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1 Original Article PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 27, No. 1, March, Evaluation of Radiation Dose for Dual Energy CBCT Using Multi-Grid Device Eun Bin Ju*, So Hyun Ahn, Sam Ju Cho, Ki Chang Keum, Rena Lee *Department of Medical Science, Ewha Womans University, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea The paper discusses radiation dose of dual energy CT on which copper modulation layer, is mounted in order to improve diagnostic performance of the dual energy CT. The radiation dose is estimated using MCNPX and its results are compared with that of the conventional dual energy CT system. CT X-ray spectra of 80 and 120 kvp, which are usually used for thorax, abdominal, head, and neck CT scans, were generated by the SPEC78 code and were used for the source specification SDEF card for MCNPX dose modeling. The copper modulation layer was located 20 cm away from a source covering half of the X-ray window. The radiation dose was measured as changing its thickness from 0.5 to 2.0 mm at intervals of 0.5 mm. Since the MCNPX tally provides only normalized values to a single particle, the dose conversion coefficients of F6 tally for the modulation layer-based dual energy CBCT should be calculated for matching the modeling results into the actual dose. The dose conversion coefficient is 7.2*10 4 cgy/output that is obtained from dose calibration curve between F6 tally and experimental results in which GAFCHORMIC EBT3 films were exposed by an already known source. Consequently, the dose of the modulation layer-based dual energy cone beam CT is 33 40% less than that of the single energy CT system. On the basis of the results, it is considered that scattered dose produced by the copper modulation layer is very small. It shows that the modulation layer-based dual energy CBCT system can effectively reduce radiation dose, which is the major disadvantage of established dual energy CT. Key Words: Dual energy cone beam CT, Dose evaluation, Monte Carlo Simulation, Modulation layer, Beam hardening effect 서 IMRT 및 IGRT 치료에있어콘빔 CT는환자의위치확인을위해없어서는안되는영상획득장비이다. 1,2) 현재사용되는콘빔 CT는단일에너지를이용하여영상을획득하고, 주로밀도가높은뼈조직영상만을이용하여환자의 This research was supported by the Radiation Safety Research Programs ( ) through the Nuclear Safety and Security CommIssion. This research was supported by International Cooperation Program for Industry and Technology funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. N ). Received 11 March 2016, Revised 25 March 2016, Accepted 28 March 2016 Correspondence: Rena Lee (renalee@ewha.ac.kr) Tel: , Fax: cc This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 위치를확인한다. 3) 그러나방사선치료시의표적 (Target) 이되는종양은밀도가낮은연조직이므로이중에너지영상기능이강화된콘빔 CT가사용될경우종양의위치확인에중요한역할을할것으로생각된다. 이중에너지 CT 영상시스템은현재팬빔 (Fan beam) CT 시스템에서많이사용되고있는데, 동일한영상획득시간내에두개의 kvp 에너지영역의 CT 영상을거의동시에얻는영상획득기술이다. 4,5) 이중에너지영상을획득하기위해사용되는방법에는에너지가각각다른두개의튜브와두개의검출기로이루어진시스템 (Siemens Medical Systems, Forchheim, Germany), 6-10) 한개의튜브와한개의검출기로짧은시간에튜브전압을변환시키며스캔하는시스템 (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan), 11-13) 한개의튜브를이용하면서두층으로구성된검출기에서각각검출효율이다른두에너지를스캔하는시스템 (Philips, Cleveland, OH) 등이있다. 14,15)
2 Eun Bin Ju, et al:evaluation of Radiation Dose for Dual Energy CBCT Using Multi-Grid Device 서로다른관전압을가진 2개의선원과 2개의검출기로구성된이중선원 CT 시스템은이중선원이 90도회전된편차 (offset) 를가지고동일한갠트리 (gantry) 내에서회전하며이중에너지영상을얻는시스템이다. 이러한시스템은기존 X-선튜브와검출기물질을그대로적용할수있고, 영상재구성기술또한기존의방법을적용할수있다는장점이있다. 특히, 두개의튜브로부터각각비슷한광자양으로다양한에너지를얻을수있도록관전압과관전류를자유롭게조절할수있다는점이가장중요한장점이다. 반면, 이시스템의단점은 CT 갠트리내의공간이더작은 2번째검출기를놓기에도부족하기때문에, 이중에너지 CT 스캔의 FOV의제한이있다는점이다. 또한, X-선선속방향이다른에너지의 X-선선속방향에대해수직이기때문에교차산란선 (cross-scatter) 에의해검출된데이터를오염시키는결과를초래하고, 피폭선량도증가하게된다는단점이있다. 기존의단일선원 64 채널다중검출기로이루어진 CT 에서하드웨어의추가적인변화없이소프트웨어업그레이드만을통해순간적이고반복적인관전압변화기술을이용한이중에너지 CT시스템은아주빠른발광효율을가진새로운섬광검출기 (Garnet crystal scintillator detector) 와높은관전압의 X-선튜브와튜브관전압을빠르게변화시키는체계의결합으로이루어져있다. 이러한기술은, X선튜브의관전압이펄스형태의곡선과같은형태를띠게되고, 투사영상은투사할때마다높은펄스와낮은펄스에서각각 1장의영상을획득하게된다. 따라서, 추가적인하드웨어가필요하지않으므로, 낮은가격으로도구현할수있다는장점이있는반면, 저에너지영상과고에너지영역의영상간의정확한영상처리가필요하기때문에, 영상획득속도가느리다는단점이있다. 1개의 X-선튜브와두개의층으로이루어진검출기를적용한 CT 시스템은서로다른광자스펙트럼을생성하지않고도입사에너지에대한분해능이높은물질인 Gd 2O 2S 2 에 ZnSe 또는 CsI 등을적용한 2층의검출기를사용하여이중에너지영상을얻는방법이다. 이시스템은단순히검출기부분만변형하여사용이가능하고, FOV의제한이없다는장점이있지만, 획득가능한스펙트럼이차이가제한적이고, 구조적인특성에의해선량획득효율이낮다는단점이있다. 본연구에서는구리판을이용한에너지변조필터를적용하여이중에너지영상을획득하는장비를개발하기에앞서, 환자선량에대한영향을평가하는것이필수적이기때 문에몬테칼로전산모사를이용하여선량을평가하고, 기존의다른방법들과비교하였다. 재료및방법본연구에사용된연구용콘빔 CT 장비는 Toshiba 사 X- 선튜브 (D054SB, Tochiba, Japan) 와, PaxScan 2520V (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) 검출기로구성되며, 관전압은 kvp, 관전류는 1 24 ma 범위에서구동이가능하다 (Fig. 1). 검출기-선원간거리는 90.0 cm, 선원-물체간거리는 360도회전하면서촬영할때, 0.5도간격으로 720장을획득하였다. 콘빔 CT의영상의질을분석하기위하여본연구실에서제작한팬텀은콘빔 CT의 field-of-view를고려하여직경 12.0 cm, 높이 15.0 cm의 PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) ( 밀도 : 1.19 g/cm 3 ) 내부에직경 6.0 cm의물 ( 밀도 : 1.00 g/cm 3 ), Teflon ( 밀도 : 2.25 g/cm 3 ), 공기 ( 밀도 : 1.21E-3 g/cm 3 ) 의 3층으로이루어져있다 (Fig. 2). 몬테칼로전산모사를이용하여에너지변조필터에의한영상선량변화를평가하기위하여 MCNPX (ver , Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA) 를사용하였다. 두경부, 흉부, 복부촬영에주로사용되는관전압인 80, 120 kvp에대한스펙트럼을 SPEC78 프로그램으로생성하여선원으로모사하였다. 구리물질로이루어진에너지변조필터 ( 밀도 : 8.96 g/cm 3 ) 는두께를 0.5 mm부터 2.0 mm까지 0.5 mm 간격으로변화시켜가면서선원으로부터 20.0 cm 거리에 X-선창을절반만가리도록모델링하였다. 팬텀이받는표면선량을계산하기위하여표면으로부터 2.0 mm 깊이에한변 Fig. 1. 전산모사에모델링한연구용콘빔 CT
3 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 27, No. 1, March, 2016 Fig. 2. 영상 평가용 팬텀과 전산모 사 모델링 단면도. Fig. 4. 선량 교정용 EBT3 필름 측정. Fig. 3. 선량 평가용 cell의 위치 개념도. 결 과 의 길이가 1.0 mm인 정육면체 cell을 팬텀 표면에 위치시켰 다(Fig. 3). 콘빔 CT의 회전은 tr card를 이용하여 10도 간격 EBT3 필름을 6 MV 선원에서 0부터 50 cgy까지 5개의 으로 360도 회전을 모사하였고 f6 tally를 이용하여 정육면 선량에 대하여 조사시켜 선량 환산 곡선을 획득하였다. 체 cell에서의 output을 계산하여 Gafchromic EBT3 필름에 Fig. 5는 획득한 선량 환산 곡선과 팬텀에 EBT3 필름을 부 5.0 mm bolus를 얹어 80 kvp, 6 ma로 4번 반복하여 실제 착하여 콘빔 CT의 표면 선량을 4회 반복 측정한 결과를 보 측정한 선량값으로부터 환산한 교정 상수를 이용하여 선량 여준다. 반복 측정 결과, 관전압 80 kvp과 6 ma의 조건으 으로 환산하였다(Fig. 4). Gafchromic EBT3 필름에 알고 있 로 콘빔 CT 촬영 시, 평균 10.1 cgy (표준편차 2.7 cgy) 조 는 선량을 조사시켜 EPSON Expression 10000XL (Seiko 사됨을 알 수 있었다. 실험과 동일한 조건으로 MCNPX의 Epson Corp., Nagano, Japan)를 사용하여 판독하여 선량 곡 f6 tally로 획득한 결과값과 측정값 간의 선량 환산 인자는 선을 획득하였다. 에너지 변조 필터에서 발생한 산란선에 7.2*104 cgy/output으로 구해졌다. MCNPX의 f6 tally를 이용하여 관전압이 80, 120 kvp일 의해 팬텀이 받는 선량을 평가하기 위하여 MCNPX의 TAG 옵션을 사용하였다. 때 팬텀이 받는 선량을 계산하였다. Fig. 6과 같이 80과
4 Eun Bin Ju, et al:evaluation of Radiation Dose for Dual Energy CBCT Using Multi-Grid Device Fig. 5. MV 선량환산곡선과팬텀에서 4번반복측정한측정선량. kvp에서선량은각각 10.1과 9.8 cgy로 80 kvp가약 3% 높은선량을보였다. 에너지변조필터의두께에따른선량을계산한결과, 0.5 mm 두께의에너지변조필터를위치시켰을때선량은두관전압에대하여모두 4.0 cgy로에너지변조필터가없을때와비교하여약 40% 로감소하였다. 에너지변조필터의두께가 2.0 mm까지두꺼워질때팬텀이받는선량은약 33% 까지감소하였다. 에너지변조필터에서컴프턴산란반응에의해생성된산란선에의한선량은전체선량의 0.04% 로매우낮은수치를보였다. 고찰및결론본연구에서 EBT3 필름을이용하여관전압 80 kvp인콘빔 CT의선량을획득하기위하여 6 MV 빔으로획득한선량환산곡선을사용하였다. 참고문헌에따르면 EBT3 필름의 4 MV대비 35 kev의상대측정민감도는 50 cgy에서 0.99로약 1% 낮게측정하는경향이있음을언급하였다. 18) 따라서본논문에서분석한선량값은실제콘빔 CT의선량과약 1% 의선량불확도를가질수있다. 또한, 80 kvp가 120 kvp에비해영상선량이 3% 더높은이유는표면선량을구하기위해팬텀표면으로부터 2.0 mm 안쪽의 cell에서선량을보았기때문에상대적으로저에너지 X-선이많은 80 kvp에서더많은 X-선이흡수되기때문으로판단된다. 이중에너지콘빔 CT에서필터를사용하면두가지에너지영역에대한영상을획득할수있고, 필터가없는영상은기존콘빔 CT 와동일한수준의영상품질을가질것이다. Fig. 6. 전산모사로획득한에너지변조필터두께별선량. 필터가있는영상은구리필터를사용하더라도구리판에의한산란선이선량을증가시키지않음을확인하였고, 필터가없을때와비교하여모든필터두께에대해약 40% 정도의선량이예상된다. 따라서, 필터가있는경우영상품질을향상시키기위해약 2.5배의 intensity를사용하여도선량은필터가없을때와같은수준으로유지됨을알수있었다. 추후실험과전산모사를이용하여영상품질평가에대한연구를수행할계획이며, 본연구의결과는필터를이용한이중에너지콘빔 CT의선량평가기초데이터로써의미가있다. 이중에너지 CT 시스템의임상적응용에관한연구가증가하는것에비해, 환자피폭선량에관한연구는상대적으로적다. 19,20) Ralf W. Bauer 등의연구에따르면, 8) 1세대이중에너지 CT 기술인이중선원 CT (140/80 kvp) 시스템에서의 CTDIvol값은 9.2±3.3 mgy 이고, 단일선원 CT (120 kvp) 시스템에서 CTDIvol 값은 8.5±2.6 mgy이므로, 이중선원 CT 시스템에서의 CTDIvol 값이단일선원 CT 시스템에서의 CTDIvol 값보다 10% 가량높다고발표하였다. 또한, Sandra S. Halliburton 등의연구에따르면, 22) 심장촬영 CT 에서이중선원 CT 의평균유효선량은 11.7 msv이고, 단일선원 CT의평균유효선량은 10.9 msv로써, 이중선원 CT 시스템에서의유효선량이단일선원 CT 시스템에서의유효선량보다약 10% 높다고할수있다. 그리고, Lisa M. Ho 등의연구에따르면, 8) 순간적이고반복적인관전압변화기술을이용한이중에너지 CT시스템의 CTDIvol 값은 49.4 mgy, 단일선원 CT 시스템의 CTDIvol 값은 16.2 mgy이다. 이중에너지 CT 시스템의유효선량의범위는 msv 이고, 단일선원 CT 시스
5 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 27, No. 1, March, 2016 템의유효선량의범위는 msv이다. 따라서, 이중에너지 CT 시스템의유효선량은단일선원 CT 시스템의유효선량보다 2배높은것으로발표하였다. 이와대조적으로, 에너지변조필터에기반한이중에너지영상획득기술을적용한본연구에서는이중에너지콘빔 CT 시스템의선량이단일에너지 CT 시스템의선량보다 33 40% 감소함을알수있다. 또한, 에너지변조필터의두께가 0.5 mm일때와 2.0 mm일때의선량감소의정도는 7% 이내였으며, 에너지변조필터에서발생한산란선에의한선량증가효과는거의없었다. 따라서, 인체내물질분별력이우수하여임상에널리응용되었던기존이중에너지 CT 시스템의상대적으로피폭선량이높다는단점을효과적으로개선할수있다. References 1. Ding GX, Duggan DM, Coffey CW et al: A study on adaptive IMRT treatment planning using kv cone-beam CT. Radiotherapy and Oncology 85(1): (2007) 2. AAPM Task Group No. 142: Quality assurance of medical accelerators. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. (2009) 3. Jaffray DA, Siewerdsen JH, Wong JW, Martinez AA: Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 53(5): (2002) 4. Danad I, Fayad ZA, Willemink MJ, Min JK: New applications of cardiac computed tomography: dual-energy, spectral, and molecular CT imaging. Cardiovascular Imaging 8(6): (2015) 5. Johnson T: Dual energy CT in clinical practice. Springer Science & Business Media (2011), pp: Primak AN, Giraldo JR, Liu X, Yu L, McCollough CH: Improved dual-energy material discrimination for dual-source CT by means of additional spectral filtration. Medical physics 36(4): (2009) 7. Petersilka M, Bruder H, Krauss B, Stierstorfer K, Flohr TG: Technical principles of dual source CT. European journal of radiology 68(3): (2008) 8. Johnson TR, Krauss B, Sedlmair M et al: Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience. European radiology 17(6): (2007) 9. Bauer RW, Kramer S, Renker M et al: Dose and image quality at CT pulmonary angiography comparison of first and second generation dual-energy CT and 64-slice CT. European radiology 21(10): (2011) 10. Schenzle JC, Sommer WH, Neumaier K et al: Dual energy CT of the chest: how about the dose? Investigative radiology 45(6): (2010) 11. Ho LM, Yoshizumi TT, Hurwitz LM et al: Dual energy versus single energy MDCT: measurement of radiation dose using adult abdominal imaging protocols. Academic radiology 16(11): (2009) 12. Matsumoto K, Jinzaki M, Tanami Y et al: Virtual monochromatic spectral imaging with fast kilovoltage switching: improved image quality as compared with that obtained with conventional 120-kVp CT. Radiology 259(1): (2011) 13. Kalender WA, Perman WH, Vetter JR, Klotz E: Evaluation of a prototype dual energy computed tomographic apparatus. I. Phantom studies. Medical physics, 13(3): (1986) 14. Hao J, Kang K, Zhang L, Chen Z: A novel image optimization method for dual-energy computed tomography. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 722:34-42 (2013) 15. Altman A, Carmi R: A Double Layer Detector, Dual Energy CT Principles, Advantages and Applications. Medical Physics 36(6): (2009) 16. Virginia T, John E, Raju S et al: Dose Reduction in CT while Maintaining Diagnostic Confidence: Diagnostic Reference Levels at Routine Head, Chest, and Abdominal CT IAEA-coordinated Research Project. Radiology 240(3): (2006) 17. Song WY, Kamath S, Ozawa S et al: A dose comparison study between XVI R and OBI R CBCT systems. Med phy 35(2): (2008) 18. Brown TA, Hogstrom KR, Alvarez D et al: Dose-response curve of EBT, EBT2, and EBT3 radiochromic films to synchrotron-produced monochromatic x-ray beams. Medical physics 39(12): (2012) 19. Cho YS, Jeong WK, Kim Y, Heo JN: Radiation Doses of Dual-Energy CT for Abdominopelvic CT: Comparison with Single-Energy CT. Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 65(5): (2011) 20. Raju R, Thompson AG, Lee K et al: Reduced iodine load with CT coronary angiography using dual-energy imaging: a prospective randomized trial compared with standard coronary CT angiography. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography 8(4): (2014) 21. Kerl JM, Bauer RW, Maurer TB et al: Dose levels at coronary CT angiography a comparison of dual energy-, dual source- and 16-slice CT. European radiology 21(3): (2011) 22. Halliburton SS, Sola S, Kuzmiak SA et al: Effect of dual-source cardiac computed tomography on patient radiation dose in a clinical setting: comparison to single-source imaging. Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography 2(6): (2008)
6 Eun Bin Ju, et al:evaluation of Radiation Dose for Dual Energy CBCT Using Multi-Grid Device 에너지변조필터를이용한이중에너지콘빔 CT 의선량평가 * 이화여자대학교의과학과, 연세대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실, 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원방사선종양학교실 주은빈 * ㆍ안소현 ㆍ조삼주 ㆍ금기창 ㆍ이레나 본연구에서는이중에너지영상을획득하는방법으로, 구리판을이용한에너지변조필터를사용하였을때의선량을계산및측정하였고, 기존의다른방법들과선량을비교하였다. 몬테칼로전산모사를이용하여에너지변조필터에의한선량변화를평가하기위하여 MCNPX를사용하였다. 두경부, 흉부, 복부촬영에주로사용되는관전압인 80, 120 kvp에대한스펙트럼을 SPEC78 프로그램으로생성하여선원을모사하였고, 구리물질로이루어진에너지변조필터 ( 밀도 : 8.96 g/cm 3 ) 는두께를 0.5 mm부터 2.0 mm까지 0.5 mm 간격으로변화시켜가면서선원으로부터 20.0 cm 거리에 X-선창을절반만가리도록모델링하였다. 몬테칼로전산모사값과실제선량값을비교하기위해서는교정상수가필요하므로, Gafchromic EBT3 필름에알고있는선량을조사한후판독하여선량교정곡선을획득하였다. 실험과동일한조건으로 MCNPX의 f6 tally로획득한결과값과측정값간의선량환산인자는 7.2*10 4 cgy/output으로구해졌으며, 관전압 80 kvp과관전류 6 ma의조건으로콘빔 CT 촬영시, 평균 10.1 cgy ( 표준편차 2.7 cgy) 조사됨을알수있었다. 에너지변조필터에기반한이중에너지영상획득기술을적용한본연구에서는이중에너지콘빔 CT 시스템의선량이단일에너지 CT 시스템의선량보다 33 40% 감소함을알수있다. 또한, 에너지변조필터에서발생한산란선에의한선량증가효과는거의없었다. 따라서, 인체내물질분별력이우수하여임상에널리응용되었던기존이중에너지 CT 시스템의상대적으로피폭선량이높다는단점을효과적으로개선할수있다. 중심단어 : 이중에너지콘빔 CT, 선량평가, 몬테칼로전산모사, 에너지변조필터, 선속경화효과
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