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1 Journal of Alternatives to Animal Experiments 1 (2), August, 2007 : 5~10 Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay 법을이용한안점막자극물질의검증에관한연구 이현경, 노경진, 석승혁, 백민원, 이희영, 김동재, 나이랑, 박성훈, 김배환 1, 박귀례 2, 이종권 2, 박재학 * 서울대학교수의과대학, 1 아모레퍼시픽기술연구원, 2 국립독성연구원 Detection of ocular irritant chemicals with Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay Hyun-Kyoung Lee, Kyoung-Jin Noh, Seoung-Hyeok Seok, Min-Won Baek, Hui-Young Lee, Dong-Jae Kim, Yi-Rang Na, Sung-Hoon Park, Bae-Hwan Kim 1, Kui-Lea Park 2, Jong-Kwon Lee 2, Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University 1 AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, 2 National Institute of Toxicological Research ABSTRACT. Bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay have been proposed as reliable alternatives to the Draize test. In this study, we measured the opacity of the bovine cornea by quantifying the ability of light to pass through it using opacitometer. We obtained the regular value of basal opacity using bovine cornea collected within three hours after killing. For opacity alone, values obtained for 3 chemicals that are already known as irritants showed a correlation of r=0.994 (p=0.001) with Draize score about same materials. Comparing to reference Draize data from ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods), a correlation coefficient with our Draize score for the 3 chemicals was (p=0.003). Bovine cornea test data of additional 3 chemicals already known as irritants showed a correlation of r=0.968 (p<0.001) with reference Draize data from ECVAM. Then the bovine cornea opacity test and Draize test with 3 cosmetics were performed. In both tests, we obtained similar results that showed all cosmetics were non-irritant. These results indicate that bovine corneal opacity assay has the potentiality to be developed as alternatives to rabbit eye irritation test. KEY WORDS: bovine cornea, opacity, eye irritation test, alternative method 서 Draize test는 1944년에처음사용된이후에수년동안자극성물질의안점막자극을평가하는방법으로사용되었다 (Draize et al., 1944). Draize test는많은수의토끼가희생되어야하며동물에게많은고통을주므로동물복지를위해서다양한동물대체시험법이제시되었다 (Curren and Harbell, 1998). *Corresponding author: Jae-Hak Park. Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, , South Korea Tel: Fax: pjhak@snu.ac.kr 론 유럽연합은 2009년부터화장품원료에대한동물실험을금지하기로했다. 또한 2005년 11월 7일에는관련업체와연구자들이모여 화장품은물론화학합성물에대한동물실험도금지하기위해이를위한대체실험법을연구해보고한다 는브뤼셀선언을발표했다. 국내에서동물실험의대체시험법으로 HET-CAM 등일부의방법만이용되고있을뿐아직대체법에대한연구가적극적으로수행되어있지않다. 소의각막을이용한혼탁도와투과도법 (BCOP assay) 은유럽과미국에서이미안점막자극시험대체법으로사용되고있지만 (Gautheron et al., 1994; Sina et al., 1995), 국내에서는시험방법이확립되어있지않다. BCOP assay는 In vitro와 in vivo의중간단계정도로생각되는 ex vivo 형태의대체법으로, 각막이원래구조를유지한상태에서시행되기때문에독성물질의 5

2 6 Journal of Alternatives to Animal Experiments 조직침투성과직접적인세포독성을알아볼수있다 (Curren and Harbell, 1998). BCOP assay에서화학물질에대한각막의손상정도를평가하는기준은각막의혼탁도와투과도이다. 혼탁도는각막을통과하는빛의양을측정함으로써평가하고투과도는각막층을통과할수있는형광물질을이용해서측정한다 (Gautheron et al., 1992). 독성물질의자극에의해생기는각막의혼탁도는각막의상피나기질의단백질변성, 기질의부종또는세포변성을의미한다. 각막의혼탁도증가는일부자극물질의가장두드러지는부작용으로시력상실을초래할수있다. 각막의투과도증가는방어기능을가지고있는각막의상피손상으로야기된다 (Cooper et al., 2001). 본연구에서는독성정도가이미잘알려진물질들을이용하여 BCOP assay에서사용하는평가방법중하나인혼탁도를기준으로하여물질의자극성을평가하는시험법을수행하고 Draize test와의상관성을분석함으로써동물대체시험법으로서 BCOP assay 를확립하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 물질의선정 BCOP assay는국내에서안점막자극시험대체법으로아직보고되어있지않으므로, 참고문헌 (Gautheron et al., 1992) 을참고로독성물질을선정하였다. 그결과를 Draize test와비교하여검정을하였다. 그리고 3가지의시판되는화장품에대하여시험하였다 (Table 1). Table 1. Tested chemicals and cosmetics 품명 PBS Benzalkonium chloride(bak) Sodium lauryl sulfate(sls) Dimethyl sulfoxide(dmso) Trichloroacetic acid(tca) Isopropanol Tween 20 A사스킨제품 D사스킨제품 G사스킨제품 그룹 음성대조군 고자극양성대조군 중자극양성대조군 저자극양성대조군 고자극예상물질 중자극예상물질 저자극예상물질 시험물질 시험물질 시험물질 MEM(Minimum Essential Medium Eagle) 을용매 로사용하였을때시험물질들이완전히용해되었으므로본시험에서는배지인 MEM을용매로사용했다. 2. Draize test GLP( 식품의약품안전청고시제 호, 의약품등의독성시험기준 ) 에따라 Draize test 를시행하였다. 동물실험은서울대동물실험윤리위원회 (IACUC) 의승인을받은후수행했다 ( 승인번호 : SNU ). New Zealand White Rabbit(2.0~3.0kg, 암컷 ) 27 마리를오리엔트바이오 ( 경기도성남시중원구상대원동 143-1) 에서구입하여서울대실험동물자원관리원의일반사육실 ( 온도 23±3 C, 습도 50-10%, 조명 Light / Dark 12시간 cycle) 에서사육했다. 사료는퓨리나코리아에서공급하는토끼용고형사료를자유급이시키고, 자외선소독한상수도수를자유음수시켰다. 토끼의한쪽눈에시험물질을 1회처치하여시험군으로사용하고처치하지않은한쪽눈을대조군으로하여각막, 홍채및결막의손상정도에따라점막의자극성을판정하였다. 1군에 9마리씩선정하였으며 9 마리중 6마리는비세안군, 3마리는세안군으로나누었다. 시험물질투여후 1, 2, 3, 4, 7일에각막, 홍채, 결막에서의자극성을점수화하여판정하고만약시험물질에의하여눈에상해가있을경우 3일간격으로관찰하여 13일이상관찰했다. 자극양성물질로는 Benzalkonium chloride 5%, 중자극양성물질로는 Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 15%, 그리고저자극양성물질로는 Dimethyl Sulfoxide 100% 를사용하였다. Draize test 결과를 ECVAM 자료와비교하여상관성을확인하였다. 그외 BCO assay에서검정한물질에대한 Draize test 결과는 ECVAM 자료를참고로하였다. 3. Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay 는 Gautheron et al.(1992) 이제시한방법에따라실시했다. 도축장에서도축후즉시안구를적출하여 1% 페니실린과스트렙토마이신이포함된차가운 HBSS(Hanks` Balanced Salts) 완충제에담가운송했다. 실험실에서안구로부터각막을적출하기전에각막의혼탁도, 상처, 혈관신생등을주의깊게확인했다. 이상이있는각막은실험에서제외하였다. 각막을적출하여 bovine corneal holder에올려놓았다. Bovine corneal holder는각막을장착시킨후, 전부의공간과후부의공간으로나누어지게된다. 양공간에 32 로예열해둔 1% 우태아혈청을포함하는 MEM(FBS-MEM) 을채우고한시

3 Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay 법을이용한안점막자극물질의검증에관한연구 7 간동안 32 수조에서배양시켰다. 한시간배양후, 전부및후부공간의 FBS-MEM 를교체하고혼탁도를혼탁도측정기로기록하였다. 이값이 basal opacity 이다. 그다음시험물질 750μl를정해진노출시간에따라전부공간에적용시켰다. 액체상태의물질은 10 분, 용매에녹아있는물질은 4시간동안적용시켰다. 액체상태의물질은 4ml의 FBS-MEM으로 3회이상씻어내고 32 수조에서 2시간배양한후, 각막의혼탁도를측정하여기록했다. 용매에녹아있는물질은배양과정없이 FBS-MEM으로씻은후, 바로각막의혼탁도를측정하여기록했다. 이값을 final opacity 로하였다. 마지막측정한혼탁도인 final opacity에서초기혼탁도인 basal opacity를빼어 corrected value 를구한다음, 이값으로혼탁도를평가하였다. 혼탁도측정후, 각막을고정하여파라핀포매후박절하여 HE 염색후현미경으로관찰했다. 혼탁도의결과는 mild irritant(0~25), moderate irritant(25.1~55), severe irritant(>55.1) 로판정하였다. 각시험에서한물질당각막은 3개씩사용하였으며, 3회반복시험하여결과를도출했다. 혼탁도의결과와 Draize test의상관관계를확인하기위하여 Pearson correlation test를사용하였으며, 혼탁도결 과에따른안점막자극을예측하기위해서회기분석을실시하였다. 통계학적분석을위한프로그램은 Minitab 결 의약품등의독성시험기준 ( 식품의약품안전청고시제 호 ) 에서제시한 Draize test 평가기준으로양성자극물질을평가했을때, benzalkonium chloride 5% 는 severely irritant material, sodium lauryl sulfate 15% 는 moderately irritant material, 그리고 dimethyl sulfoxide 100% 는 non-irritant material로평가되었다 (Table 2, Fig. 1). Table 2. Draize test result Materials Conc. Draize test (%) A.O.I* Evaluation Benzalkonium chloride Severe irritant Sodium lauryl sulfate Moderate irritant Mild irritant Dimethyl Sulfoxide 50 9 Minimal irritant 25 6 Minimal irritant * A.O.I: Acute Ocular Irritation Index 과 (A) (B) (C) (D) Figure1. 안점막자극시험의육안소견 * A: control eye B: Benzalkonium chloride 5% C: Sodium lauryl sulfate 15% D: Dimethylsulfoxide 100%

4 8 Journal of Alternatives to Animal Experiments 양성물질로직접수행한 Draize test의결과와 ECVAM에서제시하는결과사이의상관관계분석시 Pearson's correlation coefficient가 0.982로높은상관관계를나타내었다 (P value=0.003). 그외의시험물질에대해서는 ECVAM에서제시하는 Draize test 결과를그대로사용하였다 (Table 3). Table 3. Reference data of Draize test materials In vivo data classification a Reference b MMAS EU OECD Trichloroacetic acid R41 A Isopropanol R36 B Tween NI NI a) NI=non-irritant; R36 / category B=irritating to eyes; R41 / category A=risk of serious damage to eyes. b) data from ECETOC(European Chemical Industry Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Centre, 1998). * MMAS=Modified Maximum Average Draize Test Score. 본시험에서수행한 Draize test 결과와 BCO assay 시험결과의상관성을분석한결과, 상관계수 0.994의높은상관성을보였다 (P=0.001). 양성물질을제외한나머지물질에대한 ECVAM의 Draize test 결과와 BCO 시험결과역시 0.968의높은상관계수를나타내었다 (P<0.001). 위의관계를회귀분석한결과는다음과같다. - 실제시행한 Draize test와 BCO assay 간의회귀분석 Draize data= BCO score (S= R-제곱 =98.8% R-제곱 ( 수정 )=98.4%) - ECVAM의 Draize test와 BCO assay 간의회귀분석 ECVAM Draize data= BCO score (S= R-제곱 =93.6% R-제곱 ( 수정 )=92.6%) BCO assay에서시험물질에대한 final opacity를측정하고, 이것을 basal opacity 값으로보정하여 corrected value, 즉 bovine corneal opacity score 를구하였다 (Corrected value=mean final opacitymean basal opacity). 3회반복시험을통해얻어진평균값및이에따른평가결과, 고중저자극으로예상한물질들이모두예상과동일한결과를보여주었다. 혼탁을보인각막을조직학적으로관찰한결과, 각막의 3층구조 ( 상피, 기질, 내피 ) 중기질에서의변화가관찰되었다. PBS 처치한각막과비교하였을때, benzalkonium chloride 5% 처치후에는기질의부종이일어났고, sodium lauryl sulfate 15% 처치후에는기질의변성이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). Table 4. BCO assay score and evaluation Classification Materials Corrected value(score) Evaluation 음성대조군 PBS 0.0±0.0 Non-irritant 고자극양성대조군 BAK 5% 119.5±7.6 Severe irritant 중자극양성대조군 SLS 15% 40.9±8.8 Moderate irritant 저자극양성대조군 DMSO 100% 17.3±1.7 Mild irritant 고자극예상물질 TCA 5% 208.3±10.1 Severe irritant 중자극예상물질 Isopropanol 100% 29.6±2.1 Moderate irritant 저자극예상물질 Tween ±2.1 Mild irritant 화장품 A사스킨 * -0.6±1.7 Non-irritant 화장품 D사스킨 * -2.4±0.0 Non-irritant 화장품 G사스킨 * -2.1±0.6 Non-irritant * 화장품원료물질대신완제품으로시험을진행함.

5 Bovine Corneal Opacity Assay 법을이용한안점막자극물질의검증에관한연구 9 (A) (B) (C) Figure 2. Histological cross-sections *A: PBS B: Benzalkonium chloride 5% C: Sodium lauryl sulfate 15% 고찰 Bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay 는이미여러유럽국가및미국등에서 in vivo Draize test의대체시험법으로사용되고있다. Protocol 이잘알려져있고상호검정시험이이루어졌지만 (Gautheron et al., 1994; Ubels et al., 2004; Secchi et al., 2006), 국내에서는처음시행되는시험법이므로대체시험법으로적용하기위해서, in vivo data가확립된물질을이용하여검정시험을하였다. 본시험에서사용한 10가지물질은양성대조군물질, 자극성이알려져있는물질, 그리고현재시판중인화장품제품을포함하였다. Draize test와 BCO assay의상관성분석결과는상호간높은상관성을가지며 Draize test의대체법으로서 BCO assay의실용화가능성을주었다. 이번시험과같이자극성이높은물질에대한검정 연구뿐만아니라실제화장품원료로사용되는물질에대한검정연구도필요할것으로생각된다. 또한한번에다량의각막을이용하기위해서, 또는연구소와인접한지역에위치한도축장의종류에따라 bovine cornea 뿐만아니라 porcine cornea(van den Berghe et al., 2005) 나 chicken cornea(prinsen et al., 1993) 를이용한 opacity assay도확립할필요가있다고사료된다. 감사의글 본연구를지원해주신국립독성연구원면역독성팀께감사드린다. 그리고소안구를제공해주신가락동도축장의소부산물담당자인김종림선생님께감사드린다.

6 10 Journal of Alternatives to Animal Experiments 참고문헌 Cooper KJ, Earl LK, Harbell J, Raabe H. (2001). Prediction of ocular irritancy of prototype shampoo formulations by the isolated rabbit eye (IRE) test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay. Toxicol Vitr 15: Current RD and Harbell JW. (1998). In Vitro Alternatives for Ocular Irritation, Environ Health Perspect 106:Supplement 2 Draize JH, Woodward G, Calvery HO. (1944). Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 82: Gautheron P, Dukic M, Alix D, Sina JF. (1992). Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test: an in vitro assay of ocular irritancy. Fundam Appl Toxicol 18: Gautheron P, Giroux J, Ctooin M, Audegound L, Morilla A, Mayordomo-blnaco L, Tortajada A, Haynes G, Vericat JA, Pirovano R, Gilliotos E, Hagemann C, Vanparys P, Deknudt G, Jacobs G, Prinsen M, Kalweit S, Spielmann H. (1994). Interlaboratory assessment of the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay. Toxicol Vitr 8: Prinsen MK, Koeter HB. (1993). Justification of the enucleated eye test with eyes from slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 31:69-76 Secchi A, Deligianni V. (2006). Ocular toxicology: the Draize eye test. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 6: Sina JF, Galer DM, Sussman RG, Gautheron P, Sargent EV, Leong B, Shah PV, Curren RD, Miller K. (1995). A collaborative evaluation of seven alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test using pharmaceutical intermediates. Fundam Appl Toxicol 26: Ubels JL, Ditlev JA, Clousing DP, Casterton PL. (2004). Corneal permeability in a redesigned corneal holder for the bovine cornea opacity and permeability assay. Toxicol Vitr 18: Van den Berghe C, Guillet MC, Compan D. (2005). Performance of porcine corneal opacity and permeability assay to predict eye irritation for water-soluble cosmetic ingredients. Toxicol Vitr 19:

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