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1 Head and Neck online ML Comm Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:24-9 / DOI /kjorl-hns pissn / eissn Comparison of Vocal Outcome after Autologous Fat Injection and Medialization Thyroplasty for Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Sung-Hyen Bae and Sang Joon Lee Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University Medical College, Cheonan, Korea 편측성대마비에서자가지방을이용한성대주입술과내전형갑상성형술간의음성학적결과비교 배승현 이상준단국대학교의과대학이비인후- 두경부외과학교실 Received August 12, 2009 Revised December 3, 2009 Accepted December 14, 2009 Address for correspondence Sang Joon Lee, MD Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, Dankook University Medical College, 359 Manghyang-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan , Korea Tel Fax lsj72@dankook.ac.kr Background and ObjectivesZZGlottic incompetence from the unilateral vocal cord paralysis can be improved by medialization of the paralyzed vocal cord. There are many medialization techniques. Among them, medialization thyroplasty and injection laryngoplasty are frequently used techniques. We compared the vocal outcomes of fat injection and medialization thyroplasty in unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The aim of this study is to find out which modalities are more preferable as initial treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Materials and MethodZZFrom 2004 January to 2008 September, medialization thyroplasty was performed in 13 patients and fat injection in 14 patients for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. We analyzed the voice quality by several subjective and objective parameters. The parameters are visual analog scale, GRBAS scale, acoustic analysis (fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio), and aerodynamic analysis (maximum phonation time, mean flow rate, subglottic pressure). ResultsZZVisual analog scale, jitter, shimmer and maximum phonation time are improved after both medialization thyroplsty and fat injection. In GRBAS scale, fat injection showed statistically significant improvement compared with medialization thyroplasty. The mean flow rate was also significantly decreased in fat injection. ConclusionZZBoth medialization thyroplasty and fat injection improved voice quality. But injection laryngoplasty with fat may be superior to silastic medialization in short-term voice outcome. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:24-9 Key WordsZZVocal cord paralysis Surgery. 서론 편측성대마비는이비인후과영역에서는비교적흔한질환으로성대폐쇄부전의감소를통하여음성발성을향상시키기위한많은노력이여러가지방법및술식에의해시행되고있다. 현재많이사용하는편측성대마비의수술적치료에는후두골격수술 ( 내전형갑상성형술, 피열연골내전술 ) 이나자가지방, 콜라겐, 하이알뉴론산등을이용한성대주입술이있다. 1) 후두골격성형술은현재국내에서도매우보편화 된수술로많은기관에서좋은결과를보고하고있으며성대주입술역시최근에점차사용이증가되고있는추세이다. 2-4) 성대주입술은비교적술식이간단하며외부절개가없고재원시간이짧아환자가빨리사회생활에복귀할수있는장점이있지만성대의용적및긴장도와같은성대고유의진동특성에영향을줄수있으며비가역적인술식이다. 갑상성형술은성대본래의구조적특성을건드리지않으며어느정도가역성을가지는술식이지만외부에서절개를해야하는단점이있다. 따라서편측성대마비의치료에있어서상 24 Copyright c 2010 Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
2 Fat Injection vs. Medialization Thyroplasty Bah SH, et al. 기술식들의특성을잘이해하고적용하는것이필요하다. 일반적으로회복될가능성이있는 6개월이내의성대마비에서는성대주입술이선호되며, 6~12 개월이상경과한성대마비에서는내전형갑상성형술이선호된다. 5) 그렇지만최근에는 calcium hydroxyappatite 같은비흡수성의성대주입물질도최근에개발되어위와같은단순한적응증보다는어떤술식이더음성호전결과가좋은지가가장중요할것이다. 편측성대마비에대한폐쇄부전교정후음성의향상과관련된결과분석에있어서과거에는환자들의주관적만족도와굴곡내시경을이용한성문틈의감소를알아보는방법이주를이루어왔다. 근래에음성과학의발전에따라보다객관적인지표로서음향분석 (acoustic analysis) 과공기역학검사 (aerodynamic study) 을통하여수술전과후의변화에대한비교가많이시행되고있다. 3,4,6,7) 이에따라저자들은편측성성대마비환자에서자가지방을이용한성대주입술및갑상성형술전후의주관적음성평가, 음향분석및공기역학검사결과를비교하여향후성대마비환자의치료에응용하고자본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 대상 2004년 1월에서 2008년 9월까지편측성성대마비로진단받고성대주입술또는내전형갑상성형술을받은 27명을대상으로음성분석결과를후향적으로분석하였다. 편측성성대마비이외의다른진단명으로성대주입술및갑상성형술을시행받은환자는본연구에서제외하였다. 성대주입술을시행받은사람은총 14명이었으며갑상성형술을시행받은사람은총 13명이었다. 남자가 14명, 여자가 13명이었으며연령분포는 23~74 세로평균연령은 51세였다. 음성평가대상환자들은모두수술전과후에환자자신의주관적만족도 (Visual analog scale), 언어치료사에의한청지각적평가 (perceptural analysis, GRBAS scale), 음향분석및공기역학검사를시행하였다. 술후음성평가시기는평균 5 주째였다. 음향분석은음성분석프로그램인 CSL(computer speech lab) 중 MDVP(Multiple Dimensional Voice Program) 를이용하여기본주파수 (fundamental frequency, F0), jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio(nhr) 를측정하였다. 공기역학적검사는 Aerophone II(KAI, NJ, USA) 기계를사용하였으며최장발성지속시간 (maximum phonation time, MPT), 평균호기류율 (mean flow rate, MFR), 평균성문하압 (mean subglottic pressure, MSP) 을측정하였다. 수술전, 후의지표변화는 paired T-test(SPSS 12.0K) 를이용하여분석하였다. 수술방법내전형갑상성형술 (medialization thyroplasty) 내전형갑상성형술은국소마취하에 Nettervielle 등 8) 이보고한술식과유사한방법으로시행하였다. 갑상연골에창을만들때창의상연은갑상절흔과갑상연골하연의중간부위, 하연은갑상연골의하연으로부터 3 mm 위에평행하게위치하고정중선에서 5~7 mm 정도후방에위치하도록하였고창의크기는 5 10 mm 정도로만들었다. 창에들어갈 silastic block 의도안은남성의경우전체길이가 18 mm, 최대내전위치가 12 mm 정도로하였고, 여성의전체길이가 13 mm, 최대내전위치가 10 mm 정도로만들었으며내전을시키는높이는 6 mm 정도였다 (Fig. 1). 삽입이용이하도록 silastic block은두조각으로나누어삽입하였다. 자가지방을이용한성대주입술전신마취하에배꼽우측에 5 mm 절개를가한후생리식염수를 100 cc 주입하고 10분정도문지른다음, 지방흡인주사기를이용하여음압을주면서지방을흡인하였다 (Fig. 2). 흡인된지방은원심분리기를이용하여 4,000 rpm 에서 4분동안원심분리를하였다. 지방을 1 cc 주사기에옮긴후 18 gauge 의성대주입용바늘에연결하고현수후두경하에서성대에주입하였다. 주입위치는성대인대외측, 성대의후방 1/3 과중간 1/3 위치에주입하였으며과교정이될수있도록주입하였고주입된지방의양은 0.6~1.2 cc였다. 결과 성대마비의원인으로는수술후에발생한의인성원인이 9예, 악성종양이 8예, 특발성이 7예였으며중추성, 감염, 외상이각 1예있었다 (Table 1). 마비후수술까지의기간은내전형갑상성형술이평균 21개월, 지방주입술이 7개월이었다. 내전형갑상성형술을시행받은군환자의주관적만족도 (VAS) 및언어치료사의청지각적평가 (GRBAS 척도 ) VAS 의변화는정상을 0점, 가장나쁜상태를 10점으로 25
3 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:24-9 하였을때술전 5.88±1.79, 술후 4.21±1.92로통계적으로의미있는호전을보였다 (Fig. 3). GRBAS 척도의변화에서는전체적인애성도 (Grade, G) 는술전 1.92±0.76 에서술후 1.82±0.75, 조조성 (Rough, R) 은술전 1.54 ±0.66 에서술후 1.45±0.82, 기식성 (Breathy, B) 은술전 2.23±0.93 에서술후 1.91±0.83, 무력성 (Asthenic, A) 은술전 0.85±0.69, 술후 0.55±0.69, 노력성 (Strain, S) 은술전 0.77±0.83 에서술후 0.64±0.67 로심각도가감소되는양상을보였지만통계적으로의미있는호전을보이지않았다 (Table 2). 음향분석의결과 F0는술전 ±46.74 Hz에서술후 ± Hz로증가하는소견을보였지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다. Jitter 는술전 5.30±5.19 에서술후 2.99± 3.47, shimmer 는술전 10.73±8.59에서술후 5.71± 3.59로유의하게감소되었다. NHR 은술전 0.27±0.20 에서술후 0.18±0.13 으로약간감소되었지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (Table 3). 공기역학적검사의결과 MPT 는술전 5.28±2.77 초에서술후 9.39±5.01 초로 통계적으로유의하게호전되었다. MFR은술전 ± ml/s에서술후 ± ml/s로감소 되는소견을보였으나통계적유의성은없었다. MSP는술 Table 1. Etiology of unilateral vocal cord paralysis Surgical technique Etiology MT FI Total Surgery Thyroid Thoracic 3 1 Vagal shwannoma 1 0 Tumor Thyroid Esophageal 1 1 Idiopathic Central Infection Trauma Total MT: medialization thyroplasty, FI: fat injection * PreOP PostOP * Medialization thyroplaty Fat injection Fig. 1. Carved silastic block. The length of silastic implant is 18 mm and the height of maximal medialization is 6 mm. Fig. 3. Change of visual analogue scale (VAS). VAS is significantly improved in both medialization thyroplasty and fat injection group after operation (0: normal voice, 10: worst voice). *p<.05. Fig. 2. Fat harvest. Needle for saline injection (upper), fat suction needle (middle) and laryngeal injection needle (lower)(a). Fat was obtained from right abdomen through incision near the umbilicus (B). A B 26
4 Fat Injection vs. Medialization Thyroplasty Bah SH, et al. 전 12.66±4.73 mmh 2 O에서술후 12.06±3.86 mmh 2 O 로수술전후유의한차이는없었다 (Table 4). 성대주입술을시행받은군 환자의주관적만족도 (VAS) 및언어치료사의청지각적평가 (GRBAS 척도 ) VAS 의변화는술전 6.64±2.10, 술후 3.75±1.66로통계적으로의미있는호전을보였다 (Fig. 3). GRBAS 척도의변화에서는 G는술전 2.43±0.65 에서술후 1.42± 0.51, R은술전 1.14±1.10에서술후 0.92±0.51, B는술전 2.86±0.36에서술후 1.67±0.78, A는술전 1.57± 0.94, 술후 0.75±0.62 로 S는술전 1.07±0.47에서술후 0.42±0.67 로전체적인애성도, 기식성, 무력성, 노력성척도에서통계적으로유의한호전을보였다 (Table 2). 음향분석의결과 F0는술전 ±62.58 Hz에서술후 ± Hz로감소되는소견을보였지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다. Jitter 는술전 6.17±3.63 에서술후 2.55± 2.39, shimmer는술전 15.72±11.26에서술후 7.27± Table 2. Change of GRBAS scale MT PreOp. PostOp. PreOp. PostOp. Grade 1.92± ± ± ±0.51* Rough 1.54± ± ± ±0.51* Breathy 2.23± ± ± ±0.78* Asthenic 0.85± ± ± ±0.62* Strain 0.77± ± ± ±0.67* *p<.05 FI 5.30 으로유의하게감소되었다. NHR 은술전 0.35±0.19 에서술후 0.32±0.41 로수술전후유의한차이는없었다 (Table 3). 공기역학적검사의결과 MPT 는술전 4.21±2.13 초에서술후 9.12±4.02 초로통계적으로유의하게호전되었다. MFR 은술전 ± ml/s에서술후 ±96.48 ml/s로유의하게감소되었다. MSP는술전 12.37±3.38 mmh 2 O에서술후 12.76±3.44 mmh 2 O로수술전후유의한차이는없었다 (Table 4). 고찰 성대폐쇄부전은신경근육마비나후두미세수술후혹은종양절제후발생한성대의결손, 노화등의요인으로인하여발생한다. 편측성대마비로인해발생하는성대폐쇄부전은음성장애및흡인등의증상을유발할수있으며치료법으로마비된성대를내전시켜줌으로써개선시킬수있다. 1) 1991 년 Mikaelian 등 9) 에의해처음시도된자가지방을이용한성대주입술은이물반응이없으며충분한양을얻을수있고점탄성이성대와유사하여이상적인주입물질이라고할수있으며성대를직접관찰하면서주입하므로시술이쉬운장점이있다. 그렇지만흡수가잘되어성공율을예측할수없는단점이있다. 10) Isshiki 등 11) 에의해완성된내전형갑상성형술은현재편측성대마비환자의수술적교정으로널리쓰이고있다. 제1형갑상성형술은그수기의특징상후방성문틈이큰편측성대마비환자의경우는후방성문틈을적절히교정해주지못하는단점이있다. Table 3. Results of acoustic analysis MT PreOp. PostOp. PreOp. PostOp. F0 (Hz) ± ±43.650* ± ±39.42*0 Jitter 5.30± ±3.47* 6.17± ±2.39* Shimmer 10.73± ±3.59* 15.72± ±5.30* NHR 0.27± ±0.13* 0.35± ±0.41* *p<.05. F0: fundamental frequency FI Table 4. Results of aerodynamic study MT PreOp. PostOp. PreOp. PostOp. MPT (sec) 5.28± ±5.01* 4.21± ±4.02* MFR (ml/ec) ± ± ± ±96.48* MSP (mmh2o) 12.66± ± ± ±3.440 *p<.05. MPT: maximum phonation time, MFR: mean flow rate, MSP: mean subglottic pressure FI 27
5 Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:24-9 음성의질을객관적으로측정하기위하여다양한방법들을사용하여왔으나아직미비한실정이다. 많은연구자들이음성장애의정도를나타내는음향변수로 F0, jitter, shimmer, NHR 등을선택하였고 Sasaki 등 6) 은편측성대마비환자에서제1형갑상성형술후결과를 F0, 강도, MPT 등을통하여분석하였다. 술후통계적으로의미있게 F0 의상승이있음을보고하였다. LaBlance 와 Maves 12) 는갑상성형술후음향특징을 F0, pitch range, MPT, s/z 비, jitter, shimmer 등을통하여분석하였다. 수술후 jitter 와 shimmer 가감소함을보고하였으며 s/z ratio 가감소함을관찰하였다. Son 등 3) 은자가지방을이용한성대주입술후결과를 MPT, maximal flow rate, maximal speech pressure level 및 jitter, shimmer, NHR, F0를통해분석하였다. 분석결과성대마비의군에서 MPT 와 NHR 에서호전이있었으나 6개월이후감소하였다. 저자들은자가지방성대주입술혹은갑상성형술후음성기능개선정도를파악하기위해주관적만족도, 청지각적평가, 음성지표등을비교분석하였다. 환자의만족도는두술기모두에서호전이관찰되었고이는성문틈의감소효과에기인한것으로생각이되며, GRBAS 척도는성대주입술을시행한경우가갑상성형술을시행한경우보다통계적으로유의하게호전되는것이관찰되었다. 이는외부에서성문틈을줄이기위하여실리콘블록을넣어성대를중앙화시키는갑상성형술에비하여자가지방을주입한경우가성대막성부의세밀한진동운동의움직임을더욱정교하게보정하여음성의질이향상되었을것으로생각된다. 음향분석의경우갑상성형술과성대주입술모두에서 jitter, shimmer 가호전되는소견을보였고 NHR 은약간감소하였으나통계적인유의성은없었다. F0의경우갑상성형술에서는술후약간상승하였고성대주입술에서는감소하는경향성을보였는데이는갑상성형술의경우성대의긴장도가증가한반면성대주입술에서는긴장도보다는성대의질량이증가하여상기소견이나타난것으로생각된다. 그렇지만통계적유의성은없었다. 공기역학적지표의변화는 MPT, MFR에서는갑상성형술및성대주입술모두통계적으로유의한발성시간의증가및공기흐름의감소효과가보인반면, 성문하부에직접적인압력을나타내는 MS- P에서는변화가없었다. 저자의경우갑상성형술을시행한경우가자가지방이식을시행한경우보다성문틈의크기가큰경우도있었지만, 두술기모두대부분의경우에서방정중고정 (paramedian fixation) 이었다. 외부에서성대의중앙화를시도한경우와내부에서자가지방을이용하여성대의중앙화를시도한모 두에서성문틈의감소및주관적애성평가는만족할만하였으나, 음성의질적인면에서는자가지방이식을시행한경우가더욱만족할만한결과를가져왔다. 이는성대의높낮이차이에서발생하는음성학적이상이나, 성대마비가오래되어성대의위축또는휨이동반된경우에서는갑상성형술만으로는음성의질적향상을기대하지못하게되는경우가있기때문이다. 노년층의경부수술을시행후발생한편측성대마비에서갑상성형술을시행하는경우유착및갑상연골의석회화로인하여수술에대한부담감및합병증발생률이높으나, 자가지방이식술을시행하는경우는보다쉽게술기를시행할수가있다. 그러나자가지방이식의효과는대략 3개월에서 6개월이내로보고되고있으며, 지방이식후조직학적인관찰에서도 8개월까지는일부가남게되지만 12개월이후에는거의부피가없어진다고알려져있다. 13) Acknowledgments The present research was conducted by the research fund of Dankook university in REFERENCES 1) Benninger MS, Crumley RL, Ford CN, Gould WJ, Hanson DG, Ossoff RH, et al. Evaluation and treatment of the unilateral paralyzed vocal fold. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111(4): ) Nam SY, Chang Y, Jee BH, Song YJ, Yoo SJ, Kim SY. Voice and imaging analysis after thyroplasty type I in the treatment of unilateral vocal paralysis. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2000; 43(3): ) Son YI, Park JH, Lee EK, Shin J. The vocal fold augmentation with liposuctioned autologous fat. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 1999;42(12): ) Lee SW, Oh JW, Lee HJ, Kim KM, Son YI. Cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel injection for the patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2005;48(10): ) Flint PW, Cummings CW. Phonosurgical procedures. In: Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Krause CJ, Schuller DE, editors. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 3 rd ed. St Louis: Mosby Year Book;1998. p ) Sasaki CT, Leder SB, Petcu L, Friedman CD. Longitudinal voice quality changes following Isshiki thyroplasty type I: the Yale experience. Laryngoscope 1990;100(8): ) LaBlance GR, Maves MD. Acoustic characteristics of post-thyroplasty patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107(4): ) Netterville JL, Stone RE, Luken ES, Civantos FJ, Ossoff RH. Silastic medialization and arytenoid adduction: the Vanderbilt experience. A review of 116 phonosurgical procedures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993;102(6): ) Mikaelian DO, Lowry LD, Sataloff RT. Lipoinjection for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Laryngoscope 1991;101(5): ) Shindo ML, Zaretsky LS, Rice DH. Autologous fat injection for unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996;105 (8): ) Isshiki N, Okamura H, Ishikawa T. Thyroplasty type I (lateral compression) for dysphonia due to vocal cord paralysis or atrophy. Acta 28
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김한수 외 - - 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 57 52 33 30 22 Type I Type IAA Type III AA IM Type IV Fig. 1. Kinds of procedures. Type I thyroplasty was the most commo
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