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1 대한류마티스학회지 Vol. 18, No. 3, September, Case Report 횡문근융해증으로발현된피부근염환자 1 예 이향선 1 ㆍ지용관 1 ㆍ송신한 1 ㆍ성세용 1 ㆍ이지호 1 ㆍ양재원 1 ㆍ한병근 1 ㆍ정순희 2 ㆍ박정하 1 ㆍ강태영 1 연세대학교원주의과대학내과학교실 1, 병리학교실 2 A Case of Dermatomyositis Presenting with Rhabdomyolysis Hyang Sun Lee 1, Yong Gwan Jee 1, Sin Han Song 1, Se Yong Sung 1, Ji Ho Lee 1, Jae Won Yang 1, Byoung-Geun Han 1, Soon Hee Jung 2, Jeong Ha Park 1, Tae Young Kang 1 Departments of Internal Medicine 1 and Pathology 2, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea Rhabdomyolysis is caused by injury to skeletal muscle and it involves leakage of intracellular contents into the plasma. Rhabdomyolysis is an extremely rare manifestation of dermatomyositis. Dermatomyositis is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that is characterized by chronic inflammation of skeletal muscles and skin, resulting in muscle weakness. A 20 year old Korean male soldier presented with acute muscle pain, weakness and skin rashes over the face, neck and anterior chest. He received military training with carrying a radio set one week previouslyago. The patient was treated for rhabdomyolysis. However, the patient s symptoms did not improve. Muscle biopsy results suggested the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Nevertheless, the features of skin and muscle inflammation raised the possibility of dermatomyositis. High dose steroid treatment was started, and then the symptoms and signs of muscle inflammation were improved. Rhabdomyolysis as the presenting sign of dermatomyositis has not been reported in Korea. Thus, we report on this case with a literature review. Key Words. Dermatomyositis, Inflammatory myopathy, Rhabdomyolysis 서론횡문근융해증 (rhabdomyolysis) 은가로무늬근 (striated muscle) 의파괴를의미하며, 근세포내의물질들이세포바깥액 (extracellular fluid) 과혈액으로방출됨으로인한증상들이나타난다 (1). 횡문근융해증의가장흔한원인은외상 (trauma) 으로쉽게알수있으나, 때때로모호하기도하다. 또한근효소결핍, 감염, 전해질불균형, 약제, 내분비병증등에의해유발될수있다 (2). 대조적으로피부근염 (dermatomyositis) 은특징적인피부발진과함께염증세포의근 < 접수일 :2010 년 12 월 17 일, 수정일 :2011 년 2 월 16 일, 심사통과일 :2011 년 3 월 9 일 > 통신저자 : 강태영강원도원주시일산동 162 번지연세대학교원주의과대학류마티스내과 tykang@yonsei.ac.kr 육침범을동반하는자가면역질환으로아직까지명확한원인이밝혀져있지않다. 피부근염은사지의근위부근육 (proximal muscle) 에서서히시작되는대칭적인근력약화와위축이나타나며, 근막주위 (perifascicular) 부분이나혈관주변에주로나타나는염증세포의침윤으로인한증상이나타난다. 그러나급성횡문근융해증과피부근염이병발되는사례는매우드문것으로보고되고있다. 외국의보고된증례를살펴보면, Joshi 등은급성신부전이동반된횡문근융해증의경과중피부근염이진단되어고용량의스테로이드로성공적으로치료한예를보고하였으며 (3), Kofteridis 등은임신 14주의여성에서횡문근융해증의형태로나타난피부근염을진단한경우를보고하였다 (4). 또한 Marks 등은횡문근융해증확진후 6주후에피부근염으로진단한예를보고하였다 (5). 국내에서는유방암에동반된피부근염의경과중횡문근융해증이발행한예가보고되었으나 (6), 횡문근융해증의형태로발현된피부근염의 203
2 204 이향선외 증례는보고된바가없다. 이에저자들은횡문근융해증환자에서피부근염을진단한증례를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례환자 : 20세남자주소 : 전신부종및사지의근력약화현병력 : 군복무중내원 20일전부터안면, 목및앞가슴에피부발진을보였으며, 내원 7일전약 20 kg의무전기를메고순찰훈련을한후전신부종및근력약화를주소로국군병원에서횡문근융해증진단하에입원치료했으나, 증상이호전되지않아정밀검사및치료를위해본원으로전원되었다. 가족력 : 특이사항없었다. 이학적소견 : 혈압 120/70 mmhg, 맥박수 72회 / 분, 호흡수 20회 / 분, 체온은 36.8 o C이었고의식은명료했다. 흉부청진에서천명이나수포음은없었으며, 복부청진에서장음은정상이었고, 압통및반발통도없었다. 피부진찰에서환자의얼굴, 목, 전흉부부위에발진이관찰되었고 ( 그림 1A), 양측손등의중수지관절부위에발진및구진이관찰되었다 ( 그림 1B). 양측하지에는 1도의함요부종이관찰되었으며, 양측상지에도부종이관찰되었다. 양측하지는감각은정상이었으나근력은 grade IV/V로대칭적인감소를보였다. 검사실소견 : 말초혈액검사에서백혈구 9,180/mm, 혈색소 15.6 g/dl, 헤마토크리트 45.7%, 혈소판 196,000/mm 3, 적혈구침강속도는 12 mm/hr로정상범위였으며, C-반응단백은 1.23 mg/dl로약간증가되어있었다. 생화학검사에서 BUN 14.0 mg/dl, 크레아티닌 0.7 mg/dl, 총단백질 4.7 g/dl, 알부민 2.3 g/dl이었고, creatine kinase (CK) >15,000 IU/L, LDH 1,682 IU/L, myoglobin >1,000 ng/ml, 혈청알돌라제 (aldolase) 86.4 U/L, AST/ALT 772/208 IU/L로증가소견을보였다. 면역혈청검사에서류마티스인자는음성이었고, 혈중보체농도는 C mg/dl, C mg/dl, CH mg/dl로정상범위였다. 항핵항체 (antinuclear antibody) 와항추출성핵항원항체 (anti-extractable nuclear antibody), 항Jo-1 항체모두음성이었다. 요검사에서요단백은 +/-이었고, urobilinogen 2+, 미오글로빈 (myoglobin) 음성이었다. 단순흉부촬영및복부촬영과사지촬영은모두정상소견을보였다. 부종및근력약화가관찰되는사지중에서우측대퇴부와상완에대하여입원 7일째자기공명영상을시행하였고, 상지의위팔세갈래근 (triceps brachii), 가시아래근 (infraspinatus), 부리위팔근 (coracobrachialis), 넓은등근 (latissimus dorsi), 큰원근 (teres major) 등의근육에 T2 강조영상에서선형및망상형의불균질한고신호영역이관찰되어근육의염증을확인할수있었다 ( 그림 2A). 하지의안쪽넓은근 (vastus medialis), 내전근 (adductor muscles), 넙다리두갈래근 (biceps femoris), 두강정강근 (gracilis), 넙다리빗근 (sartorius) 부위에서도근육의염증성변화가관찰되었다 ( 그림 2B). 근전도소견 : 입원 5일째시행한양측상지및하지의근전도검사에서우측상완이두근 (biceps brachii muscle) 에서만저진폭, 다상성전위 (polyphasic potential) 등의근병변소견이관찰되었다. 병리조직학적소견 : 입원 7일째시행한우측상완이두근및우측대퇴사두근 (quadriceps femoris muscle) 에서근생검에서특이소견을보이지않았다. 우측어깨의극하근 (infraspinatus muscle) 에서시행한근생검에서는국소적으로경도의급성염증세포침윤을동반한근육섬유의괴사가 Figure 1. (A) Skin rashes over the neck and anterior chest (the V sign) were seen, and this was characteristic for dermatomyositis. (B) Gottron s papules appearing as scaly papules on the extensor surfaces over the metacarpophalangeal joint were observed.
3 횡문근융해증으로발현된피부근염 205 Figure 2. MRI of the shoulder (A) and thigh (B) demonstrates diffuses high signal intensity in the shoulder muscles (triceps, coracobrachialis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, subscapularis muscle) and thigh muscles (vastus, adductor, biceps femoris, gracillis, sartorisu, pectineus muscle), which is consistent with inflammatory myopathy. Figure 3. Muscle biopsy of the right infraspinatus muscle. There are focally necrotized muscle fibers without infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrow), which is suggestive of rhabdomyolysis (H&E stain, 400). 관찰되었으며, 이는횡문근융해를시사하는소견이었다 ( 그림 3). 치료및경과 : 횡문근융해증에준하여수액치료를지속하였으나증상및혈액검사소견이호전되지않아자가면역질환의하나인염증성근염을의심하였고, 근전도검사와근생검을시행하였지만피부근염의소견은명확하게관찰되지않았다. 그러나임상경과및증상을고려할때피부근염을배제할수없을것으로판단하여입원 8일째부터경구 prednisolone 40 mg, hydroxychloroquine 300 mg/day과 methotrexate 10 mg/week 투여를시작했다. 스테로이드투여후사지의부종과근력약화증상이점차호전되고근육효소수치도감소하는추세를보여 prednisolone을 30 mg으로감량하고경과관찰하였다. 환자는입원 17일째에다시연하곤란증상을호소하기시작하였고비디오투시연하검사를시행한결과인두기 (pharyngeal phase) 에서구개반사 (swallowing reflex) 가지연되고, 후두개의접힘이 (folding of epiglottis) 전혀되지않았으며, 식도기 (esophageal phase) 에서윤상인두근 (cricopharyngeus muscle) 의경련이관찰되고묽은유동식에서흡인소견이관찰되었다. 더불어다시근력약화소견을보이고근육효소수치가증가하여 prednisolone을 50 mg/day으로증량하였고 cyclosporin 100 mg/day까지추가하여사용하였다. 이후환자증상은점차적으로호전되는추세였으나근위부근육의근력약화소견및삼킴곤란증상은남아있는상태에서, 군복무중이므로약물요법을유지해서군병원으로전원하였다. 고찰피부근염은특발성염증성근병증중특징적인피부소견을보이는질환으로, 골격근중주로사지의근위부근육에대칭적인근력약화와위축을나타낸다. 이외에도근육통, 관절통, 연하곤란, 탈모증, 레이노현상및드물게횡문근융해증과급성신부전등이동반될수있다. 피부근염의분류와진단에있어서 Bohan and Peter가제시한분류기준이널리이용되고있다. 분류기준에따라양측사지의진행성근위부근력저하, 근육병증에합당한근전도검사, 골격근효소의혈청내증가소견, 근육생검소견의이상및특징적인피부병변으로피부근염을 definite,
4 206 이향선외 probable, possible 로분류할수있다 (7,8). 분류기준에서피부근염의특징적인피부병변은필수요소로피부근염의진단가치를가진질병특유의피부증상은고트론구진 / 징후 (Gotton papule/sign) 가있으며, 특징적인소견으로안검자홍색부종 (heliotrope rash), 대칭적자색홍반, V sign ( 윗가슴의역삼각형모양의홍반 ) 등이있다. 피부근염환자들에서나타나는특징적인피부증상은근력약화와비슷한시기에발생하는경우도있으나수개월혹은수년에앞서서나타날수있다 (9). 본증례에서는위의분류기준에따르면근허약증상발현시피부의발진형태로임상적으로피부근염을의심할수있었으나조직검사에서염증세포침윤이동반되지않은근육괴사소견이관찰되어 probable 한피부근염으로판단되었으나이후병의경과는피부근염의확진을뒷받침해주었다. 근육생검에서피부근염을시사하는특징적인소견을관찰할수는없었던것은, 국내보고중김등 (10) 에따르면 100명의피부근염환자중 96예를대상으로시행한결과 8.4% 에서는정상소견을보인다고하며, 본예의경우도그에해당하는것으로생각할수있다. 혈청학적검사에서도항핵항체등자가항체를가지는경우도소수에서만관찰되고있으며, 가장흔한근염특이항체는항 Jo-1 항체이나약 5% 미만의피부근염환자에서만검출된다. 따라서임상적으로피부근염이의심되는환자의진단에있어서자가항체음성소견은큰의미를부여할수없다 (11). 본증례의경우반지인두 (cricopharyngeal) 근육의허약이발생하였으며피부근염의인두근육침범으로판단되어스테로이드증량과함께면역억제제를투여하였으며이후다시증상이호전되었다. 인두 (pharyngeal) 근육도가로무늬근 (striated muscle) 으로다른부위의가로무늬근과같이피부근염에의해침범될수있으며이경우연하곤란 (dysphagia) 및흡인성폐렴등이발생할수있다. 횡문근융해증은허혈, 독성물질, 감염, 염증, 대사장애등의원인으로인한급성골격근파괴이다. 횡문근융해증은 CK의상승이동반된무증상성의경우부터 CK의매우높은상승과전해질불균형, 급성신손상이동반되는경우까지다양하게나타난다. 횡문근융해증은최근의활동의정도나강도가증가된경우에이전의활동능력과무관하게사지의급성근허약또는통증이나타나는경우감별해야하는질환이다. 덮고습한지역에서의과도하고격한신체활동은훈련되지않은사람뿐만아니라훈련된사람도횡문근융해증이잘발생하는원인중의하나이다 (12). 본증례의경우에도 9월중순에무전기를어깨에장시간메고군부대훈련후발생한횡문근융해증의경우로생각된다. 횡문근근막 (muscle membrane) 의파열은 CK, LDH, 미오글로빈, glutamic and oxaloacetic transaminase과같은근효소의유출을유발하며이로인한혈청농도의상승이나타난다. 미오글로뷸린뇨증이근육손상의지표가될수 있지만미오글로뷸린뇨증은신장을통한배설이빨라손상후처음 4시간동안에만관찰될수있으며횡문근융해증의경과중에나타나지않을수있다 (13). 횡문근융해증은안정과급성신손상의발생을최소화하기위한수액요법이중요하며, 소변의알카리화를위한중탄산염 (bicarbonate) 및 mannitol의투여가신손상예방에도움이될수있다 (14). 지나친신체적활동후발생하는횡문근융해증은, 상완삼두근장두 (long head of triceps muscle), 큰원근 (teres major muscle) 대퇴사두근 (quadriceps femoris muscle) 등에발생할수있다. 국내에서보고된군대훈련후발생한횡문근융해증은팔굽혀펴기, 축구경기, 시위진압등의훈련이나활동이원인이었으며, 이경우수액요법및휴식치료를시행한지평균 8일후혈액학적으로 CK가 1,000 U/L 이하로감소되었고임상적으로도뚜렷한회복을보였다 (15). 피부근염에서발생한횡문근융해증이국내에서보고되었으나 (6), 피부근염확진이전에유방암항암화학요법을시행하였으며이후진단된피부근염의경과중횡문근융해증이발생하였던경우로피부근염이피부발진이외의근육의염증을의심할만한증상과징후가없는상태에서횡문근융해증의형태로나타난본증례의경과와는구별된다. 본증례에서환자는현역군인으로병원내원전에무거운짐을메고훈련한과거력이있으면서증상또한내원약 1주전후로발병한급성경과를따르고있어횡문근융해증이외의다른질환을의심하기가쉽지않았을것으로생각된다. 본환자에서피부근염이과도한신체활동에의한횡문근융해증의형태로발현한것으로생각되며, 이는스테로이드의사용과함께증상이호전되는것으로확인할수있었다. 따라서초기치료에호전되지않는횡문근융해증에서는피부근염과같은염증성근병증의가능성을염두에두어야하겠으며특히피부발진이동반되어있는경우에는더욱세심한진단과치료가이루어져야할것이다. 요약저자들은보존적치료에도불구하고호전되지않는횡문근융해증환자에서피부근염을진단한증례를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 참고문헌 1. Warren JD, Blumbergs PC, Thompson PD. Rhabdomyolysis: a review. Muscle Nerve 2002;25: Luck RP, Verbin S. Rhabdomyolysis: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, diagnosis, and management. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008;24: Joshi D, Kumar N, Rai A. Dermatomyositis presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure; an uncommon manifestation. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2009;12: Kofteridis DP, Malliotakis PI, Sotsiou F, Vardakis NK,
5 횡문근융해증으로발현된피부근염 207 Vamvakas LN, Emmanouel DS. Acute onset of dermatomyositis presenting in pregnancy with rhabdomyolysis and fetal loss. Scand J Rheumatol 1999;28: Marks SH, McShane DJ, Mitchell DM. Dermatomyositis following rhabdomyolysis. J Rheumatol 1976;3: Yum JH, Jung YK, Kim YH, Ahn BJ, Son JH, Jeon YD, et al. A case of acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis associated with dermatomyositis in breast cancer. Korean J Nephrol 1999;18: Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975;292: Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975;292: Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54: Kim SM, Choi YH, OH MD, Nam TS, Chung MH, Pai HJ, et al. A clinical analysis of 100 patients with dermatomyositis-polymyositis. Korean J Med 1990;39: Feldman BM, Reichlin M, Laxer RM, Targoff IN, Stein LD, Silverman ED. Clinical significance of specific autoantibodies in juvenile dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: Santos J Jr. Exertional rhabdomyolysis. Potentially lifethreatening consequence of intense exercise. JAAPA 1999;12:46-9, Khan FY. Rhabdomyolysis: a review of the literature. Neth J Med 2009;67: Huerta-Alardín AL, Varon J, Marik PE. Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis - an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 2005;9: Ahn YJ, Yi SR, Yoo JH, Zoo MH, Kim SW, Park JM, et al. Clinical study of rhabdomyolysis after exercise. J Korean Orthop Sports Med 2007;6:110-4.
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