09-조규종

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1 대한응급의학회지제 17 권제 4 호 Volume 17, Number 4, August, 2006 원저 급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서혈청 D-dimer 의유용성 울산대학교서울아산병원응급의학교실, 한림대학교강동성심병원응급의학과 1 조규종 1 원 오범진 이재호 임경수 Plasma Fibrin D-dimer for Detection of Acute Aortic Syndrome in the Emergency Department Gyu Chong Cho, M.D., Won Kim, M.D., Bum Jin Oh, M.D., Jae Ho Lee, M.D., Kyoung Soo Lim, M.D. Purpose: Plasma fibrin D-dimer (D-dimer) has been suggested as a potential screening marker of acute aortic syndrome (AAS) in the emergency department (ED). However, the appropriate thresholds of D-dimer for AAS have not yet been defined. Moreover, studies reporting determinants of D-dimer concentrations in AAS are scarce. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively on patients for whom a D-dimer assay and enhanced computed tomography (CT) had been performed for differential diagnosis in the ED. The D-dimer assay used during the study was the quantitative latex agglutination assay. The study was conducted in a university ED with an annual census of 67,500 between March 2004 and February A receiver operating characteristics curve was used to find the optimal cutoff of the D-dimer to predict AAS in the ED. A multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with increased D-dimer concentrations in AAS. Results: The enrolled patients (n=105) were divided into 2 groups according to enhanced CT findings: an AAS group (n=65) and a non-aas group (n=40). The mean D-dimer level was higher in the AAS group (10.7±12.8 ug/ml) than in the non-aas group (0.6±0.3 ug/ml)(p<0.001). The D- dimer test showed a 92.3% sensitivity, an 85.0% specificity, 책임저자 : 원서울특별시송파구풍납동 388-1번지서울아산병원응급의학과 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) wkim@amc.seoul.kr 접수일 : 2006년 4월 10일, 1차교정일 : 2006년 4월 21일게재승인일 : 2006년 4월 30일 344 a 90.9% positive predictive value, an 87.2% negative predictive value, and a 90.5% accuracy for detection of AAS at a discriminate level of 1.0 ug/ml. Stratified age, smoking, extent of AAS, complications associated with AAS, and the time interval from symptoms to D-dimer testing were independently associated with D-dimer concentrations in AAS. Conclusion: At a discriminate level of 1.0 ug/ml, the D- dimer assay is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of AAS in the ED. D-dimer concentrations in AAS were significantly associated with stratified age, smoking, extent of AAS, complications associated with AAS, and the time interval from symptom onset to testing. Key Words: D-dimer, Aorta, Dissection Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea 서 급성대동맥증후군 (acute aortic syndrome; 이하 AAS) 은갑작스러운흉통및배부통을주소로응급의료센터에내원한환자들에서가장먼저선별해야하는질환으로서, 조기진단과치료가늦어지는경우에환자의사망률이급격히증가하는것으로알려져있다 1-2). 그러나약 30% 의환자는급성대동맥증후군을조기에진단받지못한채사망하며, 결국부검에의하여진단된다 3). 현재응급의료센터에서는급성대동맥증후군의조기선별을위하여철저한병력청취, 이학적검사및흉부단순방사선촬영검사등이시행되어지고있다. 그러나전형적인통증을수반하지않는환자의비율이약 16% 에이르며, 고혈압, 심잡음, 맥박결손등의이학적소견또한약 50% 이하의환자에서만관찰되기때문에, 병력청취및이학적검사는급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서효용성이떨어진다 론

2 조규종외 : 급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서혈청 D-dimer 의유용성 / 345 4). 또한흉부단순방사선촬영검사에의한종격동확장소견은급성대동맥증후군환자의약 64% 에서만관찰되며, 그외흉부단순방사선촬영검사에의한이상소견은민감도가더낮은것으로보고되고있다 4,5). 최근내인성섬유소용해반응 (fibrinolytic reaction) 의지표인혈청 D-dimer가급성대동맥증후군환자에서유의하게증가하며, 혈청 D-dimer 검사의음성예측도가매우높기때문에급성대동맥증후군의조기선별에유용하다는연구결과가발표되었다 6,7). 그러나급성대동맥증후군선별에대한혈청 D-dimer 검사의역치 (threshold) 는아직까지정확히알려져있지않으며, 급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서검사의민감도와특이도에영향을미칠수있는혈청 D-dimer 농도의결정인자에대한연구는매우부족한실정이다. 이에본연구는급성대동맥증후군의혈청학적선별검사로서혈청 D-dimer 검사의유용성을확인하고, 실제응급의료센터에서급성대동맥증후군의선별에적용할수있는 D-dimer 농도의역치를제시하고자하였다. 더불어급성대동맥증후군환자의혈청 D-dimer 농도증가에독립적으로영향을미치는인자들을알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법본연구는 2004년 3월 1일부터 2006년 2월 28 일까지 24 개월동안 14 일이내의급성흉통및배부통등을주소로수도권소재일개대학병원응급의료센터 ( 연평균내원응급환자 : 67,500명 ) 에내원한환자들중에서, 의료진의임상적판단에의해급성대동맥증후군의감별진단을위하여응급의료센터에서혈청 D-dimer 검사와대동맥전산화단층촬영검사가모두시행된 115 명의환자들을대상으로하였다. 연구대상자중에서혈청 D-dimer 검사전에항응고제를투여받은경우, 흉부단순방사선촬영상폐렴및결핵등의명백한감염의증거가있었던경우, 응급의료센터내원전 30 일이내에수술및대동맥도자술등을시행받은경우등의 10 명은본연구에서제외하였다 (Fig. 1). 연구대상자는최종진단명에따라대동맥증후군그룹 (AAS 군 ) 과비대동맥증후군그룹 (non-aas 군 ) 으로나누었으며, 환자들의의무기록지와검사소견을토대로연령, 성별, 흡연력, 과거력 ( 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증등 ), 급성대동맥증후군의분류및대동맥침범범위, 급성대동맥증후군의합병증, 혈청 D-dimer 농도, 증상발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등을양식화된조사지에근거하여후향적으로조사하였다. 급성대동맥증후군은환자들의대동맥전산화단층촬영및경식도심초음파소견에따라내막파열 (intimal tear) 과대동맥을두개의관강으로나누는내막판 (intimal flap) 이관찰되는전형적인대동맥박리 (classic aortic dissection) 와상기소견이관찰되지않는대동맥벽내혈종 (aortic intramural hematoma) 으로한정하였으며, 급성기는최초증상의발생으로부터 14 일이내로정의하였다 5,8). 급성대동맥증후군의대동맥침범범위는대동맥벽내혈종및내막판이침범한부위에따라흉부대동맥에국한된경우, 복부대동맥까지침범한경우와양측대퇴동맥까지침범한경우등으로분류하였다. 급성대동맥증후군의합병증은대동맥전산화단층촬영소견상출혈 ( 혈심낭, 혈흉등 ) 및기타장기의경색등의소견이없는경우, 소량의혈심낭또는소량의편측혈흉이존재하는경우 ( 경증합병증군 ) 와대량의혈심낭이나혈흉, 대동맥파열또는기타장기의경색소견이동반된경우 ( 중증합병증군 ) 등으로구분하였다. 혈청 D-dimer 검사는정량적라텍스응집반응검사법 (Diagnostica Stago, Asnieres, France) 을이용하였으며, 본원에서의정상참고범위는 0.4 ug/ml 미만이었다. 자료의분석에는 SPSS for Window TM 13.0 프로그램 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하였으며, 혈청 D-dimer 농도와증상발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의시간등은정규분포를가정하기위하여자연로그로치환하여분석하였다. AAS 군과 non-aas 군사이의비교는 student t-test, 카이제곱검정 (Chisquare test), Fisher s exact test를사용하였고, Receiver Operating Charateristics (ROC) 곡선을이용하여급성대동맥증후군의선별에적용할수있는 D-dimer 농도의역치를구하였다. 급성대동맥증후군의분류, 침범범위및동반된합병증에따른혈청 D-dimer 농도차이에대한분석으로는 Mann-Whitney U test와 Kruskal-Wallis test를실시하였으며, 세군간의혈청 D-dimer 농도차이를분석하기위하여 Mann-Whitney U test를 2회이상시행한경우에는제1종통계오류를보정하기위하여 Bonferroni 교정방법을사용하였다. 급성대동맥증후군환자의혈청 D- dimer 농도증가에독립적으로영향을미치는인자들을분석하기위하여, 단변량분석에서의미가있었던독립변수들을대상으로다변량선형회귀분석을실시하였다. 연속변수인혈청 D-dimer 농도와증상발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의시간등은자연로그로치환하여다변량선형회귀분석에적용하였으며, 환자의연령은 10 세간격으로층화하여적용하였다. 또한, 비연속변수로서환자의성별, 흡연력, 과거력등은이분변수로적용하였고, 급성대동맥증후군의대동맥침범범위와합병증등은각각의정도에따라순위변수로적용하였다. 모든통계분석은 p값이 0.05 미만일때유의한것으로판단하였다.

3 346 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 17 권제 4 호 2006 결과 1. 연구대상자의최종진단명본연구에포함된대상자는총 105 명이었으며, 최종진단명에따라분류된 AAS 군은 65 명이었고, non-aas 군은 40 명이었다. AAS 군에서전형적인대동맥박리환자는 57명으로 87.7% 를차지하였으며, 대동맥벽내혈종환자는 8명으로 AAS 군의 12.3% 를점유하였다. non-aas 군의최종진단명은급성관상동맥증후군 20명 (50.0%), 비전형적흉통 14 명 (35.0%), 급성대동맥판역류 2명 (5.0%), 위장관원인 2명 (5.0%), 기타 2명 (5.0%) 등이었다 (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2. 연구대상자의일반적특성및혈청 D-dimer 농도 AAS 군의평균연령은 57.1±15.7 세이었고, 남성이 35명으로 53.8% 를차지하였으며, non-aas군은평균연령 59.8±11.4 세, 남성이 22 명 (55.0%) 으로두군간에유의한차이는없었다. 흡연자의비율은 AAS 군과 non- AAS 군에서각각 12명 (18.5%), 8명 (20.0%) 으로두군간에유의한차이는없었으며, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증등의과거력또한 AAS 군과 non-aas 군에서각각 35명 (53.8%), 1명 (1.5%), 1명 (1.5%) 과 21 명 (52.5%), 3명 (7.5%), 4명 (10.0%) 으로모두통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 임상증상의발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지경과시간의중앙값은 AAS 군에서 20.0 시간으로, non-aas 군의 12.5 시간에비하여통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. AAS 군과 non-aas 군에서의평균 Fig. 1. The flow chart of study subject selection and subgroups. Fig. 1. CT: computed tomography, AAS: acute aortic syndrome Table 1. Final diagnoses of the patients in whom D-dimer assay and enhanced computed tomography had been performed in the emergency department Diagnosis N (%) AAS group (n=65) Classic aortic dissection 57 (87.7) Intramural hematoma 8 (12.3) Non-AAS group (n=40) Acute coronary syndrome 20 (50.0) Atypical chest pain 14 (35.0) Acute aortic regurgitation 2 ( 5.0) Gastrointestinal cause 2 ( 5.0) Others 2 ( 5.0) AAS: acute aortic syndrome

4 조규종외 : 급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서혈청 D-dimer 의유용성 / 347 혈청 D-dimer 농도는각각 10.7±12.8 ug/ml 와, 0.6± 0.3 ug/ml 로 AAS 군에서통계적으로유의하게높았다 (Table 2). 3. 급성대동맥증후군선별에있어혈청 D-dimer 농도의역치 Fig. 2. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with respect to D-dimers. The closed and open(black and white) arrows indicate the point where the cutoff value for D-dimer is set 1.2 ug/ml and 1.0 ug/ml, respectively. Dotted line shows a random distribution. AAS: acute aortic syndrome, AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. 급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서, 혈청 D-dimer 농 도의 ROC 곡선밑면적은 (95% 신뢰구간 : 0.891~0.984) 로매우높았으며, D-dimer 1.2 ug/ml의농도역치에서민감도 87.7%, 특이도 100.0%, 양성예측도 100.0%, 음성예측도 83.3%, 정확도 92.4% 를보였다. 그러나 D-dimer 농도의역치를 1.0 ug/ml 와 0.5 ug/ml로정했을때에는급성대동맥증후군선별의민감도와음성예측도가각각 92.3%, 87.2% 와 96.9%, 91.7% 로증가하였으나, 검사의특이도, 양성예측도, 정확도등은각각 85.0%, 90.9%, 90.5% 와 55.0%, 77.8%, 81.0% 로오히려낮아지는결과를보였다 (Fig. 2, Table 3). 4. 급성대동맥증후군의분류, 침범범위및동반된합병증에따른혈청 D-dimer 농도 전형적인대동맥박리환자의평균혈청 D-dimer 농도는 Table 2. Baseline characteristics, time interval from symptom onset to D-dimer assay and serum D-dimer levels between AAS group and non-aas group Variables AAS group (n=65) Non-AAS group (n=40) p-value Age, y (mean±sd) 57.1± ± * Sex Male 35 (53.8) 22 (55.0) Smoking 12 (18.5) 8 (20.0) Hypertension 35 (53.8) 21 (52.5) Diabetes 1 ( 1.5) 3 ( 7.5) Hyperlipidemia 1 ( 1.5) 4 (10.0) Time interval from symptom to D-dimer assay, h (median) * D-dimer, ug/ml (mean±sd) 10.7± ±0.3 <0.001* AAS: acute aortic syndrome *P-value was measured by student t-test P-value was measured by Chi-square test P-value was measured by Fisher s exact test Table 3. The cutoff values for D-dimer in acute aortic syndrome cutoffs for D-dimer (ug/ml) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) Accuracy (%) PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value

5 348 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 17 권제 4 호 ±13.4 ug/ml이었으며, 대동맥벽내혈종환자의 4.2 ±4.0 ug/ml에비하여통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.184). 급성대동맥증후군의 DeBakey 분류상 II 형은평균혈청 D-dimer 농도가 1.5±0.8 ug/ml로 I 형과 III형의평균혈청 D-dimer 농도 14.4±12.1 ug/ml, 9.2±13.6 ug/ml에비하여통계적으로유의하게낮았다 (p=0.004, p=0.026). 급성대동맥증후군의침범범위가흉부대동맥에국한된경우에는평균혈청 D- dimer 농도가 2.1±1.6 ug/ml로복부대동맥까지침범된경우의 10.7±11.6 ug/ml와양측대퇴동맥까지침범된경우의 13.6±14.8 ug/ml에비하여통계적으로유의하게낮았다 (p=0.009, p=0.002). 급성대동맥증후군환자에서중증합병증군의평균혈청 D-dimer 농도는 27.8± 18.2 ug/ml로동반된합병증이없는군의 8.6±10.4 ug/ml와경증합병증군의 7.3±8.4 ug/ml에비하여통계적으로유의하게높았다 (p=0.002, p=0.005, Table 4). 5. 급성대동맥증후군에서혈청 D-dimer 농도에영향을미치는인자들의다변량분석 다변량선형회귀분석결과연령 (10 세간격 ), 흡연력, 대동맥의침범범위, 동반된합병증의여부, 증상발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등은급성대동맥증후군환자에서혈청 D-dimer 농도증가에독립적으로영향을미치는인자였으며, 상기인자들에의한회귀방정식의수정된 R 2 값은 0.433이었다 (Table 5). 고 현재까지급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서혈청학적검사의역할은미미한실정으로, 심장효소검사만이급성심근경색증을배제하기위하여제한적으로실시되고있다 2). 또한급성대동맥증후군의이학적소견과흉부단순방사선 찰 Table 4. D-dimer levels according to classification, extent and complication in acute aortic syndrome Acute aortic syndrome (n=65) N D-dimer, ug/ml (mean±sd) p-value Classification Classic aortic dissection ±13.4 Intramural hematoma 8 4.2± * DeBakey classification Type I ±12.1 Type II 5 1.5± Type III ±13.6 Extent of AAS Thoracic aorta ±1.6 Thoracic and abdominal aorta ± Thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliac arteries ±14.8 Complication of AAS None ±10.4 Mild ± Severe ±18.2 AAS: Acute aortic syndrome * p-value was measured by Mann-Whitney U test p-value was measured by Kruskal-Wallis test Table 5. Multi-variate linear regression of D-dimer level in acute aortic syndrome Independent variables t value standardized β p-value Adjusted R 2 Age (10 interval) Sex Smoking Extent of AAS Complication of AAS Time interval from symptom to D-dimer AAS: Acute aortic syndrome 0.433

6 조규종외 : 급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서혈청 D-dimer 의유용성 / 349 촬영검사는급성대동맥증후군선별의민감도가매우떨어지는것으로알려져있다 4). 그러므로응급의료센터에서급성대동맥증후군의선별은대부분임상의사의강력한의심에의존하고있는실정이다 5). 저자들은급성흉통및배부통을주소로응급의료센터에내원한환자들을대상으로한본연구에서, 혈청 D-dimer 검사가농도 1.0 ug/ml의역치에서민감도 92.3%, 양성예측도 90.9%, 특이도 85.0%, 음성예측도 87.2%, 검사의정확도 90.5% 로급성대동맥증후군을선별진단함을확인하였으며, 이러한결과는혈청 D-dimer 농도 0.9 ug/ml의역치에서급성대동맥증후군선별의민감도 93.1% 를보고한 Hazui 등 9) 의결과와일치하였다. 특히혈청 D-dimer 농도의역치를 1.2 ug/ml 로한경우에는검사의특이도및양성예측도가 100.0% 로본연구의대상자모두가급성대동맥증후군으로진단되었으나, 급성대동맥증후군선별의민감도및음성예측도는각각 87.7% 와 83.3% 로낮아졌다 (Table 3). Weber 등 6) 은급성대동맥증후군선별을위한혈청 D- dimer 검사의역치를 0.5 ug/ml 로하였을때검사의민감도와음성예측도가모두 100.0% 이었으며, 결과적으로혈청 D-dimer 농도 0.5 ug/ml 미만의환자에서는급성대동맥증후군을배제할수있다고주장하였다. 그러나본연구에서는혈청 D-dimer 농도 0.5 ug/ml 의역치에서검사의민감도및음성예측도가각각 96.9% 와 91.7% 로관측되었으며, 2명의급성대동맥증후군환자가위음성으로판정되었다. 이러한결과의차이는 Weber 등 6) 의연구가 24 명의급성대동맥증후군환자를대상으로한소규모연구이었기때문에발생된선택오차때문인것으로판단된다. 본연구에서관찰된위음성환자 2명의혈청 D-dimer 농도는각각 0.22 ug/ml와 0.31 ug/ml으로정상범위의혈청 D-dimer 농도가급성대동맥증후군을완전히배제할수없음을단적으로보여주었다. 또한혈청 D-dimer 검사의역치를 0.5 ug/ml로정하였을때에는검사의특이도및양성예측도가각각 55.0% 와 77.8% 로낮아지기때문에, 위양성환자의증가로인하여불필요한방사선학적진단검사의시행이많아질것으로생각된다 (Table 3). 그러므로저자들은급성대동맥증후군의높은사망률을고려할때, 급성대동맥증후군의선별검사로서혈청 D- dimer 검사의역치를 1.0 ug/ml 로제시하는바이며, 특히혈청 D-dimer 농도 1.2 ug/ml 이상의환자에서는즉각적인방사선학적진단검사와응급처치가실시되어야함을주장하는바이다. 그러나혈청 D-dimer 검사가음성인경우에는급성대동맥증후군을완전히배제할수없기때문에, 의료진의임상적판단에근거하여추가적인방사선학적진단검사의시행여부를결정하여야한다고생각된다. 2003년에 Weber 등 6) 은급성대동맥박리환자에서혈청 D-dimer의증가를최초로보고하였으며, 이러한혈청 D- dimer의증가는대동맥박리에의한대동맥내벽의노출에의하여생체내응고 (coagulation) 및섬유소용해 (fibrinolysis) 반응이활성화되기때문인것으로설명하였다. 본연구에서저자들은급성대동맥박리환자의혈청 D- dimer 농도가대조군에비하여통계적으로유의하게높음을확인하였다 (p<0.001). 또한대동맥박리와달리대동맥내막파열이동반되지않는대동맥벽내혈종환자에서도마찬가지로혈청 D-dimer 농도가대조군에비하여유의하게증가됨을확인하였다 (p<0.001). 그러므로대동맥벽내혈종을포함한급성대동맥증후군환자에서혈청 D-dimer는대조군에비하여유의하게증가하는것으로생각되어지며, 이러한혈청 D-dimer의증가는대동맥내막파열에의하여대동맥내벽의혈전형성-유도물질 (thrombogenic material) 이혈중으로노출되는것과함께대동맥벽내의출혈자체에의해서도생체내응고및섬유소용해반응이활성화되기때문인것으로생각된다. 본연구에서급성대동맥증후군의혈청 D-dimer의농도는최소값 0.22 ug/ml에서부터최대값 ug/ml 까지매우다양한분포를나타냈다. 특히대동맥의침범범위가흉부대동맥에국한된경우와 DeBakey II형에서는혈청 D-dimer의증가가상대적으로적었으며, 반대로대량출혈이나신장경색등의중증합병증을동반한급성대동맥증후군의경우에는혈청 D-dimer 증가폭이유의하게컸다 (Table 4). 이러한결과는급성대동맥박리환자에서혈청 D-dimer의증가는대동맥의침범범위와급성대동맥박리의합병증동반여부에비례한다는 Weber 등 6) 과 Eggebrecht 등 7) 의연구결과와일치하는것으로서, 대동맥침범범위가적고합병증이동반되지않은유형의급성대동맥증후군환자에서는혈청 D-dimer 검사의위음성가능성이있음을시사한다. 실제로본연구에서혈청 D- dimer 농도 1.0 ug/ml 미만의위음성결과를보인급성대동맥증후군환자는모두 5명이었다. 이중에서대동맥침범범위가양측대퇴동맥까지광범위하게진행된경우는 1 명에불과하였으며, 중증합병증이동반된경우는한명도없었다. 혈청 D-dimer는생체내응고및섬유소융해반응의정도를반영하는비특이적인검사로서노인및흡연자에서정상적으로증가하는것으로알려져있다 10-12). 또한급성대동맥증후군환자에서혈청 D-dimer 농도는증상의발생초기부터증가하며혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의시간이경과됨에따라점차감소하는것으로알려져있다 7). 그러나 Weber 등 6) 과 Eggebrecht 등 7) 의연구결과는급성대동맥증후군환자에서 D-dimer 농도증가에영향을미칠수있는이러한연령, 흡연력, 증상발생부터혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등의요소를고려하지않은단변량분석에의한것이었다. 본연구에서저자들은급성대동맥증후군환자에서혈청 D-dimer 농도에직접적으로영향을미

7 350 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 17 권제 4 호 2006 칠수있는이러한인자들을대상으로다변량선형회귀분석을실시하였으며, 연령, 흡연력, 대동맥의침범범위, 중증합병증의동반여부, 혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등이대동맥증후군환자의혈청 D-dimer 농도증가에독립적으로영향을미침을확인하였다. 저자들의문헌고찰에의하면급성대동맥증후군환자에서혈청 D-dimer 농도증가에영향을미치는인자에대한다변량분석은아직까지보고된적이없었으며, 본연구가처음인것으로생각된다. 결론적으로혈청 D-dimer 검사는급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서민감도와음성예측도가높은유용한검사이다. 그러나환자의연령, 흡연력, 대동맥의침범범위, 중증합병증의동반여부, 혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등에따라급성대동맥증후군을완전히배제하지는못하는것으로생각되어지며, 임상적으로강력히의심되는경우에는추가적인방사선학적진단검사가필요하다판단된다. 최근에는심장효소와함께혈청 D-dimer 농도를환자의침상곁에서바로확인할수있는 Point of Care (POC) 검사가개발되었으며, 향후응급의료센터에서급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서활용범위가매우넓을것으로사료된다 13). 본연구는다음의몇가지제한점들을가지고있다. 첫째, 본연구는한의료기관에서의무기록을후향적으로검토한연구로서선택오차의가능성이있다. 둘째, 응급의료센터에서급성대동맥증후군의감별을위하여혈청 D- dimer 검사와대동맥전산화단층촬영검사가모두시행된환자만을대상으로하였기때문에, 두검사중에서한가지검사만을시행한경우는연구대상에서제외되었다. 셋째, 본연구에포함된대동맥벽내혈종환자의수가상대적으로적었기때문에, 대동맥벽내혈종환자에대한유형별분석이따로이루어지지못하였다. 넷째, 급성대동맥증후군을정의함에있어서대동맥투과성궤양 (penetrating ulcer) 환자가제외되었다. 급성대동맥증후군의낮은발생률을고려할때, 향후위제한점들을보완한전향적인다기관연구가시행되어야할것으로사료된다. 결론응급의료센터에서급성대동맥증후군의선별에있어서혈청 D-dimer 검사는 1.0 ug/ml의역치에서민감도와특이도가높은유용한검사이다. 특히, 혈청 D-dimer 농도 1.2 ug/ml 이상의환자에서는급성대동맥증후군을강력히의심할수있으며, 즉각적인응급처치및방사선학적진단검사가이루어져야한다고사료된다. 그러나혈청 D- dimer 검사는환자의연령, 흡연력, 대동맥의침범범위, 중증합병증의동반여부, 혈청 D-dimer 검사까지의경과시간등에따라급성대동맥증후군을완전히배제하지는못하는것으로생각되어지며, 임상적으로강력히의심되는경우에는 추가적인방사선학적진단검사가필요하다판단된다. 참고문헌 11. DeSanctis RW, Doroghazi RM, Austen WG, Buckley MJ. Aortic dissection. N Engl J Med 1987;317: Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, Dirsch O, Eber B, Haverich A, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2001;22: Roberts CS, Roberts WC. Aortic dissection with the entrance tear in the descending thoracic aorta. Analysis of 40 necropsy patients. Ann Surg 1991;213: Klompas M. Does this patient have an acute thoracic aortic dissection? JAMA 2002;287: Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite DJ, Russman PL, et al. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection(IRAD): new insight into an old disease. JAMA 2000;283: Weber T, Hogler S, Auer J, Berent R, Lassnig E, Kvas E, et al. D-dimer in acute aortic dissection. Chest 2003;123: Eggebrecht H, Naber CK, Bruch C, Kroger K, von Birgelen C, Schmermund A, et al. Value of plasma fibrin D-dimers for detection of acute aortic dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: Evangelista A, Mukherjee D, Mehta RH, O Gara PT, Fattori R, Cooper JV, et al. Acute intramural hematoma of the aorta: a mystery in evolution. Circulation 2005;111: Hazui H, Fukumoto H, Negoro N, Hoshiga M, Muraoka H, Nishimoto M, et al. Simple and useful tests for discriminating between acute aortic dissection of the ascending aorta and acute myocardial infarction in the emergency setting. Circ J 2005;69: Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H. Which factors affect high D-dimer levels in the elderly? Thromb Res 1991; 62: Hager K, Platt D. Fibrin degeneration product concentrations (D-dimers) in the course of ageing. Gerontology 1995;41: Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2005;26: Akutsu K, Sato N, Yamamoto T, Morita N, Takagi H, Fujita N, et al. A rapid bedside D-dimer assay (cardiac D- dimer) for screening of clinically suspected acute aortic dissection. Circ J 2005;69:

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