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3 Fig. 1. Force equilibrium. The three forces acting on the hip joint balance one another to keep the body in equilibrium. These forces are the abductor muscle force(a), the weight of the upper body(t), and the hip joint reaction force(r). The polygon of forces froms a closed figure with no resultant.

5 Fig. 2. Left, A free-body diagram of the hip of a man standing on his right leg; the body and the left leg Right, A force triangle may be constructed to determine the joint-reaction force Fj.

6 Fig. 3. The combination of bending and compressive stress in the femoral neck acts to decrease the tensile stress in the lateral aspect of the neck.

9 Fig. 4. Diagram of stress tensor showing the 3 normal stress ( ) and 3 shear stress (r)

11 Fig. 5. (Left) Finire element mesh and three loading conditions used to emulate skeletogenesis and bone remodeling in the normal proximal femur. (Center) Computational emulations of bone density distribution resulting after one-time increment(t=1a); and (Right) after thirty time increments(t=30a). Adapted from Beaupre et al.,(1990b) and Orr(1990).

14 REFERENCE 11) Bergmann G, Graichen F and Rohlmann A: Hip joint loading during walking and running measured in two patients. J Biomech, 26(8): , ) Carter DR and Hayes WC: The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous material, J. Bone Jt. Surg., 49A, 954, ) Carter DR, Vasu R and Harris WH: Stress distri - bution in the acetabular region.. Effects of cement thickness and metal backing of the total hip acetabular component, J. Biomechan, 15, 165, ) Carter DR and Fyhrie DP: Relationships between loading history and femoral cancellous bone archi - tecture. J.Biomechanics 22, , ) Callaghan JJ, Rosenberg AG and Harry ER: The Adult hip; Biomechanics of the hip, Lippoincott- Reven Publishers, Philadelphia, 75-85, ) Christinavon HW and Nordin M: Introduction to problem solving in Biomechanics. Lea & Febiger. philadelphia, ) Crowninshield RD, Pedersen DR and Brand RA: A measurement of proximal femur strain with total hip arthroplasty, J. Biomechan. Eng., 102, 230, ) Fornasier VL and Cameron HU: The femoral stem/cement interface in total hip replacement, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 116, 248, ) Hayes WC and Snyder B: Towards a quantitative formulation of Wolff s law in trabecular bone, in Mechanical Properties of Bone, AMD-Vol. 45, Cowin, S., Ed., The Americal Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, ) Hampton SJ, Andriacchi TP, Dragnick LF and Galante JO: Stresses following stem cement bond failure in femoral total hip implants. Proc. 27th Annu. Meeting Orthopaedic Research Society, Las Vegas, February, 24-26, Orthopedic Res. Soc., Chicago, ) Huiskes R: Functional behavior of Orthopaedic Biomechanics. The Hip joint, Vol ; Applications , CRC press, Boca Raton, ) Huiskes R: Some fundamental aspects of humanjoint replacement. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl., 185, ) Huiskes R, Janssen JD and Sloof TJ: An detailed comparison of experimental and theoretical stressanalyses of a human femur, in Mechanical Properties of Bone. AM D-Vol.45, Cowin, S., Ed., The Americal Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, ) Jacob HA and Huggler AH: An investigation into biomechanical causes of prosthesis stem loosening within the proximal end of the human femur, J. Biomechan., 13, 159, ) Lai WM, Rubin D and Krempl E: Introduction to continium Mechanics. New York, pergamon press, ) McLeish RD, Charnley J: Abduction Forces in the One-Legged Stance. J. Biomech. 3, 191, ) Mow VC, Hayes WC(eds): Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, New York, Raven press ) Mow VC, Ratcliff A and Woo SL(eds): B i o m e chanics of Diathrodial Joints. New York; springer- Verlag; Vol and ) Popov EP: Engineering mechanics of solids. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall international, Inc ) Simon SR: Orthopaedic Basic Science. AAOS, ) Wolff J: Das Gesetz der transformation der Knochen, Quaarto Berlin

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