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1 Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Vol. 24 No. 1, January 2014 pissn eissn Original Article 회전근개손상의특징에따른유착성관절낭염이환시기와의상관관계 허광호 * 이창형 민지홍 김수연 박예진 구본일 김상훈 신용일 황의형 * 부산대학교한의학전문대학원 *, 부산대학교한방병원한방재활의학과, 부산대학교의학전문대학원재활의학교실, 부산대학교병원통합의학센터 Correlation between the Rotator Cuff Disease Type and the Adhesive Capsulitis Development Time Kwang-Ho Heo, K.M.D.*, Chang-Hyung Lee, M.D., Ji-Hong Min, M.D., Soo-Yeon Kim, M.D., Yeo Jin Park, M.D., Bon-Il Koo, M.D., Sang-Hoon Kim, M.D., Yong-Il Shin, M.D., Eui-Hyoung Hwang, K.M.D.* School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University*, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Center of Integrative Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital 본논문은 2011 년양산부산대학교병원임상연구비의지원으로연구되었음. RECEIVED December 9, 2013 REVISED December 14, 2013 ACCEPTED December 20, 2013 CORRESPONDING TO Chang-Hyung Lee, Department of Rehabilition Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Yangsan , Korea TEL (055) FAX (055) aarondoctor@gmail.com Objectives Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a restricted shoulder range of motion. Rotator cuff disease (RCD) has been believed to be a major etiologic factor of AC, however, how soon is the development time from RCD to AC (DTRA) has not been elucidated. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the ultrasonographic characteristics of RCD and the DTRA. Methods Total 40 patients who were diagnosed as AC were recruited. The clinical characteristics of RCD were diagnosed by ultrasonography and classified with the Southern California Orthopedic Institute for Rotator Cuff Classification. The correlation was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test and one-way analysis of variance. Results 60% of full thickness tear and 40% of partial thickness tear patients (10 male and 30 female, mean age of 54.0±8.4 years) and 38% of bursitis and 21% of neovascularization were observed. The mean value of DTRA was 74.8±131.3 days. There were no correlation between DTRA and gender (p=0.63), location of the partial tear (p=0.63), the severity of the partial thickness tear (p=0.63), full thickness tear (p=0.66) and completeness of the tear (p=0.16). The presence of bursitis or neovascularization was not associated with DTRA (p=0.60, p=0.61). Conclusions Although RCD is a major etiologic factor of AC, the severity, the type of RCD and the presence of bursitis and neovascularization were not statistically correlated with the DTRA in our study. Comprehensive consideration about etiologic factor analysis of AC will be needed with prospective study design for future study. (J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(1):77-82) Copyright 2014 The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Key words Adhesive capsulitis, Rotator cuff disease, Adhesive capsulitis etiology 77
2 허광호 이창형 민지홍 김수연 박예진 구본일 김상훈 신용일 황의형 서론»»» 견관절의유착성관절낭염은어깨의회전가동범위의감소및통증을주증상으로하는임상에서흔히접할수있는질환으로서, 관절낭의염증과유착으로인한관절용적의감소로인하여견갑부의통증및관절가동범위의제한을일으키게된다 1-3). 특별한원인없이발생하는특발성의경우와는달리이차성유착성관절낭염의발생원인은장기간의고정자세, 외상, 퇴행성변화, 회전근개부위의염증, 석회성건염, 회전근개손상등과같은다양한원인에의해서발생할수있다고알려져왔다 3). 한의학에서유착성관절낭염에대한임상연구들은그수가많지않았다. 치료에대한것으로한의학적인여러치료방법을적용한경우 4), 전침치료 5), 오공약침치료 6), 관절강내봉약침치료 7) 에대한연구가있었고, 진단에관한것으로체열진단 8) 과초음파진단 9) 에관한연구가있었다. 회전근개손상에대한것은더욱적었고대부분증례보고 10-13) 이며, 회전근개손상자체와는관계없이손상부위주위자침심도에대한연구 14) 가한편보고되어있었다. 위와같이한의학에있어서유착성관절낭염과회전근개에대해연개되어있는연구는찾지못하였으며, 서양의학의경우에서도회전근개손상의정도가유착성관절낭염의발생률에기여하는상관관계에대한것은밝혀져있지않았다. 한선행연구에서자기공명관절조영술을이용하여회전근개손상이발생할때유착성관절낭염이동반될가능성을밝혔으나 15) 회전근개손상의해부학적인다양한상태에따른유착성관절낭염발생과의상관관계는아직까지밝혀져있지않다. 이러한이유로본연구에서는임상적으로진단된유착성관절낭염환자에게동시에초음파검사를시행하여, 회전근개손상이있는지조사하며, 그결과를 the Southern California Orthopedic Institute for Rotator Cuff Classification 16) 에따라분류한후회전근개의손상정도, 손상유형, 손상시기, 윤활낭염의유무등의초음파상특징에따른유착성관절낭염이환기간과의상관관계를조사하고자하였다. 이러한상관관계에따라회전근개손상이있을때의초음파상의소견과유착성관절낭염으로이환되는시기와의상관관계를규명하여, 한양방협진에있어적극적인치료를시행하는근거를마련하고, 이러한일련의노력으로유착성관절낭염의발생빈도를낮추고자본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법»»» 1. 연구대상 2012년 11월부터 2013년 2월까지견갑부통증과관절운동제한을주소로본원재활의학과외래를방문한환자중 Kessel 등 17) 의분류법에따라증상이생긴지 1개월이상이며, 이학적검사에서전방굴곡, 내회전, 외회전중적어도 2가지이상의동작에서관절각도의감소가건측에비하여또는 American Medical Association 의방식으로측정한정상관절각도에비하여 50% 이상생긴자를유착성견관낭염으로정의하였다. 회전근개손상환자는이학적검사에서 hawkin s test, empty can test, full can test 검사에서양성이거나혹은병력상충돌증후군이의심되는환자를대상으로하였으며, 초음파검사를시행하여확진하였다. 모든환자는방사선검사등에서병적소견 ( 골절, 과도한골극 ) 이없으며, 류마티스관절염, 신경학적이상소견, 혹은전신적인감염이있거나, 지난 6개월동안환측견관절에주사치료를시행받은경우는연구대상에서제외하였다. 2. 연구대상자권익보호본연구는연구를시행한기관의임상연구윤리심의위원회의승인을받은후시행되었다 ( ). 연구에참여한모든환자들에게충분한연구의절차와자료사용에대한정보를제공하였으며, 이에동의한경우연구에참여하도록하였다. 3. 연구방법제외기준에해당하는환자를제외한모든환자의회전근개부위에초음파검사 (GE logiq E9, Wauwatosa, WI, USA) 를시행하였으며, 초음파검사상에서관찰되는회전근개손상의파열유형및손상정도, 견봉하삼각건하윤활낭염의존재여부, 신생혈관발생의유무를기록하였다. 이결과를 the Southern California Orthopedic Institute for Rotator Cuff Classification 에따라각각의군으로분류하였다 (Table I) 16). 모든환자를대상으로신체정보및자세한병력을청 78 J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(1):77-82
3 회전근개손상의특징에따른유착성관절낭염이환시기와의상관관계 Table I. Southern California Orthopedic Institute for Rotator Cuff Classification 16) Grade Description Location of tears A Articular surface B Bursal surface C Complete tear Severity of tear (A and B partial tears) 0 Normal cuff, with smooth coverings of synovium and bursa I Minimal, superficial bursal or synovial irritation or slight capsular fraying in a small, localized area; usually<1 cm II Actually fraying and failure of some rotator cuff fibres in addition to synovial, bursal, or capsular injury; usually<2 cm III More severe rotator cuff injury, including fraying and fragmentation of tendon fibres, often involving the whole surface of a cuff tendon (most often the supraspinatus); usually<3 cm IV Very severe partial rotator cuff tear that usually contains, in addition to fraying and fragmentation of tendon tissue, a sizable flap tear and often encompasses more than a single tendon Classification of complete (C) rotator cuff tears CI A small, complete tear, such as a puncture wound CII A moderate tear (usually<2 cm) that still encompasses only one of the rotator cuff tendons with no retraction of the torn ends CIII A large, complete tear involving an entire tendon with minimal retraction of the torn edge; usually 3 to 4 cm CIV A massive rotator cuff tear involving two or more rotator cuff tendons, frequently with associated retraction and scarring of the remaining tendon ends and often L-shaped tear. The CIV classification can also be modified with the term irreparable, indicating that there is no possibility of direct repair 취하여, 처음통증이발생한시점으로부터관절가동제한이발생한시점까지의기간을회전근개손상에서유착성관절낭염으로의이환기간으로설정하였다. 4. 통계처리통계분석은 SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 을이용하여성별, 초음파검사상에서관찰되는소견등에서이환기간의차이를비교하기위하여 Mann-Whitney U 검정및일원배치분산분석을시행하였다. 유의성을검정하기위하여유의수준은 p-value 0.05 이하로하였다. 결과»»» 1. 일반적특성총 181명의환자중, 제외기준을만족하는환자를제외한 40명이본연구에포함되었다. 전체 40명의대상환자중남녀는각각 10명 (25.0%) 및 30명 (75.0%) 이며, 평균연령은 54.0세였다. 회전근개손상에서유착성관절낭염으로의평균이환기간은 74.8±131.3일이었다 (Table II). Table II. General Characteristics Male Female Mean Patients (numbers) 10 (25%) 30 (75%) Age (years) 56.3± ± ±13.9 Development time from RCT* to AC (days) 75.2± ± ±131.3 Values are number or mean±standard deviation. *Rotator cuff tear, Adhesive capsulitis. 2. 초음파검사상분류 초음파검사상관찰된소견을 the Southern California Orthopedic Institute for Rotator Cuff Classification에따라분류하였을때회전근개손상의유형에따라완전파열및부분파열은각각 24명, 16명이었다. 부분파열환자중해부학적위치에따른분류에서관절면측파열은 10명, 윤활낭측파열은 6명으로관찰되었다. 부분파열및완전파열각각의군을회전근개파열정도로나누었을때, 부분파열의경우 1단계 10명, 2단계 6명, 3단계와 4단계에해당하는환자는없는것으로관찰되었고, 완전파열의경우 1단계 7명, 2단계 13명, 3단계 4명, 4단계는없는것으로확인되었다. 신생혈관발생이관찰되는군은 79
4 허광호 이창형 민지홍 김수연 박예진 구본일 김상훈 신용일 황의형 Table III. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Subjects Parameters Numbers SCOI for rotator cuff classification Location A 9 B 7 C 24 Severity I 10 II 6 III 0 IV 0 CI 7 CII 13 CIII 4 CIV 0 Neovascularization 9 Subacromial and subdeltoid bursitis 15 9명이었으며, 견봉하삼각건하윤활낭염은 15명에서관찰되었다 (Table III). 3. 회전근개손상과유착성관절낭염발생기간과의상관관계 각각의초음파검사상의소견에따른회전근개손상과유착성관절낭염발생기간과의상관관계를분석한결과, 성별에따른상관관계는유의하지않았으며 (p=0.63), 부분파열과완전파열군에따른분류에서도유의한차이는관찰되지않았다 (p=0.16). 부분파열및완전파열군을손상정도에따라비교하였을경우에도유의한차이를보이지않았으며 (p=0.63, p=0.66), 파열의해부학적위치에따라서도유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.63). 견봉하삼각건하윤활낭염이나신생혈관의발생유무에따른유의한통계적차이또한관찰되지않았다 (p=0.61, p=0.60) (Table IV). 고찰»»» 유착성관절낭염은수동적, 능동적인관절의가동범위가줄어드는증상으로, 40~60 세연령의여자에서호발한다고보고되고있다 18-23). 임상에서흔히접하는질환이지만병변에대한정확한진단기준은밝혀져있지않으며, Table IV. Comparison of Development Time in Groups by Clinical Characteristics Development time p-value Gender Male: 75.6± Female: 80.0±105.1 Completeness of tear Partial: 44.4± Complete: 101.8±151.7 Location of partial tear A: 50.1± B: 35.0±39.9 Severity of partial tear I: 36.6± II: 57.6±92.1 Severity of complete tear CI: 65.7± CII: 128.5±179.4 CIII: 78.8±147.7 Neovascularization Present: 70.8± Not: 106.7±193.3 Subacromial and subdeltoid bursitis Present: 61.4±151.1 Not: 89.4± Values are mean±standard deviation. p-values<0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference. 발생요인에따라일차성, 외인적혹은내인적이차성관절낭염으로분류될수있다고알려져있다 3). 이차성유차성관절낭염의원인으로서다양한선행질환이선행될수있으며, 특히, 회전근개의변성및파열과같은내적원인과수술및외상등에의한외적원인에의해서도종종발생하기도한다. 견관절낭은구축이일어나게되며탄성은소실되어운동장애를유발하게되는데, 이와같은유착성관절낭염의병태생리는섬유화로인한것인지, 염증으로인한것인지에대해서는아직논란의여지가있으나, 활액내층과활액조직을포함한관절낭에국한되어발생되는것으로생각되고있다. 이와같은염증반응은손상에대한반응, 감염물질, 화학적매개, 혹은자가면역반응으로나타난다. 활액염증은발병초기에생기는주요병리과정으로, 말기의일어나는반응성관절낭섬유화의전구과정이라는가설이받아들여지고있다 18). 회전근개손상은부분파열이나환자의나이가많은경우보존치료, 완전파열이나환자의나이가젊고활동량이많은경우수술치료를고려한다. 그러나수술치료는실패가능성이있으며, 수술후통증이남거나관절강직으로유착성관절낭염이발생하는경우도있다. 그리고수술후수개월간의재활치료가필요하다 11). 최근에회전근개손상에대한한방증례보고 10-13) 가조금씩발표되고있으나아직은연구가부족한실정이다. 또한회전근개 80 J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(1):77-82
5 회전근개손상의특징에따른유착성관절낭염이환시기와의상관관계 손상으로수술후한방치료와함께재활을하는환자들이늘어나고있으나, 이에대한연구보고는아직발표되지않았다. 이에회전근개손상이있을때의초음파상의소견과유착성관절낭염으로이환되는시기와의상관관계를규명하고자하는것은한양방협진치료에있어큰의의가있다고생각되어본연구를진행하였다. 유착성관절낭염의주요원인으로알려진회전근개손상은일회성충격으로발생하거나, 혹은어깨가다양한각도에서반복적으로움직이거나부하가가해질때발생할수있다 24). 이와같이회전근개손상으로인한유착성관절낭염이발생하는시기에대한연구는보고되지않았다. 이러한회전근개손상후유착성관절낭염이발생하는시기는개인마다다를수있으며, 특히회전근개손상의다양한해부학적특성에따라다르게나타날가능성이있으므로, 본연구는이에주안점을두어상관관계를분석하고자하였다. 본연구에서는특별한외상의병력이없는, 회전근개손상만이유착성관절낭염을일으키는주된원인으로파악되는환자들만을연구대상으로하였으며, 본연구결과에서는, 어깨부위의통증이발생한평균 2개월정도의 (74±131일) 이환기간이지난후유착성관절낭염이발생하는것을임상적으로확인할수있었다 (Table II). 유착성관절낭염을일으키는주된원인인회전근개손상은초음파검사소견에따라발생부위및손상정도를분류하였다. 하지만, 모든비교에서회전근개손상과유착성관절낭염으로이환되는시기와의상관관계는통계적으로유의하지않았다 (Table IV). 이에회전근개손상은유착성관절낭염과동시에발생하기도하며, 시간이지남에따라순차적으로발생하기도하는등다양한병태양상을보이고있음을본연구를통해알수있었다. 이는이차성관절낭염은다양한원인에의하여발생할수있으며, 또한섬유화혹은염증으로인해발생할수도있어본연구의제한점으로들수있다. 따라서후에다양한병태생리에대한발생기전을규명하는연구가뒤따라야할것으로사료된다. 본연구는환자본인의기억에의한설문조사와의무기록을토대로시행한연구로서, 회상의오차 (recall bias) 가발생하였을가능성이있으며, 특히고연령군에서는이러한현상이더두드러졌을가능성이있다. 또한, 처음회전근개손상이후에도반복적으로가해지는자극을완전히통제하지못하여, 연이은발생한회전근개손상이 연구의결과에영향을미쳤을가능성이있다. 또한, 본연구는유착성관절낭염이발생한군에서회전근개손상이유착성관절낭염을일으킬때의시간적인이환율을알아본후향적연구였으며, 이러한후향적연구모델이두인자의상관관계를명확히규명하지못하였을가능성이있다. 모든회전근개손상에서유착성관절낭염으로전부이행되는것이아니므로, 본연구의초기가설설정시, 모든회전근개손상이있는환자에서유착성관절낭염으로이행되는것을전향적으로추적관찰하지않았다는점에서오류를발생시키는요인이될수있다. 이를개선하기위한노력에도불구하고, 대부분의회전근개손상환자는초기에병원을방문하지않고, 증상이심해지거나유착성관절낭염으로진행한이후병원에내원하는경우가대부분이므로, 사실상실제적인환자추적전향연구는불가능한실정이지만, 향후오핸시간을두고어깨통증환자를대상으로전향적연구를하여유착성관절낭염의발생에대한조사가뒤따라야할것으로생각된다. 이와같은단점에도불구하고, 본연구는유착성관절낭염의발생에큰영향을미치는선행인자로회전근개손상의중요성을인지하고, 초음파검사상으로확인한회전근개손상의종류에따른유착성관절낭염발생시기와상관관계를규명하려한점에서의의가있으며, 추후에는앞서열거한세부고려인자를수정, 보완하는후속연구가뒤따라야할것으로생각된다. 결론»»» 유착성관절낭염에있어서, 회전근개손상이주요한영향을미치는선행인자로서고려되고있지만, 본연구에서는회전근개손상의유형이나윤활낭염의동반등이유착성관절낭염으로의이환에는유의한영향을미치지못한다는결과를확인하였다. 향후연구에서는유착성관절낭염과관련된포괄적인요인을보완한전향적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 참고문헌»»» 1. Hannafin JA, Chiaia TA. Adhesive capsulitis. Clin Orthop. 81
6 허광호 이창형 민지홍 김수연 박예진 구본일 김상훈 신용일 황의형 2000;372: Neviaser RJ, Neviaser TJ. The frozen shoulder diagnosis and management. Clin Orthop. 1986;223: Zuckerman JD, Rokito A. Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(2): 변재영, 안수기. 동결견치료에대한임상적연구. 한국한의학연구원논문집. 1997;3(1): 권오현, 한진태, 이상열, 이명희, 배성수. 조구 (S38)- 승산 (B57) 혈의전침자극이동결견환자의관절가동범위에미치는영향. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2008;18(3): 김도호, 김현욱, 이건휘, 이건목. 凍結肩환자의蜈蚣藥鍼치료에대한임상적고찰. 대한침구학회지. 2009;26(1): 권오곤, 이윤규. 견관절유착성관절낭염에대한관절강내봉약침적용 1 례. 대한침구학회지. 2012;29(4): 조영백, 이건목. 컴퓨터적외선전신체열촬영을통한오십견의임상적고찰. 대한침구학회지. 1999;16(4): 금동호. 오십견으로내원한환자의견관절기능평가와초음파소견에관한연구. 한의정보학회지. 1999;5(1): 정재엽, 김정희, 송춘호, 장경전, 김철홍, 윤현민. 약침을활용한한방치료로호전된회전근개파열수술후견비통환자에대한치험 1 례. 대한침구의학회지. 2012;29(6): 이정환, 고민경, 윤광식, 이창우, 김영일, 김정호. 외상성급성회전근개파열환자의한방치료 1 례. 대한약침학회지. 2011;14(4): 유덕주, 이민준, 김은석, 김현호, 남동우. 우견부통증과우견관절가동범위제한을주소로하는우측회전근개파열환자에대한溫鍼치험 1 례. 한방척추관절학회지. 2012; 9(1): 박민정, 민선정, 유경곤, 염승룡, 권영달, 김성하. 회전근개부분파열환자에대한한의학적치료증례보고. 한방재활의학과학회지. 2012;22(2): 백승태, 이승덕, 변혁, 김우영, 정용래, 이아람, 김갑성. 회 전근개질환에사용되는근위혈들의자침심도에대한연구. 대한침구학회지. 2005;22(6): Yoo JC, Ahn JH, Lee YS, Koh KH. Magnetic resonance arthrographic findings of presumed stage-2 adhesive capsulitis: focus on combined rotator cuff pathology. Orthopedics. 2009;32(1): Snyder SJ. Shoulder arthroscopy. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003: Kessel L, Bayley I, Young A. The upper limb: the frozen shoulder. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 1981;25: 334, 336-7, Mclaughlin HL. On the frozen shoulder. Bull Hosp Joint Dis 1951;12: Lloyd-Roberts GC, French PR. Periarthritis of the shoulder - A study of the disease and its treatment. Br Med J. 1959;1: Matsen III FA, Lippitt SB, Sidles JA, Harryman II DT. Practical evaluation of management of the shoulder. Philadelphia:WB Sanders. 1994: Murnaghan JP. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: current concepts and treatment. Orthopedics. 1988;11: Murnaghan JP. Frozen shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Masten IIi FA, eds. The shoulder. Philadelphia:WB Sanders. 1990: Cameron JS, Thomas AM, Scott JE, Melbourne DB, William GR, Michael ET. Rotator cuff: evaluation with US and MR imaging. Radiographics. 1999;19: Seitz AL, McClure PW, Finucane S, Boardman ND 3rd, Michener LA. Mechanisms of rotator cuff tendinopathy: intrinsic, extrinsic, or both? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011;26(1): J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(1):77-82
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