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1 pissn J. Fd Hyg. Safety Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 327~333 (2014) Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at HPLC/MS/MS 를이용한음료류중인공감미료동시분석에관한연구 이성봉 * 용금찬 황선일 김영수 정유정 서미영 이창희 성진희 윤미혜 경기도보건환경연구원식품분석팀 A Study on the Analysis of Five Artificial Sweetners in Beverages by HPLC/MS/MS Seong-Bong Lee*, Kum-Chan Yong, Sun-Il Hwang, Young-Su Kim, You-Jung Jung, Mi-Young Seo, Chang-Hee Lee, Jin-Hee Sung, and Mi-Hye Yoon Food Analysis Team, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment (Received July 4, 2014/Revised August 15, 2014/Accepted October 8, 2014) ABSTRACT - A method for analysis of five artificial sweetners (sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-k, sucralose, cyclamate) in beverage was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The method uses a single-step dilution for sample preperation. Seperation was achieved on a C 18 column ( mm, 3.5 µm) with A- 2% methanol (1 mm ammonium acetate), B-95% methanol (1 mm ammonium acetate) as mobile phase with gradient mode. The quantitation of target compounds was performed by external calibration in selected reaction monitorning (SRM) mode. The coefficient of determination of calibration curve for sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-k, sucralose and cyclamate were , , , and , respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) were in the range of 0.001~0.022 mg/l and 0.004~0.073 mg/l, repectively. Recoveries for beverage were in the range of 92.76~113.50% with RSD < 10.91%. The method has applied to the determination of the five sweetners in 102 beverage. Three artificial sweetners-aspartame, acesulfame-k, sucralose were detected from 42. Sodium saccharin and cyclamate were not detected in all. Key words : HPLC/MS/MS, artificial sweetners, beverages 식품산업의발달과함께다양한가공식품이개발되고있으며, 식품첨가물의종류와소비량또한증가하고있다. 식품첨가물인인공감미료는단맛에대한욕구를충족시켜주면서열량을제공하지않는다. 당뇨, 비만, 체중조절및치아우식증등건강문제에대한인식의증가와원가절감의장점도있어설탕의대체감미료로식품및의약품산업등에서폭넓게사용된다 1-3). 인공감미료는 2종이상을혼합하여사용할수있으며대표적인예는삭카린나트륨과싸이클라메이트 (1:10) 의조합이다 4). 단독으로사용시발생하는특유의쓴맛, 뒷맛 (aftertaste) 등의단점을보완해주고단맛을상승시켜주기때문에음료류를비롯한가공식품에적용하기위한연구 *Correspondence to: Seong-Bong Lee, Gyeonggi-do Institute of Health and Environment, 95, Pajangcheon-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do , Korea Tel: redeye0070@gg.go.kr 가다양하게이루어지고있다 5-9). 화학적으로합성되는인공감미료는삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 수크랄로스, 아세설팜칼륨, 싸이클라메이트등이있다. FAO/WHO 합동식품첨가물전문가위원회 (Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Commitee on Food Additives, JECFA) 는첨가물에대한독성시험을통해일일섭취허용량 (Acceptable Daily Intake, ADI, mg/kg bw) 을설정하고있다. ADI는특정물질을매일섭취하여도건강상유해한영향이나타나지않는양으로삭카린나트륨은 0-5 mg/kg bw, 아스파탐은 0-40 mg/kg bw, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스는 0-15 mg/ kg bw, 싸이크라메이트는 0-11 mg/kg bw로설정되어있다 10). 일본을비롯한스웨덴, 포루투갈, 덴마크, 이탈리아, 독일등세계여러나라에서인공감미료섭취에대한안전성확보를위해자국민을대상으로섭취량을파악하여 ADI와비교, 평가를실시하고있다 11-16). 우리나라에서도인공감미료섭취량조사및분석법에관한연구가수행되고있다 3,17-20). 327
2 328 Seong-Bong Lee et al. 인공감미료의섭취량을파악하기위해서는식품중함유량을조사하는것이매우중요하다. 인공감미료는고강도감미료로식품제조에는소량만이첨가되므로고감도의분석법이필요하다 21). 식품중인공감미료분석은 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), Gas chromatography (GC) 등의분석법이보고되고있다 1,2,19-26). HPLC 는다양한컬럼과검출시스템을사용할수있어서로상이한물리화학적인특성에대한호환성과높은민감도, 응용성때문에보편적으로사용된다. CE, IC는우수한분리능과저렴한운용비용의장점이있지만 CE는 robustness, IC는보편성에대한한계가있다. GC의경우유도체화과정이필요하여시간이많이소비되고여러단계의절차가필요해서효율성이떨어진다 4). HPLC는다양한검출기를사용할수있는데삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨은 ultraviolet (UV) detector를이용한분석이가능하고동시분석에대한연구가보고되어있다 23-24,27). 수크랄로스, 싸이클라메이트는일반적인 UV/ visible의가용범위내에서흡수가어렵기때문에 UV detector를이용한방법은민감도와특이성이떨어진다 25). 싸이클라메이트, 수크랄로스의경우유도체화 22), refractive index (RI) detector 19) 를이용한방법이보고되고있다. 인공감미료는다양한혼합사용이가능하기때문에한번에여러가지감미료를분석할수있는분석법이필요하다. 최근 evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) 25), mass spectrometry (MS) 20-21) 를이용하여삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨과함께싸이클라메이트, 수크랄로스등을한번에분석할수있는동시분석법이보고되고있다. 본연구에서는 HPLC/MS/MS를이용하여음료류중인공감미료 ( 아세설팜칼륨, 삭카린나트륨, 싸이클라메이트, 수크랄로스및아스파탐 ) 의함유현황을파악하기위해간단한전처리과정의동시분석법을확립하고시중유통중인음료류를대상으로그함유실태를조사하였다. 재료및방법 시료및시약시료는경기도내대형할인마트및일반슈퍼마켓에서유통중인음료류 102건 ( 과채주스 6건, 과채음료 26건, 탄산음료 29건, 혼합음료 35건, 홍삼음료 6건 ) 을수집하여시료로하였다. 인공감미료표준품 sodium saccharin (SAC), aspartame (ASP), sucralose (SCL) 은 Sigma사 (St. Louis, MO, USA), acesulfame K (ACS-K), sodium cyclamate (CYC) 는 Wako사 (Osaka, Japan) 제품을사용하였으며, 이동상제조를위한 methanol, ammomium acetate는 Wako 사 (Osaka, Japan) 에서구입하여사용하였다. 물은 Thermo Scientific사 (Dubuque, Iowa, USA) 의초순수제조장치 (Barnstead Nanopure) 를이용하여 3차증류수 (> 18.2 MΩ/ cm resistivity) 를사용하였다. 표준용액조제표준용액은삭카린나트륨등 5가지인공감미료표준품을 1 mm ammonium acetate 용액에녹여 1000 mg/l 농도로되도록하여표준원액을제조한후, 각각의표준원액을 1 mm ammonium acetate 용액으로혼합및희석하여 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 mg/l가되도록하여검량선작성용표준용액으로사용하였다. 시료전처리시료전처리는시료약 1g을 50 ml volumetric flask에취하고 1 mm ammonium acetate 용액을가해잘혼합한다음정용하여 0.2 μm 필터로여과한액을시험용액으로하였다. 고형물이있는경우초음파추출및원심분리후상등액을취해 0.2 μm 필터로여과한액을시험용액으로하였다. 탄산가스가있는경우에는 10분간초음파처리하여탄산가스를제거하고고형물이있는경우에는혼합기로균질화한후약 1g을취하여전처리를수행하였다. 분석장비및이동상조건분석장비는 Shiseido사 (Tokyo, Japan) 의 SP LC (5100 Autosampler NASCA, 3301 Dual pump MS1, 3014 Oven) 와 ThermoScientific사 (San Jose, CA, USA) 의 triple quadrupole mass spectrometry TSQ Quantum Ultra를사용하였으며컬럼, 이동상의농도구배조건등은 Table 1에나타냈다. Table 1. Analytical conditions of HPLC system Parameter Condition Column Xterra MS C18 ( mm, 3.5 µm) Oven 40 o C A: 2% methanol Mobile Phase (1 mm ammonium acetate) B : 95% methanol (1 mm ammonium acetate) Flow rate 200 µl/min Injection 5 µl Gradient condition Time (min) A (%) B (%)
3 A Study on the Analysis of Five Artificial Sweetners in Beverages by HPLC/MS/MS 329 결과및고찰 HPLC/MS/MS 분석조건검토인공감미료분석조건을검토하기위해표준용액 (1 mg/ L) 을개별적으로질량분석기에직접주입하여 electrospray ionization (ESI) positive & negative mode에서의이온화조건을비교하였다. 삭카린나트륨, 아세설팜칼륨, 싸이클라메이트는 negative mode, 수크랄로스, 아스파탐은 positive mode에서좋은감도를나타내었다. 김 20) 등, Loos 28) 등의연구결과에서는수크랄로스를 negative mode, Ferrer 2) 등은 positive mode에서이온화하였다. 수크랄로스의경우 negative mode에서는다양한 fragment ion이발생하지않기때문에 2) 본연구에서는수크랄로스의 fragment ion 정보를다양하게검토할수있고감도가좋은 positive ion mode로이온화하였다. 각인공감미료를 selected reaction monitorning (SRM) 방식으로정량분석하기위한 product ion을선정하기위하여 collision energy (CE) 를검토한결과는 Table 2와같다. 감도가좋은 product ion을 quantitation ion으로정량분석하였으며나머지이온은 confirmation ion 으로정성확인하였다. MS/MS parameter 조건은 FIA (flow injection analysis) 방식으로최적화하였다. 즉이동상을유속 200 μl/min의조건으로흘려주고인공감미료표준용액 (1 mg/l) 을소량씩질량분석기에주입하면서각 parameter 의변화에따른반응강도를확인하여최적의조건을검토하였으며 Table 3에나타내었다. 이동상을결정하기위하여메탄올과아세토니트릴을비교한결과메탄올사용시더좋은감도를나타내었다. Huang 29) 등의연구결과를보면싸이클라메이트는 C 8, C 18 등의역상계컬럼사용시머무름 (retention) 이극히어려우며 100% 물을용매로사용 Table 2. SRM parameters for five sweetners Sweetner Parent ion (m/z) Product ion (m/z) CE (V) ACS-K SAC CYC SCL ASP a) Quantitation ion, b) Confirm ion a) b) Table 3. Analytical conditions of MS/MS parameters Parameter Condition Ion source ESI Ion polarity Positive & Negative Spray voltage 4000 V Vaporizer temp. 200 o C Sheath gas pressure 40 Auxiliary gas pressure 10 Ion transfer capillary temp. 330 Scan type SRM Q1 peak width 0.7 Da Q3 peak width 0.7 Da Collision gas pressure Ar at 1.5 m Torr 하여도 retention time이대략 3분으로이러한결과는 -CN, -NH 2 컬럼에서도동일하다. 본연구의용매검토과정에서도싸이클라메이트, 아세설팜칼륨, 삭카린나트륨이주입후컬럼에서머무름없이용리되었다. 수크랄로스분석시 Table 4. Accuracy and precision of quality control Sweetner ACS-K SAC CYC SCL ASP Concentration (mg/l) Intra-day (n = 6) Inter-day (n = 3) Mean (mg/l) Recovery (%) RSD (%) Mean (mg/l) Recovery (%) RSD (%)
4 330 Seong-Bong Lee et al. Table 5. Linearity, LOD and LOQ of five sweetners Sweetner Linear equation r 2 LOD (mg/l) LOQ (mg/l) ACS-K Y = x SAC Y = x CYC Y = x SCL Y = x ASP Y = x noise가발생하여이를제거하고싸이클라메이트, 아세설팜칼륨, 삭카린나트륨의머무름과분리도향상을위해첨가제로 acetic acid, formic acid, ammonium acetate, ammonium formate에대해검토하였다. noise 제거와머무름, 분리도, 감도를고려하여 ammonium acetate를선택하였다. 순차적으로농도를변화시키면서적정농도를확인한결과 1mM이가장적합한것으로판단되어 1mM ammonium acetate를첨가한물과메탄올을이동상으로결정하고농도구배조건을설정하였다. 유효성검증인공감미료 5종의표준용액을 0.1~5.0 mg/l 농도로조제후 LC/MS/MS로분석하여검량선을작성한결과 Table 5와같이각검량선의결정계수 (r 2 ) 는 이상으로좋은직선성을나타내었다. 정확도및정밀도는인공감미료가함유되어있지않은혼합음료시료에표준물질을녹여각표준물질의농도가 10 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 250 mg/l이되도록한시료를이용하였다. 동일한날에 6회반복분석하여일내정밀도 (intra-day precision) 및회수율 (Recovery) 을확인하였고 3일간반복분석하여일간정밀도 (inter-day precision) 및회수율을확인하였다 (Table 4). 회수율은삭카린나트륨 92.76~108.14%, 아스파탐 99.89~113.50%, 아세설팜칼륨 98.93~106.17%, 수크랄로스 97.70~112.56%, 싸이클라메이트 94.71~104.97%, 일내정밀도는 4.94% 이하, 일간정밀도는 10.91% 이하로양호한결과를확인하였다. 검출한계 (limit of detection, LOD) 는 signal/noise (S/N) 비 3 이상, 정량한계 (limit of quantitation, LOQ) 는 S/N비 10 이상되는농도로단계적으로희석한표준용액을 6회반복분석하여얻은검량선의기울기 (S) 와 y-절편의표준편차 (σ) 를이용하여아래식으로검출한계, 정량한계값을구하였다. LOD = 3 σ/s LOQ = 10 σ/s 검출한계, 정량한계는 Table 5와같으며정량한계유사농도의크로마토그램을 Fig. 1에나타내었다. 시료분석결과확립된분석법이음료류중인공감미료의동시분석에적합하다고판단되어시중유통중인음료류 102 건 ( 과채주 Fig. 1. SRM chromatogram of five sweetners. (A) TIC - ACS-K: 0.15 mg/l, SAC: 0.75 mg/l, CYC: 0.1 mg/l, SCL: 0.35 mg/l, ASP: mg/l, (B) SRM-ACS-K: 0.02 mg/l, SAC: 0.05 mg/ L, CYC: 0.01 mg/l, SCL: 0.05 mg/l, ASP: mg/l. 스 6건, 과채음료 26건, 탄산음료 29건, 혼합음료 35건, 홍삼음료 6건 ) 을대상으로조사한결과는 Table 6, 7과같다. 과채주스, 홍삼음료에서는분석대상감미료가검출되지않았고과채음료, 탄산음료, 혼합음료에서아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스가검출되었다. 아스파탐은 5건, 아세설팜칼륨은 19건, 수크랄로스는 28건검출되었다. 한 3), 김 17) 등의연구결과와같이삭카린나트륨과국내에서사용이금지된싸이클라메이트는검출되지않았다. 식품등의표시기준 30) 은식품을제조 가공시직접사용 첨가하는합성감미료의경우그명칭과용도를함께표시하도록규정하고있다. 특히, 아스파탐의대사물질중하나인페닐알라닌섭취에주의해야하는페닐케톤뇨증 (Phenylketonuria, PKU) 환자를위해아스파탐을첨가사용한제품에대하여는 페닐알라닌함유 라는내용을표시하도록하고있다. 검출된시료 42건에사용된인공감미료는표시사항과
5 A Study on the Analysis of Five Artificial Sweetners in Beverages by HPLC/MS/MS 331 Table 6. The number of detected in beverages Food type No. of ACS-K SCL ASP ACS-K & SCL ASP & ACS-K SCL & ASP Fruit/Vegetable Juice Fruit/Vegetable Beverage Carbonated Beverage Mixed Beverage Red Gingseng Beverage Total SAC, CYC : not detected Table 7. Analytical results of three sweetners detected in beverages Food type No. of ACS-K Fruit/Vegetable 33.4 a) 26 2 Beverage Carbonated Beverage (31.1~135.0) Mixed Beverage (9.6~53.9) (26.6~40.3) b) Total 19 (9.6~135.0) SAC, CYA : not detected, a) Mean (mg/kg), b) Range (mg/kg) SCL 45.9 (25.5~80.0) (12.6~195.2) 50.6 (12.3~120.0) 61.7 (12.3~195.2) ASP (32.9~470.0) (32.9~470.0) 일치하였다. 음료류에대한사용기준은삭카린나트륨 0.2 g/ kg ( 발효음료류, 인삼 홍삼음료류제외 ), 아세설팜칼륨 0.50 g/kg, 수크랄로스 0.40 g/kg이며아스파탐은제한받지아니한다 31). 각인공감미료의검출농도는아스파탐 32.9~ mg/kg, 아세설팜칼륨 9.6~135.0 mg/kg, 수크랄로스 12.3~195.2 mg/kg으로사용기준을초과한시료는없었다. 인공감미료가검출된시료 42건중수크랄로스 38건, 아세설팜칼륨 19건, 아스파탐 5건으로수크랄로스가가장많은검출빈도를나타내었다. 한 3) 등의연구결과에서는인공감미료가검출된시료모두에서아스파탐이검출되었다고보고되었다. 본연구결과와비교해보면아스파탐의사용은감소된반면수크랄로스의사용비율이높아지고있는것으로판단된다. 검출된시료중인공감미료가 2종씩사용된시료가 20건으로혼합사용의비율이높게나타났다. 아세설팜칼륨과수크랄로스의조합이 16건으로가장많았으며아스파탐과아세설팜칼륨의혼합사용 3건은탄산음료에만사용되었다. 수크랄로스또는아스파탐이단독으로사용된경우에도본연구에서제외된효소처리스테비아또는스테비올배당체등의사용을고려하면음료중 2종이상의감미료를혼합사용하는비율은상승할것으로판단된다. 아스파탐은 42건중 5건으로검출율은낮지만최고농도 mg/kg으로아세설팜칼륨과수크랄로스에비해높은농도로검출되었다. 이는음료에대한사용제한이없기때문인것으로판단된다. 요약 본연구는식품산업에서큰비중을차지하고있는음료류에대한인공감미료 ( 삭카린나트륨, 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스, 싸이클라메이트 ) 의함유현황파악을위한동시분석법을확립하였다. 희석및여과의간편하고효율적인전처리후 HPLC/MS/MS를이용하여 5종인공감미료동시분석조건을검토하였다. 컬럼은 C 18 (2.1 mm 150 mm, 3.5 um), 이동상은 2% methanol (1 mm ammonium acetate) 과 95% methanol (1 mm ammonium acetate) 을사용하여농도구배조건으로각성분을분리하였으며 ESI/ SRM 방식으로정량분석하였다. 0.1~5.0 mg/l의농도범위에서각인공감미료검량선은 1에가까운높은직선성을나타냈다. 검출한계, 정량한계는각각 0.001~0.022 mg/ L, 0.004~0.073 mg/l로저농도의감미료분석이가능함을확인하였다. 회수율은 92.76~113.50%, 정밀도는 10.91% 이하로양호하였다. 이상의결과로본분석법은음료중인공감미료분석에적합하다고판단되었다. 확립된분석법으로시중유통중인음료 102건분석한결과 42건에서아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스가검출되었으며삭카린나트륨과싸이클라메이트는검출되지않았다. 검출된인공감미료는표시사항과일치하였으며사용대상과사용량의기준에적합하였다.
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