼈의기울기를측정하는방법으로값이작을수록어깨뼈가전방으로기울었음을의미한다. 환자는편하게누워서손을자연스레엉덩관절옆에위치시키고손바닥이천장을향하도록한다. 검사자는 PLA에표시용테이프를이용하여표시하고테이프와침대까지의최단거리를측정한다 (Fig 2C). 팔의자세는엎침 (pronation), 중립 (neutral), 뒤침 (supination) 에따라차이가있으므로엎침상태로일정한자세를유지하도록한다. 이측정방법의측정자내신뢰도는 0.88~0.94이다. 20 D SN_CP, D T3_PLA 및 D PM 은각각 2회반복측정하여그평균값을사용하였다. 4. 통계수술전, 연구대상자의일반적인특성 ( 나이, 몸무게, 키, 안정시통증, 그리고야간통증 ) 에대해서는그룹간에독립 t-검정 (independent t- test) 를사용하여그룹간의동질성을검사했다. 수술후, 프로그램실시에대한그룹간의비교는독립 t-검정을실시하여분석하였으며, 각그룹내에서프로그램전과후의차이는대응 t-검정 (paired t-test) 을실시하여분석하였다. 통계적유의수준은 α= 0.05로설정하였다. RESULTS 1. 연구대상자의일반적인특성연구대상자의일반적인특성은 Table 1과같았다. 나이, 몸무게, 키에대한각그룹의비교는통계적으로유의함이없었다 (ps > 0.05). 수술 A B C Figure 2. Scapular position assessments (A) D SN_CP, (B) D T3_PLA, (C) D PM. 10

4 Effectiveness of trunk stabilization on scapular position after rotator cuff repair Table 1. General characteristics of subjects before operation. All values are presented in mean±standard deviation except Sex and operation (OP) side presented in number of observation 전, 안정시통증과야간통증에대한두그룹간의통계적차이도역 시발견되지않았다 (ps> 0.05). 2. 어깨뼈위치변화 1) 프로그램적용전, 어깨뼈위치에대한그룹간비교 프로그램적용전, 모든어깨뼈위치관련측정 (D SN_CP, D T3_PLA, SI 및 D PM) 에대한그룹간비교에서 CTG 와 SBG 는통계학적으로유의한 차이가없었다 (ps> 0.05)(Table 2). CTG 2) 프로그램완료후, 어깨뼈위치에대한그룹간비교 SBG Sex (M/F) 3/7 7/3 OP side (Lt/Rt) 5/5 3/7 Age (yr) 59.20± ±10.77 Height (cm) ± ±6.26 Weight (kg) 59.40± ±9.88 Resting pain (VAS) 6.90± ±1.33 Night pain (VAS) 6.50± ±2.00 CTG=conservative treatment group, SBG=stabilization exercise with gym ball group, VAS=visual analogue scale. Table 2. Values of scapular position variables before and after 2-week treatment programs CTG SBG p-value D SN_CP (cm) Before 13.31± ± After 12.09± ± * p-value 0.01 * 0.00 * D T3_PLA (cm) Before 21.56± ± After 21.04± ± p-value * SI Before 61.83± ± After 57.91± ± * p-value 0.04 * 0.00 * D PM (cm) Before 6.55± ± After 7.13± ± * p-value * D SN_CP= distance between sternal notch and coracoid process, D T3_PLA= distance between 3rd thoracic spine and posterolateral angle of acromion, SI= scapular index, D PM=distance between bottom of table and posterolateral angle of acromion. 2 주간의프로그램완료후, D SN_CP 에대한그룹간비교에서 SBG 는 CTG 에비해유의하게컸다 (p < 0.05)(Table 2). D T3_PLA 에대한그룹간 비교에서는유의한차이를찾을수없었다 (p > 0.05)(Table 2). SI 에대 한그룹간비교에서는 SBG 는 CTG 에비해유의하게컸다 (p < 0.05) Table 3. Values of VAS before and after 2-week treatment programs Rest pain (VAS) Night pain (VAS) Before After p-value Before After p-value CTG 6.05± ± ± ± SBG 5.70± ± * 5.55± ± * p-value * * (Table 2). D PM 에대한에그룹간비교에서는 SBG는 CTG에비해유의하게작았다 (p< 0.05)(Table 2). 3) CTG의프로그램전 후비교 D SN_CP 와 SI에대한프로그램전 후비교에서프로그램후에유의하게작아졌다 (ps < 0.05)(Table 2). D T3_PLA 와 D PM 에대한프로그램전 후비교에서유의한차이가발견되지않았다 (ps> 0.05)(Table 2). 4) SBG의프로그램전 후비교모든어깨뼈위치관련측정 (D SN_CP, D T3_PLA, SI 및 D PM) 에대한프로그램전 후비교에서훈련전에비해훈련후평균값은유의한차이가있었다 (ps< 0.05)(Table 2). 3. 통증의변화 1) 안정시통증변화에대한그룹간및그룹내의비교프로그램시작전, 안정시통증에대한그룹간비교에서 CTG와 SBG 는통계적으로유의한차이가없었으나 (p > 0.05), 프로그램완료후에는 SBG가 CTG에비해유의하게낮은값을보였다 (p < 0.05)(Table 3). CTG의안정시통증에대한그룹내차이를비교한결과, 프로그램전, 후에따른통증은유의한차이가없었다 (p> 0.05)(Table 3). 하지만, SBG는프로그램전에비해완료후에통증이유의하게낮아졌다 (p< 0.05)(Table 3). 2) 야간통증변화에대한그룹간및그룹내의비교프로그램시작전, 야간통증에대한그룹간비교에서두그룹은통계적으로유의한차이가없었으나 (p > 0.05), 프로그램종료후에는 SBG가 CTG에비해유의하게낮은값을보였다 (p < 0.05)(Table 3). CTG의야간통증에대한그룹내비교결과, 프로그램전과후의통증은유의한차이가없었다 (p> 0.05)(Table 3). 반면, SBG의야간통증에대한그룹내차이는유의하였고 (p < 0.05), 이는프로그램후에통증이유의하게낮아졌음을보여준다 (Table 3). DISCUSSION 본연구는관절경하돌림근띠봉합술을시행한환자에게수술후초 11

5 The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Mi Young Jung, et al. 기단계에짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동적용이어깨뼈위치와통증에어떠한영향을미치는지알아보았다. 이를위해, 짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동을적용한그룹과보존적치료를적용한그룹으로나눠 2주간의치료적용후, 수술측어깨의어깨뼈위치와통증변화를측정하여비교하여보았다. 연구결과를요약하면다음과같다. 첫째, 2주간의프로그램완료후, CTG의 D SN_CP 는줄어들었으나, SBG에서는커졌다. 이는보존적치료에서는어깨뼈들임이줄어들었고, 짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동은어깨뼈들임을크게만들었음을의미한다. 둘째, CTG는 D T3_PLA 에영향을주지않았으나, SBG은줄였다. 이는짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동이어깨뼈내밈을감소시켰다는것을의미한다. 셋째, 이러한 D SN_CP 와 D T3_PLA 의변화는 CTG의 SI 를감소시켰으며, SBG의 SI를증가시켰다. 다시말해, 보존적치료는어깨뼈내밈을증가시켰고, 짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동은어깨뼈들임을증가시켰음을의미한다. 넷째, CTG는 D PM 에변화를주지못하였으나, SBG는어깨뼈의전방기울기를감소시켰다. 이는짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동이어깨뼈의기울기정렬에도영향을주었음을의미한다. 마지막으로안정시통증및야간통모두 SBG가 CTG 에비해더큰통증감소의효과를가져왔다. 다음에서본연구에서나타난어깨뼈위치와통증변화에대해논의를해보고자한다. 먼저, 본연구에서가장큰발견은짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동이어깨뼈의위치변화를가져왔다는점이다. 구체적으로본연구의짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동은어깨뼈를들임하고, 어깨뼈의전방기울임감소를만들어낸것으로확인되었다. 이러한위치변화는어깨봉우리아래공간을확보하여돌림근띠의충돌을감소시키는위치로어깨뼈의정렬상태가변했다는것을의미한다. 7,21 확보된어깨봉우리아래공간은돌림근띠에가해지는충돌과자극을줄이면서, 통증을감소시킨것으로보인다. SBG의경우, 안정시와야간통증모두의미있게감소했는데, 이두가지통증모두감소했다는것은구조적변화에의한것임을암시한다. 그렇다면왜짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동이어깨뼈의정렬상태를변화시킨것일까? 본연구에서사용되었던볼을이용한몸통안정화운동은레그컬, 교각운동, 푸싱운동으로몸통안정성향상에초점이맞춰진운동들이다. 이런동작과함께볼을사용하여불안정한지지면을만들어몸통근활성이높여주었다. 22,23 교각운동을제외한모든운동들이수행될때, 등을지속적으로바닥에붙여서하지에서의움직임이잘수행될수있도록하여야한다. 교각운동이수행될때는가슴우리및목의뒤쪽이바닥에밀착되어동일한역할을하게된다. 다시말해, 본연구에서사용된짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동은목과가슴우리, 허리까지이르는모든몸통의안정성이요구된것이다. 특별히하지의움직임에안정성을제공하기위해, 몸통을바닥에밀착시키는힘에의해어깨뼈들임근육이더욱활성화되었을 것이다. 본연구에서발견된 SBG 의어깨뼈들임의증가와전방기울 기감소는이러한기전에의해발생되었을것으로생각된다. 반면보존적치료는어깨뼈들임을감소시킨것으로나타났다. 이 러한어깨뼈의위치변화는오히려어깨봉우리아래공간을좁히는 원인이될수있어나쁜변화이다. 돌림근띠봉합술후외전보조기 (shoulder immobilizer) 를착용하게되는데, 본연구에참여한연구대 상자들도동일하게적용받았다. 외전보조기는파열의크기에따라 4-6 주간착용하는데, 착용기간이길어질수록어깨와가슴우리에둥 근어깨와같은자세를가져올수있는것으로알려져있다. 5,24 즉, 본 연구에서나타난 CTG 의들임감소는둥근어깨의과정으로생각되 며, 들임감소와내밈증가는어깨봉우리아래공간을좁히는원인이 될수있기때문에돌림근띠봉합술이후에보존적치료의지속적적 용은적절하지못한것으로생각된다. 덧붙여, 통증에서도 CTG 는치 료전과후에변화를가져오지못하였다. 이는 SBG 와달리어깨뼈의 정렬에긍정적변화가없었기때문으로생각된다. 본연구는관절경하돌림근띠봉합술환자에게보존적치료는어 깨뼈의정렬에부정적결과를가져올수있으며, 조기에시행된짐볼 을이용한몸통안정화운동은어깨뼈의바른정렬과통증감소를가 져올수있음을보여주었다. 짐볼을이용한몸통안정화운동에수반 된이러한긍정적효과들은어깨뼈의바른정렬을통한어깨봉우리 아래공간확보에기인하는것으로생각된다. 이를통하여통증감소 와더불어돌림근띠의재손상을방지하는효과를가져올수있음을 보여준다. 이처럼본연구결과는어깨돌림근띠봉합술환자의통증 감소와어깨뼈정렬변화를통해어깨재활의최종목표인기능성을 획득하기위해몸통안정화운동이재활프로그램조기에활용할것 을제안한다. 1,25,26 본연구에서는짐볼을사용한몸통안정화운동을시행하였는데, 도구를사용하지않는몸통안정화운동에서도동일한결과가나타 날수있는지심화연구가필요할것이다. 본결과가나타날수있는 여러요소들중에서어깨뼈위치에관해서만살펴보았다는것은본 연구의제한점으로남는다. 또한증례의수가비교적부족하여연구 결과를일반화하기어려운점이있었으며, 평가기간이수술후약 3 개월시점으로국한되어장기적추세변화를보지못했던점은제한 점이다. 향후이러한점이보완된연구가필요할것이라생각된다. REFERENCES 1. Kuhn JE, Dunn WR, Sanders R et al. Effectiveness of physical therapy in treating atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Shoul Elb Surg. 2013;22: Neer CS. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. 1972;54:

6 Effectiveness of trunk stabilization on scapular position after rotator cuff repair 3. Yamamoto A, Takagishi K, Kobayashi T et al. The impact of faulty posture on rotator cuff tears with and without symptoms. J Shoul Elb Surg. 2015;24: McElvany MD, McGoldrick E, Gee AO et al. Rotator cuff repair: published evidence on factors associated with repair integrity and clinical outcome. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43: Cools A, Witvrouw E, Declercq G et al. Scapular muscles recruitment pattern: trapezius muscle latency in over hand athletes with and without impingement symptoms. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31: Barrett E, O Keeffe M, O Sullivan K et al. Is thoracic spine posture associated with shoulder pain, range of motion and function? A systematic review. Man Ther. 2016;26: Kibler WB. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J sports Med. 1998;26: Akuthota V, Ferreiro A, Moore T et al. Core stability exercise principles. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 2008;7: Jung YJ, Jung KM. The effect of scapula setting intervention on the function of upper extremity andwalking in the patients with stroke. Neurotherapy. 2013;17: Kim GH, Choe HS, Lee HI et al. The effects of scapular stabilization exercising on dynamic standing balance in stroke patients. J Korean Soc Phys Ther Vol. 2014;26: Burkhart SS, Adams CR, Schoolfield JD. A biomechanical comparison of 2 techniques of footprint reconstruction for rotator cuff repair: the SwiveLock-FiberChain construct versus standard double-row repair. Arthroscopy. 2009;25: Keener JD, Galatz LM, Stobbs-Cucchi G et al. Rehabilitation following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective randomized trial of immobilization compared with early motion. J Bone Joint Surg. 2014;96: Fermont AJ, Wolterbeek N, Wessel RN et al. Prognostic factors for successful recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic literature review. J Ortho Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44: Ko DS, Moon KI, Park WS. The effects of shoulder exercise program including scapula strengthening exercise after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. KSSPT. 2011;7: Lee MJ, Kim SY, Shim JK. Comparison of shoulder range of motion, pain, function, scapular position between breast cancer surgery and shoulder surgery female patients. Phys Ther Korea. 2015;22: Jung YM, Choi JD. The relationship between resting scapular position and pain level in unilateral shoulder pain. Phys Ther Korea. 2010;17: Nijs J, Roussel N, Struyf F et al. Clinical assessment of scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain: state of the art. J Manipulative Physio Ther. 2007;30: Bostad JD. Resting position variables at the shoulder: evidence to support a posture-impairment association. Phys Ther. 2006;86: Gibson MH, Goebel GV, Jordan TM et al. A reliability study of measurement techniques to de- termine static scapular position. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;21: Nijs J, Roussel N, Vermeulen K et al. Scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain: a study examining the reliability and clinical importance of 3 clinical tests. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86: Mottram SL. Dynamic stability of the scapula. Man Ther. 1997;2: Vera-Garcia FJ, Grenier SG, McGill SM. Abdominal muscle response during curl-ups on both stable and labile surfaces. Phys Ther. 2000;80: Youdas JW, Coleman KC, Holstad EE et al. Magnitudes of muscle activation of spine stabilizers in healthy adults during prone on elbow planking exercises with and without a fitness ball. Physiother Theory Pract. 2017;33: Hermans V, Spaepen A. Perceived discomfort and electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius while working at a VDT station. Int J Occup Saf and Ergon. 1995; Cuff DJ, Santoni BG. Rehabilitation strategies after rotator cuff repair: how to optimize outcomes. Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery. 2016;17: Chang KV, Hung CY, Han DS et al. Early versus delayed passive range of motion exercise for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:

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