Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Vol. 29 No. 1, January 2019 pissn eissn Review
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1 Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Vol. 29 No. 1, January 2019 pissn eissn Review Article 추나단독치료의경추성현훈에대한효과 : 체계적문헌고찰 신선호 * 민경진 김의별 * 하원배 고연석 * 우석대학교한의과대학한방재활의학과교실 *, 나눔요양병원, 원광대학교한의과대학한방재활의학교실 Chuna Manual Therapy Alone for Cervicogenic Dizziness: A Systematic Review Seon-Ho Shin, K.M.D.*, Kyung-Jin Min, K.M.D., Eui-Byeol Kim, K.M.D.*, Won-Bae Ha, K.M.D., Youn-Seok Ko, K.M.D.* Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonsuk University*, Na-Num Long-Term Care Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University RECEIVED December 11, 2018 REVISED December 31, 2018 ACCEPTED January 2, 2019 CORRESPONDING TO Youn-Seok Ko, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University Medical Center, 46 Eoeun-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54987, Korea TEL (063) FAX (063) koyan@hanmail.net Copyright 2019 The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide an evidence base for the effectiveness of Chuna manual therapy (CMT) alone for cervicogenic dizziness. Methods We conducted a search up to October 2018 in 7 electronic databases. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that performed CMT for cervicogenic dizziness were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results Ten RCTs met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis of 4 RCTs showed favorable results for the use of CMT alone compared to medication. Conclusions In 10 RCTs, we found that CMT was effective in cervicogenic dizziness. However, most of the included RCTs were unclear risk of bias. Therefore, well designed RCTs would be needed to obtain the stronger evidence level of CMT for cervicogenic dizziness. (J Korean Med Rehabil 2019;29(1):1-6) Key words Chuna manual therapy, Cervicogenic dizziness, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Traditional Korean Medicine 서론»»» 현훈은임상적으로흔한자각증상중하나로, 眩은눈앞이어둡거나사물이흐리게보이며때로는눈앞에빛이번쩍이는것을의미하고, 暈은자신이나주위사물이도는것같이느껴온전히서있을수없는것을의미한다 1). 현훈은자각증상이기때문에, 그원인에는여러가지가있다. 대부분이전정또는미로구조의이상으로인한말초성현훈이대부분이다. 이경우곤혹스럽고때로는활동이제한되지만양성인경우가많다. 또한중추신경계통의질환에동반된중추성현훈과전신질환의증상으로나타나는현훈이있다 1). 이러한원인들중, 경추부의질환에의해나 타나는현훈이있는데이를경추성현훈 (cervicogenic dizziness) 이라고한다. 일반적으로경추성현훈은경부통증, 경부의뻣뻣함이나두통과연관된경부의불균형이나불안정에의해특징적으로나타난다 2). 경추성현훈은경부통증이발생하기시작하면심해지는양상을보이고, 경부통증이나경부의움직임의제한이개선되면현훈증상도개선되는양상을보인다 2). 이러한점에착안하여경추성현훈을치료하고자한다면경추의불균형이나불안정성해결, 경부근육의이완을위한추나치료가유효할것으로보이나, 아직이에대한국내한의학연구는 2편 3,4) 에불과하다. 이에본연구진은국내 외에서경추성현훈에추나치료를적용한무작위배정임상 1
2 신선호 민경진 김의별 하원배 고연석 연구를고찰하여경추성현훈에추나치료의효과에대한근거수준을마련하고자본연구를시행하였다. 연구방법»»» 1. 문헌검색 2018년 10월까지국내외에발표된임상논문을대상으로하였으며, 검색방법은오아시스 (oasis.kiom.re.kr), DBPia ( Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) ( 한국전통지식포탈 ( PubMed ( The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( Chinese Academic Journals ( 의 7개의온라인검색사이트를이용하여경추성현훈에추나단독치료를적용한논문을검색하였다. 검색어는 추나 와 경추성현훈 을각각의검색사이트에한국어 (" 경추성현훈 " AND " 추나 "), 영어 ("Cervicogenic" AND ["dizziness" OR "vertigo"] AND "Chuna Manual Therapy"), 중국어 (" 颈性眩暈 " AND " 推拿 ") 를사용하였다. 2. 포함, 배제기준국문, 중문, 영문으로작성된논문중 2018년 10월까지검색된논문을선정하였다. 검색된논문중경추성현훈환자를대상으로추나치료를단독으로시행한무작위배정임상연구를선정하였으며, 동물실험이나문헌고찰연구, In vitro 연구는배제하였다. 중재로는다른병행치료없이추나단독치료를시행한연구만포함하였다. 그리고검색된논문중에서대조군의치료방법, 치료기간, 연구에사용된평가지표, 환자의나이나, 성별등에제한을두지않았다. 상세히검토한후최종문헌을선정하였다. 2) 문헌분석및비뚤림위험평가문헌분석은두명의독립된연구자 (SHS, EBK) 가각각선별된연구의전문을검토하고연구디자인, 치료군과대조군의대상자수, 추나단독치료여부, 대조군치료방법, 치료효과, 평가지표등에대한자료를추출하였다. 자료추출에대하여두명의독립된연구자의의견이일치하지않을경우, 제3자인다른연구자 (YSK) 에게의견을구하였다. 비뚤림위험평가는두명의독립된연구자가각각선별된문헌중, Cochrane Collaboration 이개발한 Risk of bias 평가표 5) 를사용하여, 7가지항목에대해서각각비뚤림위험평가를시행하였다. 7가지중, 그외비뚤림에대해서는모집비뚤림및치료기간등에대해서평가하였다. 평가에있어의견불일치가있을경우, 재논의와함께제3자인다른연구자 (YSK) 의의견도구하였다. 4. 데이터추출및자료합성문헌에대한결과요약및합성을위하여, 결과값이이분형변수인경우비교위험도 (relative risk, RR) 를, 연속형변수인경우표준화된평균차 (The Standardized Mean Difference, SMD) 와 95% 신뢰구간 (confidence interval, CI) 을 Cochrane Software (Review Manager Version 5.3, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) 를이용하여계산하고데이터를추출하였다. 또한카이제곱검정 (p<0.10) 과 Higgins I 2 (I 2 >50%) 통계량을통하여연구들간에통계적으로이질성이있을경우, 포함된연구들의결과를변량효과모형 (Random Effect Model) 을이용하여자료를합성하였다. 그리고통계적이질성이없는경우, 포함된연구들의결과를고정효과모형 (Fixed Effect Model) 을이용하여자료를합성하였다. 3. 문헌선정및분석 1) 문헌검색및선별문헌검색및선별은두명의연구자 (SHS, EBK) 가각각독립적으로검색하였다. 검색된문헌을제목및초록을통해 1차적으로선별하고, 이후선별된논문의원문을구하여 결과»»» 1. 문헌선정 2018 년 10 월까지검색결과 7 개의온라인검색사이트 2 J Korean Med Rehabil 2019;29(1):1-6
3 추나단독치료의경추성현훈에대한효과 : 체계적문헌고찰 에서검색된논문은총 433편이었다. 이를대상으로검색된논문들의제목과초록을검토하여포함및배제기준에따라 1차적으로 39편의논문을선별하였다. 이후전문을구해포함및배제기준에따라논문을선별하였고, 10편 6-15) 의연구가최종선정되었다 (Fig. 1). 2. 문헌분석 1) 문헌개요선별된연구는총 10편이었으며, 모두중국에서발표한연구이다. 실험군은모두추나치료를단독으로시행하였으며, 대조군으로약물치료를사용한연구가 9편, 주사치료를사용한연구가 1편이었다. 자료분석결과는다음 과같다 (Table I). 2) 평가지표선별된 10편의연구에서총 866명의피험자를대상으로 4가지의평가지표를사용하였다. 증상호전에따른치료율 (efficacy rate) 을평가지표로사용한논문이 10편으로, 모든연구에서사용되었다. 그다음으로현훈지속시간, Dizziness Handicap inventory, The overall symptom and function scores 가사용된연구가각각 1편씩있었다. 3) 치료효과선별된 10편의연구에서추나군및대조군을포함한 20 개군의치료효과를분석한결과, 각각의평가지표에서모두치료전후통계적으로유의하게호전되었다. 그리고본연구에포함된논문중메타분석에포함된연구는총 4편이다. 4편모두 Sibelium 이라는약물을대조군으로사용하였고, 평가지표로모두 Efficacy Rate를사용하였다. Efficacy Rate는이분형변수이기때문에비교위험도를계산하였다. 메타분석에포함된 4편의연구는연구간통계적이질성 (p=0.18, I 2 =38%) 이확인되지않아고정효과모형을사용하였다. 그결과, 대조군을약물치료로사용한연구총 4편 7,13-15) 이메타분석에포함되었다. 약물치료로는 Sibelium 이사용되었으나, 연구간에치료기간, 투약방법등에다소차이가있었다. 4편의연구로메타분석을시행해본결과, Efficacy Rate에서추나단독치료가약물치료 (Sibelium) 에비해유의하게높았다 (RR=1.31, 95% CI=1.19 to 1.45, p< , I 2 =38%) (Fig. 2). 4) 비뚤림평가 Fig. 1. A flow chart diagram describing the trial selection process. 선정된 10 편의논문을 Cochrane Risk of Bias Criteria 5) Fig. 2. The meta-analysis outcome of effectiveness for cervicogenic dizziness between chuna manual therapy versus medication. CI: confidence interval. 3
4 신선호 민경진 김의별 하원배 고연석 Table I. Key Data of Studies First author (year) Intervention Control Duration Evaluation index Result Shen (2017) 6) A: 14 days 1. Vertigo duration therapy (n=64) B: 10 days 2. Efficacy rate Shao (2016) 7) Xue (2016) 8) Wei (2014) 9) Lei (2013) 10) Yan (2008) 11) Zuo (2008) 12) Song (2007) 13) Ji (2006) 14) Wang (2002) 15) therapy (n=60) therapy (n=29) A; Chuna manual therapy (n=30) therapy (n=40) therapy (n=36) therapy (n=45) therapy (n=80) therapy (n=32) therapy (n=34) B: Medication (sibelium 10 mg qd, betahistine mesylate 6 mg tid, vitamin 1 tab. tid) (n=64) B: Medication (sebelium 10 mg qd) (n=60) B: Medication (betahistine mesylate 12 mg tid, nimodipine 60 mg bid) (n=29) B: Medication (betahistine mesylate 6-12 mg tid) (n=30) B: Medication (Jinfukan keli 1 tab. tid) (n=40) B: Injection therapy (ligustrazine 20 ml) (n=28) B: Medication (sibelium 5 mg bid, danshen 2 tab. tid.) (n=27) B: Medication (sibelium 5 mg bid) (n=80) B: Medication (sibelium 10 mg qd) (n=30) B: Medication (sibelium 5 mg bid) (n=30) 1. A>B (p<0.05) 2. A>B (p<0.05) 14 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 14 days 1. Efficacy rate 2. Dizziness handicap inventory 1. A>B (p<0.05) 2. A>B (p<0.05) 14 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 21 days 1. Efficacy rate 2. The overall symptom and function scores 1. A>B (p<0.05) 2. A>B (p<0.05) 10 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 12 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 42 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 28 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 28 days 1. Efficacy rate 1. A>B (p<0.05) 를이용하여비뚤림평가를하였다 (Fig. 3). 무작위배정순서생성은 10편의논문중난수표를이용한 1편 8) 이 Low risk 로평가되었고, 나머지는언급이없어 Unclear risk로분류되었다. 배정은폐항목에서는모두언급이없어 Unclear risk로분류되었다. 그리고추나라는치료특성상맹검이불가능할것으로판단되어모든논문에서언급이없었지만모두 High risk로평가되었다. 그리고불충분한결과보고에서는 1편 7) 의연구에서결측치가보고되지않아 High risk로평가되었다. 그외연구에서는이부분에대해서언급이없어 Unclear risk로분류되었다. 선택적보고에서는 10편의논문모두프로토콜을구할수없어 Unclear risk로분류되었다. 그외비뚤림에서 1편 6) 에서는치료군과대조군의치료기간이같지않았고, 또 1편 12) 에서는치료군과대조군간의피험자수차이가커서, 이부분에대해서각각 High risk로평가하였다. 고찰및결론»»» 현훈은주로병적인상태를의미하며, 회전감, 흔들리는느낌, 돌아가는느낌, 기우는느낌등을동반한평형장애를말한다 16). 이러한현훈을호소하는환자의수는점차늘어가고있는추세이며현훈을유발하는원인들이다양하기때문에, 현훈을정확하게진단하는데에는어려운부분이있다 17). 그렇기때문에현훈에대한원인을정확하게파악하고적절한치료를시행하는것이중요하다. 현훈의원인은다양하며, 크게중추성현훈과말초성현훈으로나눌수있다. 중추성현훈은뇌경색, 뇌출혈등이있고말초성현훈은전정신경염, 양성발작성체위성현훈, 메니에르병, 미로염등이있고, 그외에생리학적현훈, 심인성현훈, 순환기병변에의한현훈, 혈액학적원인에의한현훈등이있을수있다 17). 이중경추성현훈은경부질환에의해나타나며, 경부 4 J Korean Med Rehabil 2019;29(1):1-6
5 추나단독치료의경추성현훈에대한효과 : 체계적문헌고찰 Fig. 3. Risk of bias summary. (+): low risk of bias, (-): high risk of bias, (?): unclear of bias. 통증이발생하기시작하면심해지는양상을보이고, 경부통증이나경부의움직임의제한이개선되면현훈증상도개선되는양상을보인다 2). 경추성현훈은 Ryan과 Cope 18) 에의해서처음소개되었는데, 전정신경계가이상이없는상태에서경추부에국한된척추변성증, 외상, 견인등이경부통증과함께현훈을유발한다고하였으나, 정확한메커니즘을정의하지는못했다. 이러한경추성현훈의병태생리학적원인에대해 Bracher 등 19) 은혈관의압박, 혈관운동신경의변화, 고유수용성감각의변화등 3가지원인으로설명했다. Wrisley 등 2) 에의하면경추성현훈은일반적으로수분혹은수시간동안지속되는삽화적성격으로발생하는데, 경추성현훈으로발생하는증상들은경추부를움직이거나경부통증이발생하기시작하면심해지고, 경부통증을개 선하는치료가이루어지면현훈증상도감소한다. 또한경추성현훈의진단은평형장애및현훈과목부위의통증사이의연관관계를확인함과동시에이전의경추질환이나손상의병력확인, 전정기능검사들을통해다른전정기능이상을배제하는방식으로이루어진다고한다 2). 그리고 Brandt 와 Bronstein 20) 은경추부또는경향부위의통증및불편감이동반된현훈이있고두부나경부의움직임에의해현훈이생겨나거나심화되며, 또한청각신경검사또는전정신경검사에서와우각전정계의이상소견이없는경우를경추성현훈에해당된다고하였다. 경추성현훈의한의학적치료로는경추부통증과연관된상부승모근, 흉쇄유돌근등의통증유발점을해결해주는침치료와관련혈자리에약침치료경추의움직임과정상적인고유수용성감각의회복을위한추나치료를시행할수있다 4). 특히경추질환의구조적인원인을제거하였을때, 현훈이호전된다는경추성현훈의병리학적특성에착안하면추나치료가상당히효과적일것이라고보인다. 이에본연구진은경추성현훈에추나치료의효과를알아보고자, 7개의온라인검색사이트에서경추성현훈에추나치료를단독으로적용한연구를검색하고무작위배정임상연구 10편을선별하여체계적문헌고찰과메타분석을시행하였다. 치료군의치료방법으로는추나치료를단독으로시행하였고, 대조군으로는 9편에서는혈관확장제로사용하는 Sibelium (flunarizine) 과 betahistine 등과단삼천궁과같은한약제제를이용한약물치료를시행하였고, 1편에서는천궁추출물로주사치료를시행하였다. 치료결과는 20개의환자군에서각각의평가지표에서치료전후통계적으로모두유의하게호전되었다. 그리고치료군과대조군의치료성적을각각의평가지표에서비교하면, 10편모두치료군이통계적으로유의한효과를보였다. 메타분석에는총 4편이포함되었으며, 대조군으로 Sibelium 을단독으로사용한연구가포함되었다. 분석결과, 추나치료가약물대조군에비해 Efficacy Rate에대해서유의하게치료성적이우수하였다. 그러나연구간에대조군약물의투약기간및투약방법에다소차이가있었다. 그리고 10편의무작위배정임상연구를대상으로 Cochrane Collaboration 이개발한 Risk of bias 평가표 5) 를사용하여비뚤림위혐평가를시행하였다. 10편의연구중대부분이연구방법에대한서술이간결하거나서술을생략한연구가많아비뚤림위험평가에대부분 불확실 로평가되었 5
6 신선호 민경진 김의별 하원배 고연석 다. 향후연구에서는이를보완하고엄격히설계하여비뚤림을최대한배제할수있어야한다. 그리고추나라는치료특성상눈가림에는한계가있으며, 이부분을보완하기위해추나연구방법론적으로좀더고민이필요할것으로사료된다. 본연구는 7개의온라인검색사이트를찾았으나, 한국, 중국, 영어권이외의연구나현재진행되고있는연구를포함하지못하였으며, 온라인검색사이트에등록되지않은회색문헌들은누락되었다. 그리고선정된연구의수가적고, 선정된연구또한모두중국에서발표한연구로언어적비뚤림이있을수있다. 또한치료군을추나단독으로설정하였으나, 추나기법에는여러가지가있어기법에따라그효과가달라질것으로추측이되지만이부분에대한세세한고찰이이루어지지않았다. 그리고다른치료와추나치료를병행하여시행하였을때치료효과가어떤지에대한고찰은이루어지지않았다. 이상으로 10편의논문을종합하여체계적고찰과메타분석을시행한결과, 추나단독치료가경추성현훈에기존의치료에비해유의한효과가있다는것을확인할수있었다. 그러나선정된연구의수가적고질적으로우수한연구라고보기는어려워, 연구결과를해석하는데에있어주의가필요하다. 그러나본연구는근골격계질환이아닌질환에추나치료가적용될수있다는근거수준을마련했다는데에의의가있다. 국내에서 2019년 3월부터추나치료가건강보험에적용이되지만, 아직은그대상질환에근골격계일부질환만포함되었다. 따라서근골격계질환이아닌질환에추나치료가적용될수있다는근거수준을높이기위해엄격하게설계된무작위배정임상연구가추가적으로필요할것으로사료된다. References»»» 1. Department of Simgye Internal Medicine in National University of Korean Medicine. Cardiology, Neurology of Korean Medicine. 4th ed. Seoul:Gunja Publisher. 2010: Wrisley DM, Sparto PJ, Whitney SL, Furman JM. Cervicogenic dizziness: a review of diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30(12): Ahn JL, Lee IS. Treatment of cervicogenic vertigo by general coordinative manipulation: two cases report. J Korean Med Rehabil. 2001;11(1): Hwang DG, Kim EJ, Choi KH, Heo SJ, Youn DW. A case report on a patient with cervical vertigo who improved with a combination of Korean Medicine treatments. J Int Korean Med. 2017;38(3): Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version [Internet] 2011 [cited 2018 Nov 20]. Available from: URL: ms.ac.ir/files/crtha/files/cochrane.pdf. 6. Shen M. An analysis of treating 128 cases of cervical vertigo by massage plus cervical traction. Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2017;9(17): Shao X, Tian J, Yin S. 47 cases of cervical vertigo treated with Chuna combined with exercise therapy. Zhejiang Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2016;51(1): Xue L, Luo Y, Chen S, Wu J. Clinical effect of flexible tendon manipulation on cervical vertigo. Chin J of Clinical Rational Drug Use. 2016;9(3): Wei W, Wang C. Clinical observation of 30 cases of cervical vertigo treated by Chuna. Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy. 2014;3: Lei P. Clinical analysis of Chuna treatment of cervical vertigo. Inner Mongolia Chinese Medicine. 2013;35: Yan W, He J. The cinical efficacy of Chuna for cervical vertigo. Chinese Manipulation and Qi Gong Therapy. 2008; 24(1): Zuo S, Chen L. Clinical observation of 45 cases of cervical vertigo treated by chuna. Fujian Med J. 2008;30(4): Song H. The clinical efficacy of Chuna treatment for cervical vertigo. JCAM 2007;23(3): Ji Q, Chen P. The short-term efficacy of Chuna treatment for cervical vertigo. Liaoning Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2006;33(6): Wang Q, Zeng Q, Gao A. The Chuna treatment for cervical vertigo in 34 cases. Shandong Medicine. 2002;42(36): The Korean Society of Oriental Neuropsychiatry Textbook Compilation Committee. Oriental Neuropsychiatry. 1st ed. Paju:Jipmoondang. 2011: Kim JY, Kim WH, Lee JS, Oh HM, Kim DW, Choi DJ. The diagnosis and treatment of the cervical vertigo. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2015;58(3): Ryan GM, Cope S. Cervical vertigo. Lancet. 1955;269(6905): Bracher ES, Almeida CI, Almeida RR, Duprat AC, Bracher CB. A combined approach for the treatment of cervical vertigo. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(2): Brandt T, Bronstein AM. Cervical vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71(1): J Korean Med Rehabil 2019;29(1):1-6
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