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1 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 11 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(11): DOI : /jkos = 증례보고 = 접수번호 : 정상한국인각막의생체역학적요소의정상범위와영향을미치는요인분석 김성욱 1 서성관 1 허준 1 박수정 2 인제대학교부산백병원안과학교실 1, 수정안과의원 2 목적 : 한국인에서 Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) 로측정한인자들의정상범위와비접촉성안압계의안압측정치 (NCT) 와의상관관계, 그리고중심각막두께 (CCT) 가이에미치는영향을분석하였다. 대상과방법 : 정상한국인 301 명, 301 안을대상으로 ORA 를이용한 corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal response factor (CRF), corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc), Goldman related IOP (IOPg) 를측정한후비접촉성안압계의안압과초음파를이용한중심각막두께를측정하여이들에미치는영향및상관관계를분석하였다. 결과 : 정상한국인의 CH, CRF 의평균은각각 mmhg, mmhg 이었다. 소아청소년군과성인군에있어 CH 와 CRF 의평균은통계학적으로유의한차이값을가졌다 (p<0.05). IOPcc 와 IOPg 는 NCT 와유의한상관관계를가지며 (p<0.01) IOPcc 와 IOPg 는 CCT 와연관이없었다 (p<0.05). 결론 : 안구의생체학적성질인 CH 와 CRF 는소아와성인에따른차이가존재한다. ORA 로측정한 IOPcc 는일반적인안압측정에서보상해야할인자인중심각막두께에독립적이며안구의생체역학적요소의반영이라는면에서그중요성이커질것이라여겨진다. < 대한안과학회지 2009:50(11): > LASIK 혹은 LASEK처럼각막두께를얇게만드는굴절교정수술이보편화되면서각막이얇으면실제보다안압이낮게측정되고, 각막이두꺼우면실제보다안압이높게측정된다는사실이안압을정확히측정하려는사람들에게더욱중요하게여겨지게되었다. 그러나정작중심각막두께자체와 실제안압의상관관계는그리높지않기때문에측정오차의 또하나의이유로서각막의생체역학적인성질인각막의탄력성에관심을기울이게되었다. 즉, 각막의탄력성에따라 실제치와다른안압이측정될수있고이러한것을각막의생체역학적인방면으로고찰하기시작하였다. 학계에서이러한각막의생체역학적성질 (biomechanical property) 에관한 문제들이논의되면서이력현상 (hysteresis) 이란단어가언급되기시작하였는데, 이는 1890년 James Alfred Ewing 에의해 규명되고확립된용어로서, 가해진힘에즉각적이지는않지만 천천히뒤따라오는반응을보이면서원래의상태로는완벽히 돌아가지않거나늦어지는물리적성질을의미한다. 인체의각막조직은가해진힘에대하여흡수및감쇠가 접수일 : 2009 년 3 월 4 일 심사통과일 : 2009 년 8 월 4 일 책임저자 : 서성관부산시진구개금동 인제대학교부산백병원안과 Tel: , Fax: E mail: seossg@hanmail.net 가능한복잡한점탄구조를지니고있다. 1,2 이런각막의생체역학적특징이병인에대한연구나굴절교정수술및안압의측정에있어서중요하게여겨지는요소들로평가받게되자, corneal hysteresis (CH) 라불리는각막의점탄성을측정할수있는장비인 Ocular Response Analyzer ( 이하 ORA, Reichert Inc., Depew, NY) 가주목을받게되었다. 1-4 ORA는기존의공기안압계 (pneumotonometer) 의원리를변형및응용한기계로서, 공기압을이용하여각막에힘을가하여각막을안쪽으로이동시키고편평하게만든다. 연속하여각막은압평지점을지나약간오목하게된후공기압이중지되면다시본래의모양으로돌아오게되는데, 전과정에걸쳐각막의모양을관찰하여내향과외향의압평지점동안의독립적인압력을측정하여생체역학인자를산출하는기계이다 (Fig. 1). 이에저자는 ORA 로측정가능한생체역학인자로서 Corneal hysteresis (CH), Corneal resistance factor (CRF), Corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc), Goldman related IOP (IOPg), 초음파를이용한중심각막두께 (Pocket Pachymeter, Quantel Medical, Clermont-Ferrand, France) 등을측정하였으며이들과비접촉성안압계 (CT-80 Computerized Auto Tonometer, Topcon, Japan) 의안압을비교분석하여서로의상관관계및정상한국인에서의측정치를알아보고자하였다. * 본논문의요지는 2008 년대한안과학회제 100 회추계학술대회에서구연으로발표되었음
2 - 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 11 호 - 떨어지는환자들은대상에서제외하였고, 비접촉성안압계를이용한안압과초음파를이용한중심각막두께또한반복적으로측정한후평균값을산출하였다. 한명의검사자가모든검사를시행함으로써검사자간의오차를최소화하였다. 상관관계의분석은 SPSS statistics 을사용하였으며, 상관관계에는 Pearson correlation test, 소아청소년군과성인군의비교와같은생체역학적요소들간의비교에는 paired t-test 를사용하였다. Figure 1. The difference between the inward applanation and the outward applanation is called corneal hysteresis (CH). 대상과방법 안과적으로특별한질병이없는정상한국인 301명 301안을대상으로하였으며, 19세이하의소아청소년군 57안, 20세 이상의성인군 244 안으로분류하였다. 현재각막질환을앓고 있거나안과적수술의과거력이있는안은대상에서제외하였다. ORA의측정에있어서콘택트렌즈를착용한환자가있다면콘택트렌즈를제거하였고, 측정시셔츠의깃과넥타이를느슨하게하였다. 측정전에환자에게안구에공기가닿을 것이라고충분히설명한후환자의이마를머리받침대중앙에두고환자의눈의양끝을기기의표시점에위치하게만든후, 고정된주시점으로서공기구멍에위치한초록불빛을보게하였다. 그후기계를이용해공기를쏘아서한눈을정확하게측정하였다. 이때에전기광학적압평탐지계 (electrooptical applanation detection system) 가전과정에걸쳐각막의모양을관찰하여내향과외향의압평지점동안의독립적인압력을측정한다. 여기에서발견되는녹색의대칭적곡선으로구성된파형은공기압을의미하며, 적색의비대칭적인곡선은각막의압평지점에서압평탐지계가탐지한것이다 (Fig. 1). 적색의곡선은두개의주요한봉우리를가진다. 이는 녹색곡선의 P1, P2와대비되는것이며 P1은각막이내향될때의첫번째의압평지점으로공기압이증가하는도중에측정된것이다. P2는두번째압평지점으로오목해진각막이 원래대로돌아올때, 즉공기압이감소할때에측정된다. 이처럼각막의생체역학적성질 ( 점성에의한에너지흡수 ) 로인하여내향및외향으로의압평에있어차이를야기시키고결과적으로두측정값의불일치가나타나게되어여러변수를얻을수있는데예를들어 P1-P2 를 corneal hysteresis 라정의한다 (Fig. 1). 각각의눈에대하여최소 4회씩시행한후 CH, CRF, IOPcc, IOPg 의평균값을산출하였다. 협조가잘되지않아재현성이 결과 대상환자 301명 301안중남자는 183안, 여자는 118안이며, 평균나이는 31.32±14.01세였다. 소아청소년군 57안의평균나이는 15.52±2.76세이며, 성인군 244안의평균나이는 34.84±13.24세였다 (Fig. 2). 정상인에서 CH의평균은 10.70±1.45 mmhg 이며그범위는 7.5~15.8 mmhg 이었다. CRF 의평균은 10.40±1.61 mmhg 이며범위는 6.5~15.9 mmhg 로 CH와비슷한범위를가졌다. IOPcc 의평균은 14.90±2.50 mmhg, IOPg의평균은 14.62± 2.70 mmhg 이며중심각막두께의평균은 ±34.13 μm 였다 (Table 1). 19세이하의소아청소년군과 20세이상성인군의비교에있어 CH의평균은각각 11.06±1.42 mmhg, 10.62±.45 mmhg 이며 CRF의평균은각각 11.06±1.64 mmhg, 10.25±1.57 mmhg로두군간에는통계학적으로차이가유의하였으나 (p<0.05)(table 2), 나이에따른 CH, CRF의상관관계는통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p>0.05). IOPcc, IOPg, 비접촉성안압계의안압또한소아청소년군과성인군사이에통계학적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.01)(table 2). 그러나모든측정항목에서성별에따른차이점은통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p>0.05). Mean Age ±SD Range Juvenile ( 19 years) 15.52± ~19 Adult ( 20 years) 34.84± ~69 Age Figure 2. Demographic data of characterization group
3 - 김성욱외 : 한국인각막의생체역학적요소 - Table 1. Ocular response analyzer parameter range of Korean normal subjects Parameter N. of Eye Ave±St dev (mmhg) Range (mmhg) CH * ± ~15.8 CRF ± ~15.9 IOPcc ± ~21.7 IOPg ± ~21.7 NCT П ± ~21.0 CCT # ±34.13 μm 470~658 μm * CH=corneal hysteresis; CRF=corneal resistance factor; IOPcc=corneal compensated IOP; IOPg=Goldmann-correlated IOP; П CCT=central corneal thickness; # NCT=non contact tonometer. Table 2. Ocular response analyzer parameter of Korean normal subjects comparing to juveniles and adults (paired t-test) Juvenile ( 19 years) Adult( 20 years) p-value CH * mmhg mmhg <0.05 CRF mmhg mmhg <0.01 IOPcc mmhg mmhg <0.05 IOPg mmhg mmhg <0.01 NCT П mmhg mmhg <0.01 * CH=corneal hysteresis; CRF=corneal resistance factor; IOPcc=corneal compensated IOP; IOPg=Goldmann-correlated IOP; П NCT=non contact tonometer. 중심각막두께와 CH, CRF는통계학적으로유의한양의상관관계를가지며 (p<0.01, r=0.3), 비접촉성안압계의안압과비교하였을때 CH (p<0.01, r=0.28), CRF (p<0.01, r=0.58) 또한양의상관관계를가진다. ORA 의안압의척도인 IOPcc 는중심각막두께에대해서는독립적이며 CH와는유의한음의상관관계를가짐으로써각막의생체역학적성질을내포하고있다는것을알수있다 (p<0.01, r=-0.42). 그리고비접촉성안압계의안압과유의한양의상관관계를가진다 (p<0.01, r=0.5)(fig. 4). 고찰 물리학적용어인이력현상 (hysteresis) 을이해하기위해서는점성 (viscosity) 과탄성 (elasticity) 에대한개념이필요하다. 탄성을가진물질은적용된힘에비례하여즉각적인변형을보이며시간의길이나적용되는힘의속도에독립적인특성을지닌다. 또한점성을가진물질은힘과변형의관계에서시간과속도에의존하며힘에관계된저항은속도와깊은연관을가지고있다 ( 즉, 속도가크면저항이크다 ). 흔히점탄물질이라불리는매체는이두가지성질을모두포함하고있다. 1 인간의각막조직은가해진힘에대하여흡수및감쇠가가능한복잡한점탄구조를지니고있는데, 이런각막의생체역학적특징은각막질환의병인이나굴절교정수술전후안압의측정에있어서중요도가높아지게되었다. 최근소개된 Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA;Reichert Inc., Depew, NY) 는 동적양방향성압평과정을가진측정기계로각막의생체역학적요소들에대한독립적인안압측정이가능하다. 2 점탄의성질을가진각막은내향 (inward) 과외향 (outward) 의압력차이를가지고있는데각막의생체역학적성질 ( 점성에의한에너지흡수 ) 로인하여측정시내향및외향으로의압평과정에서압력의차이를야기시키고결과적으로두측정값의불일치가나타나게되며, ORA 에서는이를전기광학적압평탐지계 (electro-optical applanation detection system) 가전과정에걸쳐각막의모양을관찰하여내향과외향의압평지점동안의독립적인압력을측정하게된다. 이두측정값의차이 (P1-P2) 가 corneal hysteresis (CH) 이다 (Fig. 1). 한국인 301안을대상으로시행한본연구에서 CH의평균은 10.70±1.45 mmhg, 분포는 7.5~15.8 mmhg 이며 Luce 에의한 339명의정상안 (white 62%, Black 8%, Hispanic 2%, Asian 28%) 에서의 CH의평균은 9.6mmHg 이었다. 2 CH와각막중심두께의관계에대한연구또한활발한데, 상반된의견이많아혼동을준다. Touboul et al 3 은낮은 CH 는안압이낮게측정이되는위험인자중의하나로생각해볼수있지만중심각막두께와는관련이없다고하였다. 반면 Hager et al, 4 Broman et al, 5 Lam et al 6 의연구에서는중심각막두께와 CH가통계학적으로의미있는양의상관관계를가진다고하였다. 본연구에의하면중심각막두께와 CH는통계학적으로의미있는양의상관관계를가지나그연관성은미약하다고말할수있겠다 (p<0.01, r=0.30). 앞서언급한바, 중심각막두께는 CH, CRF, 비접촉성안압계의안압측정에영향을미치긴
4 - 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 11 호 - Figure 3. Histogram of corneal compensated IOP measured by Ocular Response Analyzer (IOPcc) and non contact tonometer (NCT) for normal eyes. 하나미약한정도라고해석할수있다 (Fig. 4). 나이와관련한보고에따르면 Kirwan et al 7 는어린이 81 안에서평균 CH 측정값은 12.5 mmhg 로어른과비슷한값이었으므로, 나이와 CH 간의연관관계는없다고주장하고있는 반면 Moreno-Montan et al 8 은 CH가미약하나마나이에따라감소한다고보고하고있다. 본연구에서도나이와관련하여 19세이하의소아청소년군과 20세이상성인군으로분류하여두군을각각비교해보았을때는 CH를비롯하여 CRF, IOPg, 비접촉성안압계의 안압이성인보다소아청소년군에서유의하게높은값을가지는것을발견할수있다 (p<0.05)(table 2). 이는나이에따른 어떤비례적인변화는아닐지라도노화과정에따른분명한 생체역학적변화가존재한다는것을의미한다. CH가가해지는공기압의변화에상응하는각막의고유한 점성적감쇠로인하여발생하는결과라고볼때, Corneal Resistance Factor (CRF) 는공기압에의해서각막이변형하는 동안발생하는반작용, 즉점성적감쇠에탄성이가중된개념 이다 [CRF=P1-(0.7*P2)]. CRF는 CH와상응하는관계로써그정상범위또한 CH와유사하다. 본연구에서 CRF는중심각막두께와는미약하나마양의상관관계가있으나나이또는성별과는무관한것으로관찰되었다 (p>0.05). 본연구역시 CRF의평균은 10.40±1.61 mmhg 이며범위는 6.5~15.9 mmhg 로 CH와유사한평균값을가진다 (Table 1). Corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) 는 ORA의특별한매커니즘을이용하여수학적으로산출되는것으로써각막의두께뿐만아니라생체역학적성질을보상한다. 본연구에서의 CH 와 IOPcc 가통계학적으로유의한음의상관관계를가지는것으로보아각막의에너지흡수능력이뛰어날수록 IOPcc 가낮게측정된다고생각할수있다. IOPcc 는각막의두께와는독립적인것으로알려져있으며, 본연구또한이를뒷받침하고있다. 4,6 그러나비접촉성안압계의안압의경우중심각막두께와비교하여낮지만유의한상관관계를가지며 (p<0.01, r=0.32), 비접촉성안압계의안압과 IOPcc 를전체적으로보았을때에그분포는비슷하며 (Fig. 3) 통계학적으로유의하지만강하지는않은상관관계를지니고있으나, 각각의개인에서는차이가존재하기때문에 (paired t-test, p<0.01) 비접촉성안압계의안압과는일치도가떨어진다고생각할수있다 (Fig. 4). 본연구에서 IOPcc 의평균은 14.90±2.50 mmhg 이며범위는 9.2~21.7 mmhg 로현재정립되어있는비접촉성안압계의안압의범위를크게벗어나지않았다 (Table 1). Goldmann-Related IOP (IOPg) 는 P1과 P2의평균값으로 [(P1-P2)/2] 임상적으로전문가가실시한골드만압평안압의측정과강한연관관계를가진다. 비접촉성안압계의안압측정 (NCT) 은공기압에의해서각막을안쪽으로이동시키고각막의모양이편평해지면공기압이기록되고 mmhg 로변환 Age IOPcc IOPg CRF CH CCT NCT Age IOPcc (<0.01) (<0.01) (<0.01) IOPg (<0.01) 0.67 (<0.01) 0.22 (<0.01) (<0.01) CRF (<0.01) 0.87 (<0.01) 0.30 (<0.01) 0.58 (<0.01) CH (<0.01) 0.22 (<0.01) 0.87 (<0.01) 0.30 (<0.01) 0.28(<0.01) CCT (<0.01) 0.30 (<0.01) 0.32(<0.01) NCT (<0.01) 0.73 (<0.01) 0.58 (<0.01) 0.28 (<0.01) 0.32 (<0.01) Figure 4. Statistical correlations between parameters (Pearson correlation test). The yellow squares indicate significance with a high level of correlation, r ±0.7. The blue squares indicate significance with a moderate correlation, r ±0.4. The gray squares indicate statically not significance with correlation, p>0.05. (CH=corneal hysteresis; CRF=corneal resistance factor; IOPcc=corneal compensated IOP; IOPg=Goldmann-correlated IOP; CCT=central corneal thickness; NCT=non contact tonometer)
5 - 김성욱외 : 한국인각막의생체역학적요소 - 된다. ORA 는이와비슷한원리로작용하나양방향성을가지고있다. 공기압이작용하여내향과외향의압력을모두측정하며측정값의평균이 mmhg로변환된다. 이평균값은각막의생체역학적인성질로인한측정값의오류를감소시킬수있다. 본연구에서한국인의 IOPg 의평균은 14.61±2.7 mmhg 이며범위는 8.3~21.7 mmhg 로 IOPcc와유사하다. 본연구에서 ORA의안압의척도인 IOPcc 와 IOPg 그리고다른측정방법인비접촉성안압계의안압사이에서는서로간의연관관계를가지고있다 (Fig. 4). 결과적인분포와범위는비슷할지라도각개인에서의수치차는존재하며, 본연구에서는비정상군이대상에서제외된까닭에서로간의우월성이나대체여부는입증이불가능하다. 그럼에도불구하고 ORA의 IOPcc 및여러인자들은기존의비접촉성안안계의안압과는다른개념에서접근해야할것이며단독적인수치로의미를찾기보다는모든측정인자들을통합하여평가를내리는것이필요하다. 추후녹내장이나병적인안구에서의 ORA의측정인자들에대한추가적인연구가필요하며파생되는파형의분석또한많은도움을줄것으로기대된다. 아울러생체역학이란새로운개념의시발점으로서한국인에서정상범위의규명자체로본연구는많은의미를가진다하겠다. 참고문헌 1) Dupps WJ Jr. Hysteresis: new mechanospeak for the ophthalmologist. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007;33: ) Luce DA. Determining in vivo biomechanical properties of the cornea with an ocular response analyzer. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005;31: ) Touboul D, Roberts C, Kérautret J, et al. Correlations between corneal hysteresis, intraocular pressure, and corneal central pachymetry. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008;34: ) Hager A, Schroeder B, Sadeghi M, et al. The influence of corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor on the measurement of intraocular pressure. Ophthalmologe 2007;104: ) Broman AT, Congdon NG, Bandeen-Roche K, Quigley HA. Influence of corneal structure, corneal responsiveness, and other ocular parameters on tonometric measurement of intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma 2007;16: ) Lam A, Chen D, Chiu R, Chui WS. Comparison of IOP measurements between ORA and GAT in normal Chinese. Optom Vis Sci 2007;84: ) Kirwan C, O Keefe M, Lanigan B. Corneal hysteresis and intraocular pressure measurement in children using the Reichert ocular response analyzer. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142: ) Moreno-Montañés J, Maldonado MJ, García N, et al. Reproducibility and clinical relevance of the ocular response analyzer in nonoperated eyes: corneal biomechanical and tonometric implications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:
6 - 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 11 호 - =ABSTRACT= Factors Affecting the Ocular Response Analyzer Parameters in Normal Korean Seong-Wook Kim, MD 1, Sung-Gwan Seo, MD 1, Jun Her, PhD 1, Soo-Jeong Park, PhD 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Inje university, Pusan Paik Hospital 1, Busan, Korea Crystal Eye Hospital 2, Busan, Korea Purpose: To identify the normal range of factors which can be measured with Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA, Reichert Inc., Depew, NY, USA) in normal Korean, and to analyze factors affecting ORA by measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) of noncontact tonometer (NCT) and central corneal thickness (CCT). Methods: Three hundred and one normal Korean subjects who did not have specific ophthalmological diseases and surgeries in the past were recruited for this study. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal response factor (CRF), corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc), and Goldmann correlated IOP (IOPg) were measured using ORA. In addition, IOP of NCT and CCT were measured and the results and factors analyzed. Results: The mean CH measured among normal Korean subjects in this study was mmhg. The mean CRF was mmhg. CH and CRF were significantly higher in the juvenile group. IOPcc and IOPg as measures of IOP using the ORA had significant correlation with IOP of NCT. In particular, IOPcc appeared to be independent of CCT. Conclusions: CH and CRF were different according to age, indicating a difference in biomechanical properties of the cornea. In particular, IOPcc is more important as it is independent of corneal thickness and should be compensated in general measurements of IOP reflecting biomechanical properties. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(11): Key Words: Central corneal thickness, Corneal hysteresis, Intraocular pressure, Non contact tonometer, Ocular response analyzer (ORA) Address reprint requests to Sung-Gwan Seo, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan Paik Hospital Inje University College of Medicine # Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan , Korea Tel: , Fax: , seossg@hanmail.net
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대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
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대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 2 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(2):242-246 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2009.50.2.242 Dynamic Contour Tonometry 와골드만압평안압계의비교 서장원 신동민 노세현 동아대학교의과대학안과학교실 목적 : Dynamic contour tonometry(dct,
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