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1 Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 42(4): (2012) ISSN Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo* Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon , Korea (Received 21 November 2012; Revised 30 November 2012; Accepted 7 December 2012) 엽록체 DNA 염기서열분석을이용한한국산초롱꽃과 (Campanulaceae) 의계통유연관계 김경아 유기억 * 강원대학교자연과학대학생명과학과 Abstract: Phylogenetic studies were conducted to evaluate the taxonomic relationships among 28 taxa, including 2 outgroups of Korean Campanulaceae, using atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1 and trnl- F regions sequences in chloroplast DNA. The combined analyses of eight chloroplast DNA regions suggest that Codonopsis and Platycodon basally branches within the phylogenetic tree; Wahlenbergia distinguished an independent clade; Campanula forms a clade; Peracarpa and Asyneuma clade is a sister to the Adenophora- Hanabusaya clade; Hanabusaya is placed within the section Remotiflorae of Adenophora; Adenophora form a clade. Our present results support the generic level, although discordance remained at the infrageneric groups such as section and series based on morphological characteristics in the genus Adenophora. Keywords: Campanulaceae, Chloroplast DNA, Phylogenetic relationships 적요 : 한국산초롱꽃과 8속 28분류군과외군 2분류군등총 30분류군에대한계통유연관계를알아보기위하여엽록체 DNA의 atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1 그리고 trnl-f 지역의염기서열분석을실시하였다. 8개유전자지역의염기서열자료를융합하여분석한결과도라지속과더덕속이가장기부에분계조를형성하였고애기도라지속과초롱꽃속은각각독립적으로유집되었다. 홍노도라지속과영아자속은잔대속-금강초롱꽃속분계조를위한자매군을형성하였으며, 금강초롱꽃속은잔대속의모시대절과분계조를형성하였고잔대속은크게하나의군을형성하였다. 본연구에서다룬엽록체 DNA 8개지역의염기서열자료에기초한한국산초롱꽃과의계통분석결과, 속수준에서의구분은가능하였으나절또는계열등잔대속내에서의일부분류계급은형태형질에의한분류체계와일치하지않았다. 주요어 : 초롱꽃과, 엽록체 DNA, 계통유연관계 de Jussieu (1789) 에의해설정된초롱꽃과 (Campanulaceae Juss.) 는전세계에약 84 속 2,737 여종류가북반구온대지역을중심으로폭넓게분포하고 (Fedorov, 1957; Lammers, *Author for correspondence: yooko@kangwon.ac.kr Copyright 2012 the Korean Society of Plant Taxonomists 2007), APG 분류체계에의하면피자식물군 (Angiospermae), 핵심진정쌍자엽식물군 (Core Eudicots), 진정국화분계군 (Euasterids) 의국화목 (Asterales) 에속한다 (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009). 초롱꽃과에대한분류체계는종속지적 (monograph) 연구를수행한 de Candolle (1830) 을시초로하여 Fedorov (1957), Hong (1983), Kolakovsky (1987) 등에의해정립되어져왔으나, 학자에따라숫잔대과 (Lobeliaceae Juss.) 와의통합여부에관해서는견해차이가 282
2 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 283 있어왔다. 한국산에관해서는 Hemsley (1889) 가 Campanula glomerata L., Phyteuma japonicum Miq., 인천잔대 (Adenophora remotidens Hemsl.), 층층잔대 (Adenophora verticillata (Pall.) Fisch.), 초롱꽃 (Campanula punctata Lam.), 도라지 (Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC.), 숫잔대 (Lobelia sessilifolia Lamb.) 등 5 속 7 종을기재한것을시점으로 Nakai (1909, 1911), Kitamura (1941), Baranov (1963), Lee and Lee (1990), Lee et al. (1990), Lee et al. (1997) 등에의해종의분포가밝혀지거나새로운분류군이추가되었으며, Oh (1981) 는국내에분포하는초롱꽃과를 9 속 29 종 19 변종 12 품종으로, 그리고 Yoo (1995) 는 8 속 25 종 9 변종 8 품종으로정리한바있다. 한국산초롱꽃과에대한분류학적연구로는국내에분포하는일부분류군을대상으로염색체수 (Lee, 1967) 및화분형태 (Chang, 1979; Lee et al., 1988), 동위효소와형태형질변이 (Park and Jung, 2000) 에관한연구가수행되었고, 단일속을대상으로한연구로는 Yoo and Lee (1989) 와 Lee (1989, 1997) 에의해더덕속 (Codonopsis Wall.) 과잔대속 (Adenophora Fisch.) 에대한분류학적연구가수행되었다. 또한최근에는 Kim and Yoo (2011) 에의해 PCR-RFLP 와 ITS 염기서열분석을이용한한국산초롱꽃과의계통유연관계가밝혀진바있다. 한편우리나라특산속인금강 초롱꽃속 (Hanabusaya Nakai) 의경우초롱꽃과내에서의계통학적유연관계를밝히기위해화분형태연구 (Lee et al., 1986) 를비롯한 RAPD분석 (Yoo et al., 1996), ITS 염기서열분석 (Kim et al., 1999), 외부형태형질분석 (Park and Ko, 2000) 등다양한측면에서의연구가수행된반면, 가장최근에우리나라특산종으로보고된외대잔대 (Adenophora racemosa J. Lee et S. Lee) 는근연분류군과의종간유연관계를밝히기위해 ITS와 RAPD분석만이실시되었다 (Ji et al., 2010). 본연구는주로외부형태형질에의해분류되거나일부분류군에대한분류학적유연관계가밝혀졌을뿐, 일부연구 (Yoo, 1995; Kim and Yoo, 2011) 를제외하고는분자계통학적연구가수행되지않은한국산초롱꽃과식물을대상으로피자식물분류군에서계통학적유연관계를밝히는데널리사용되고있는엽록체 DNA의염기서열을비교 분석하여계통수를작성하고이를기존의연구결과와비교해보고자한다. 재료및방법 실험재료는 2009 년 6 월부터 2011 년 8 월까지자생지에서직접채집한생체재료를사용하였으며일부는건조된석엽표본의잎을이용하였다. 증거표본은강원대학교생 Table 1. List of samples used in this study. Taxa Voucher Source Family Campanulaceae Juss. 초롱꽃과 Genus Adenophora Fisch. 잔대속 Section Microdiscus Fed. 진퍼리잔대절 A. lamarckii Fisch. 두메잔대 Yoo53180(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Samyeong A. liliifolia (L.) Besser 나리잔대 Yoo143(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Seorak Section Platyphyllae (Borbas) Fed. 층층잔대절 A. verticillata (Pall.) Fisch. 층층잔대 Yoo75356(KWNU) Korea, Seonjaryeong var. hirsuta F. Schmidt 털잔대 KHB (KH) Korea, Mt. Jeonggak A. divaricata Franch. & Sav. 넓은잔대 Yoo73736(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Daedeok A. kayasanensis Kitam. 가야산잔대 Yoo75358(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Gaya A. racemosa J. Lee et S. Lee 외대잔대 Yoo58475(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Odae A. triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H.Hara 잔대 Yoo63275(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Samak Section Remotiflorae (Baranov) Ponomarchuk 모시대절 A. erecta S. Lee, J. Lee et S. Kim 선모시대 Yoo80073(KWNU) Korea, Ulleungdo A. grandiflora Nakai 도라지모시대 Yoo54257(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Daedeok A. remotiflora (S. et Z.) Miq. 모시대 Yoo75355(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Bohyeon var. hirticalyx S. Lee, Y. Chung & J. Lee 그늘모시대 Yoo19500(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Jiri Section Thyrsanthae (Fed.) Baranov 당잔대절 A. coronopifolia Fisch. 둥근잔대 Yoo18845(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Halla A. polyantha Nakai 수원잔대 Yoo62036(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Hakga A. stricta Miq. 당잔대 Yoo61921(KWNU) Korea, Podaebong
3 284 Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo Table 1. Continued. Taxa Voucher Source Genus Campanula L. 초롱꽃속 C. punctata Lam. 초롱꽃 Yoo75339(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Balgyo C. takesimana Nakai 섬초롱꽃 KHB (KH) Korea, Ulleungdo C. glomerata var. dahurica Fisch. ex Ker Gawl. 자주꽃방망이 Yoo75359(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Daedeok Genus Codonopsis Wall. 더덕속 C. lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv. 더덕 Yoo62006(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Bonghwa C. pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. 만삼 Yoo75340(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Gyebang C. ussuriensis (Rupr. & Maxim.) Hemsl. 소경불알 Yoo56567(KWNU) Korea, Seowon-myeon Genus Hanabusaya Nakai 금강초롱꽃속 H. asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 금강초롱꽃 Yoo75337(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Hwaak Genus Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk 영아자속 A. japonicum (Miq.) Briq. 영아자 Yoo75333(KWNU) Korea, Seonjaryeong Genus Peracarpa Hook. f. Thomson 홍노도라지속 P. carnosa var. circaeoides (F.Schmidt ex Miq.) Makino 홍노도라지 Yoo75152(KWNU) Korea, Gyorae-ri Genus Platycodon A. DC. 도라지속 P. grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. 도라지 Yoo75331(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Yak P. grandiflorus f. albiflorum Hara 백도라지 Yoo73108(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Bohyeon Genus Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth 애기도라지속 W. marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. 애기도라지 Yoo75148(KWNU) Korea, Dalsanbong Family Lobeliaceae Juss. 숫잔대과 L. chinensis Lour. 수염가래꽃 Yoo63251(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Bukbae L. sessilifolia Lamb. 숫잔대 Yoo75343(KWNU) Korea, Mt. Daeam 명과학과식물표본실 (KWNU) 에보관하였고, 외군은초롱꽃과와가장유사한분류군으로알려진숫잔대과의 2 분류군을사용하였다. 실험에사용된분류군의채집지정보는 Table 1 과같으며 GenBank accession number 는 Appendix 1 과같다. DNA 의추출은 Doyle and Doyle (1987) 의방법을따랐고, 추출한 DNA 는 Beckman spectrophotometer 로정량한후 5 ng/µl 로희석하여 PCR 을위한 DNA 로사용하였다. DNA 증폭은 DNA Thermal Cycler (Biometra, Whatman Co.) 로수행하였으며, atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1 그리고 trnl-f 지역의증폭을위한 primer 는 Table 2 와같다. PCR 조건은 94 o C 에서 5 분동안 pre denature 시킨후 94 o C 에서 1 분, 에서 1 분, 72 o C 에서 2 분을 cycle 로하여 회반복한후 72 o C 에서 10 분간더유지시켰다. 증폭된 DNA 는 1.0% agarose gel 에전기영동하여 UV 아래에서확인하였으며 Wizard PCR Preps DNA Purification System (Promega Co., Madison, WI, USA) 을이용하여정제하였다. 분자량비교를위한 marker 로는 1Kb Plus DNA Ladder 를사용하였다. 염기서열분석은 automatic DNA analyzer system ABI PRISM 3730XL analyzer (Applied Biosystems) 를이용하였다. 염기서열은 Sequencher (Gene codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan) 와 Clustal X 를이용하여정렬하였고, 최종세부정렬은수작업을통해수행하였으며정렬된염기서열은 PAUP * 4.02b10 (Swofford, 2003) 을사용하여최대절약분석 (maximum parsimony analysis) 을실시하였다. 분석방법은 heuristic search 를이용하였고, 그에따른 option 으로는 1,000 random-addition-sequence replications, ACCTRAN, MULPARS 그리고 TBR 을사용하였으며작성된분계도의지지정도를알아보기위하여형질재추출과정을 1,000 회반복하여 bootstrap (BS; Felsenstain, 1985) 값을산출하였다. 또한염기변이는 Kimura two-parameter methods (Kimura, 1980) 로계산된값을 (Farris et al., 1996) 백분율로환산하여사용하였고, Consistency index (CI), Retention index (RI), Rescaled consistency index (RC) 를산출하였다 (Farris, 1989). 결 과 염기서열분석본연구에서다룬외군 2 종을포함한총 30 분류군에대한 atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1 그리고 trnl-f 지역의염기서열을분석한결과는 Table 3 과같다. 정렬된유전자의길이는 atpb-rbcl 이 2,801 개로가
4 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 285 Table 2. Primer used for amplification and sequencing in this study. Primer * Sequences atpb S2F 5'-TATGAGAATCAATCCTACTACTTCT-3' S1494R 5'-TCAGTACACAAAGATTTAAGGTCA T-3' atpb-rbcl atpb2 5 -GAAGTAGTAGGATTGATTCTC-3 S385R 5 -GCGCAGATCTATGAATAGGAGACGT-3 S2R 5 -AGAAGTAGTAGGATTCATTCTCATA-3 atpb5 5 -TACAGTTGTCCATGTACCAG-3 rbcl1 5 -GAATCCAACACTTGCTTTAGTCTCT-3 atpf-h M13F+atpF 5 -GTTTTCCCAGTCACGACACTCGCACACACTCCCTTTCC-3 M13R+atpH 5 -CAGGAAACAGCTATGACGCTTTTATGGAAGCTTTAACAAT-3 matk trnk-3914f 5'-TGGGTTGCTAACTCAATGG-3' trnk-253f 5'-TTGGGTCGAGTCAATAAAT-3' matk-934f 5'-ATTTTGGTTATGACAATAA-3' matk-1848r 5'-TATCGAACTTCTTAATAGC-3' matk-2200r 5'-TCTGTATAACCTCCACAAAG-3' trnk-2r 5'-AACTAGTCGGATGGAGTAG-3' rbcl 1F 5'-ATGTCACCACAAACAGARACTAAAGC-3' CNEWR 5'-GTATCCATTGCGGCAAACTC-3' rpl16 rpl16-f71 5 -GCTATGCTTAGTGTGTGACTCGTTG-3 rpl16-r CCCTTCATTCTTCCTCTATGTTG-3 rpoc1 M13F+rpoC1 5 -GTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGTGGATACACTTCTTGATAATGG-3 M13R+rpoC1 5 -CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATAAGCATATCTTGAGTTGG-3 trnl-f trnk-l(c) 5 -CGAAATCGGTAGACGCTACG-3 trnk-l(e) 5 -GGTTCAAGTCCCTCTATCCC-3 trnk-l(f) 5 -ATTTGAACTGGTGACACGAG-3 trnk-l(d) 5 -GGGGATAGAGGGACTTGAAC-3 * atpb: Hoot et al. (1995), atpb-rbcl: Savolainen et al. (1994), Hoot et al. (1995), atpf-h: Kress et al. (2005), matk: Johnson and Soltis (1994), rbcl: Olmstead et al. (1992), rpl16: Jordan et al. (1996), rpoc1: Downie et al. (1996), trnl-f: Taberlet et al. (1991). Table 3. Characteristics of atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1, trnl-f region and combined data for 30 taxa of Korean Campanulaceae and outgroup. Characters atpb atpb-rbcl atpf-h matk rbcl rpl16 rpoc1 trnl-f combined Length of sequence (sites) 1, , ,682-1,919 1, , ,244-10,165 Aligned length (sites) 1,402 2, ,955 1,287 1, ,848 No. of variable sites ,170 No. of informative sites ,412 Sequence distance (%) Campanulaceae+outgroup Within Camapanulaceae 장길었고다음으로는 matk (1,955 개 ), atpb (1,402 개 ), rbcl (1,287 개 ) 등의순이었으며, atpb, rbcl 그리고 rpoc1 은모든분류군의염기서열길이가동일하였다. matk 의경우정렬된 1,955 개중 1,372 개는염기서열변화가없었고나머지 583 개는변화가있었으며, 8 개유전자지역중가장 많은염기 (292 개 ) 가계통수를그리는데유용하게사용되었다. 엽록체 DNA 8 개지역을융합한결과염기서열의길이는애기도라지 (Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC.) 가 8,244 개로가장짧았고영아자 (Asyneuma japonicum (Miq.) Briq.) 가 10,165 개로가장길었으며, 정렬된 30 분류
5 286 Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo 군의염기서열은총 10,848 개였다. 이중 8,678 개는변이가없었고, 나머지 2,170 개는변이가있었으며, 이중 1,412 개가계통수를그리는데유용한형질로사용되었다. 분류군간의염기변이를 Kimura s two parameter distance 로계산하여백분율로환산한결과외군을포함한자료에서는 matk 지역의홍노도라지 (Peracarpa carnosa var. circaeoides (F.Schmidt ex Miq.) Makino)- 수염가래꽃 (Lobelia chinensis Lour.) 이 18.60% 로가장높았으며, 다음으로는 atpb-rbcl 과 rpl16 지역에서영아자 - 수염가래꽃이각각 17.86% 와 17.24% 로높은염기변이를보였다. 내군의염기변이는 atpb-rbcl 이 14.77%( 도라지 - 애기도라지 ) 로가장높았고, atpb 의도라지 - 금강초롱꽃 (Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai) 과백도라지 (Platycodon grandiflorus f. albiflorum Hara)- 금강초롱꽃이 4.92% 로가장낮았다. 8 개지역을합하여염기변이를산출한결과는외군을포함해 서는 % 로나타났고, 외군을제외한 28 분류군내에서는 % 로비교적낮게나타났다. 속내에서의변이는더덕속이 % 로가장높았고, 다음으로는잔대속 ( %), 초롱꽃속 (Campanula L.)( %), 도라지속 (Platycodon A. DC.)(0.05%) 등의순이었다. 계통학적분석 1) atpb 분석 : atpb 의염기서열을이용하여최대절약분석을실시한결과, 계통수는크게 4 개의분계조 (clade) 를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이가장기부에분계조를형성하였고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속 (Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth) 과초롱꽃속이함께유집되었으며 (BS = 54%), 홍노도라지속 (Peracarpa Hook. f. Thomson) 과영아자속 (Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk) 이하나의분계조를형성하였다 (BS = 63%). 우리나라특산속인금강초롱꽃속은 Fig. 1. Schematic summaries of results. The bootstrap values greater than 50% are below the clades (A: atpb strict consensus tree, B: atpbrbcl strict consensus tree, C: atpf-h strict consensus tree, D: matk strict consensus tree, E: rbcl strict consensus tree, F: rpl16 strict consensus tree, G: rpoc1 strict consensus tree, H: trnl-f strict consensus tree).
6 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 287 잔대속과크게하나의군을형성하였으나, 병계원적인유집양상을보였다 (Fig. 1A). 2) atpb-rbcl 분석 : atpb-rbcl 염기서열의최대절약분석결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이가장기부에위치하였고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속은각각독립적으로유집되었으며, 홍노도라지속과영아자속이단계통을형성하였다 (BS = 100%). 금강초롱꽃속은잔대속과함께유집되었으나, 속간구별이불가능하였다 (Fig. 1B). 3) atpf-h 분석 : atpf-h 의염기서열을이용한분석결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였는데, 가장기부에도라지속과더덕속이하나의분계조를형성하였고 (BS=90%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속은각각독립적으로유집되었다. 홍노도라지속과영아자속은단계통을형성하였으며 (BS = 70%), 잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속도하나의분계조를형성하면서홍노도라지속 - 영아자속을위한자매군을형성하였다 (Fig. 1C). 4) matk 분석 : matk 의염기서열을이용하여최대절약분석을실시한결과, 계통수는크게 4 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이가장먼저유집되었고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속, 홍노도라지속과영아자속은각각 65% 와 66% 의지지도를가지고각각단계통을형성하였다. 금강초롱꽃속은잔대속과함께유집되었으나 unresolved 하게나타났다 (Fig. 1D). 5) rbcl 분석 : rbcl 의염기서열분석결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였는데, 도라지속과더덕속이기부에서가장먼저유집되었고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속은각각독립적으로유집되었다. 홍노도라지속과영아자속은 81% 의 bootstrap 값을가지고하나의분계조를형성하며초롱꽃속과잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속분계조사이에위치하였다 (Fig. 1E). 6) rpl16 분석 : rpl16 염기서열의최대절약분석결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이기부에서단계통을형성하였고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속은각각독립적으로유집되었으며, 홍노도라지속과영아자속은초롱꽃속과잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속분계조사이에서단계통을형성하였다 (BS = 64%)(Fig. 1F). 7) rpoc1 분석 : rpoc1 의염기서열을이용한최대절약분석결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이가장기부에단계통을형성하였고 (BS = 99%), 초롱꽃속, 홍노도라지속그리고영아자속이 각각독립적으로유집되었으며, 애기도라지속은잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속분계조와함께 64% 의지지도를가지고유집되었다 (Fig. 1G). 8) trnl-f 분석 : trnl-f 의염기서열을이용한최대절약분석결과, 계통수는크게 6 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속이가장기부에위치하였고, 다음으로는더덕속, 초롱꽃속그리고홍노도라지속이각각독립적으로유집되었다. 애기도라지속과영아자속은 89% 의 bootstrap 값을가지고홍노도라지속과잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속분계조사이에위치하였다 (Fig. 1H). 9) 엽록체 DNA 8 개지역을통합한분석 : 본연구에서사용한 8 가지엽록체 DNA 염기서열을융합하여분석한결과, 계통수는크게 5 개의분계조를형성하였다. 먼저도라지속과더덕속이가장기부에단계통을형성하였고 (BS = 100%), 애기도라지속과초롱꽃속도 100% 의높은지지도를가지고각각독립적인분계조를형성하였다. 홍노도라지속과영아자속은단계통을형성하며초롱꽃속과잔대속 - 금강초롱꽃속이포함된분계조사이에위치하였고 (BS = 100%), 금강초롱꽃속은잔대속과크게하나의군을형성하였다 (BS = 100%). 더덕속내에서는만삼 (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.) 이더덕 (C. lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv.) 과소경불알 (C. ussuriensis (Rupr. & Maxim.) Hemsl.) 이포함된분계조를위한자매군을형성하였으며 (BS=100%), 초롱꽃속내에서는초롱꽃과섬초롱꽃 (C. takesimana Nakai) 이 100% 의지지도를가지고함께유집되었다. 잔대속과금강초롱꽃속이포함된분계조내에서는모시대절 (Remotiflorae (Baranov) Ponomarchuk) 과금강초롱꽃이가까운유연관계를형성하며가장먼저분지되었으나 (BS = 100%), 병계원적인유집양상을보여뚜렷한유연관계를확인할수없었다. 다음으로는층층잔대절 (Platyphyllae (Borbas) Fed.) 의잔대 (Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H.Hara), 층층잔대, 털잔대 (A. verticillata var. hirsuta F. Schmidt) 가 87% 의 bootstrap 값을보이며하나의분계조를형성하였고, 진퍼리잔대절 (Microdiscus Fed.) 의나리잔대 (A. liliifolia (L.) Besser) 와두메잔대 (A. lamarckii Fisch.) 가함께유집되었으며, 당잔대절 (Thyrsanthae (Fed.) Baranov) 에속하는둥근잔대 (A. coronopifolia Fisch.), 섬잔대 (A. taquetii H. Lév.), 수원잔대 (A. polyantha Nakai), 당잔대 (A. stricta Miq.) 가 100% 의지지도를가지고독립적인분계조를형성하였다 (Fig. 2). 고 찰 화분의특징중공형발아구를갖는대부분의초롱꽃과식물과는달리구형또는공구형의발아구를갖는더덕속과도라지속 (Yoo, 1995) 은최근에수행된분자계통학적
7 288 Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo Fig. 2. Strict consensus tree of two equally parsimonious tree (2,970 steps, CI = 0.849, RI = 0.919, RC = 0.781) based on 1,412 phylogenetically informative changes in 8 regions sequences in cpdna of Korean Campanulaceae. The bootstrap values greater than 50% are below the clades. 연구 (Eddie et al., 2003; Harberle et al., 2009, Kim and Yoo, 2011) 에서외군으로부터가장먼저분지되었는데, 본연구에서다룬엽록체 DNA 8 개지역의염기서열을합한계통수에서도도라지속과더덕속은단계통을형성하며내군의가장기부에위치하였다. 주로아시아에분포하는더덕속과도라지속은초롱꽃과식물중비교적원시적인종류로써현재분포하는초롱꽃과의지리적분포에많은영향을미친분류군으로알려져있다 (Hong, 1995). 그러나일부구형또는공구형화분을갖는분류군들이격리분포를보이고있으므로초롱꽃과내에서의정확한조상종을밝히기위해서는진화초기단계의종류로추측되는더덕속, 도라지속, Cyananthus 속, Campanumoea 속, Leptocodon 속, Microcodon 속그리고 Canarina canariensis 등 (Hong, 1995) 을대상으로한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 더덕속의만삼은더덕과소경불알을위한자매군을형 성하여한국산초롱꽃과식물을대상으로 RFLP 와 ITS 분석을실시한선행연구결과 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 및외부형태형질 (Yoo, 1995) 에의한분계도와일치하는것으로확인되었다. 한편한라산근처의 1,100 m 이상에만생육지가한정되어있는애기더덕 (Codonopsis minima Nakai) 은소경불알에비해전체가왜소한특징으로 Nakai(1914) 에의해신종으로발표된후학자에따라소경불알의변종으로취급하기도하는등혼란이있어왔다. 이에외부형태및 RAPD 분석 (Yoo, 1995) 을실시한결과애기더덕은각각더덕그리고소경불알과하나의분계조를형성하였는데, 대부분의초롱꽃과연구에서는이들의종간유연관계를확인하지못하였으므로이에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 애기도라지속은외부형태및 RAPD 분석에의한연구결과 (Yoo, 1995) 에서홍노도라지속과분계조를형성한반
8 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 289 면본연구에서는독립적인분계조를형성하여최근에수행된 RFLP 와 ITS 분석결과 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 와유사하였다. 그러나남반구에분포하는애기도라지속 58 분류군을대상으로 ITS 와 trnl-f 분석을실시한결과, 애기도라지는 Jasione 속과함께유집되었고나머지분류군들은크게하나의분계조를형성하여애기도라지속이단계통을형성하지않는것으로보고된바있어 (Prebble et al., 2011), 본연구에서사용된애기도라지 1 분류군만으로애기도라지속의계통을논하기에는무리가있을것으로생각된다. 초롱꽃속은화관안쪽에반점이없고꽃이위를향해피는특징을가지는자주꽃방망이 (C. glomerata var. dahurica Fisch. ex Ker Gawl.) 가초롱꽃과섬초롱꽃을위한자매군을형성하여기존의 RAPD (Yoo, 1995) 및 ITS 분석 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 결과와일치하였으나, 초롱꽃속이단계통을형성하지않고자주꽃방망이가영아자속과도라지속사이에위치한외부형태형질분석에의한분계도 (Yoo, 1995) 와는차이를보였다. 영아자속은학자에따라주로유럽에분포하는 Phyteuma 속과혼동되어사용하기도하는데 (Yoo, 1995) Phyteuma 속이포함되지않은본연구와 RFLP 및 ITS 분석 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 결과에서는홍노도라지와분계조를형성하였고, 홍노도라지속이포함되지않은분자계통학적인연구 (Eddie et al., 2003; Haberle et al., 2009) 에서는 Phyteuma 속과가까운유연관계를형성하여이들의뚜렷한계통을파악하기에는무리가있을것으로판단되었다. 그러나최근홍노도라지족 (Peracarpeae Fed.) 의계통유연관계를확인하기위하여 matk, atpb 그리고 trnl-f 지역의염기서열을분석한결과 (Zhou et al., 2012), 홍노도라지속이유집된영아자속 -Phyteuma 속과서로다른분계조에위치하여영아자속이홍노도라지속보다는 Phyteuma 속과근연이라는기존의결과를지지하였다. 국내에분포하는초롱꽃과중가장많은분류군이포함되어있는잔대속은엽서와화반의형태에따라경엽이호생하고화반이배상인진퍼리잔대절, 경엽이윤생하며화반이원통상인층층잔대절, 경엽이호생하고화반이원통상인당잔대절그리고잔대속중유일하게뚜렷한엽병이있으며엉성한원추화서를가지는모시대절로구분되어지나 (Baranov, 1963), 연속적인개체변이가심함에도불구하고생태형들이분류의기준으로채택되어형태학적측면에서이들의유집이나종동정의애매함이지적된바있다 (Lee et al., 1988). 하지만초롱꽃과에관한연구중가장많은잔대속이포함되어있는 Kim and Yoo (2011) 의연구결과에서도대부분의잔대속분류군들이병계원적인유집양상을보여이들의뚜렷한유연관계를파악하기에는무리가있었는데, 본연구결과층층잔대절을제외한당잔대절과모시대절의경우외부형태에의한절수준에서의구분이가능하였으며모시대절은하나의분계조를형성하며잔대속내에서가장먼저분지되었다. 그중모 시대 (Adenophora remotiflora (S. et Z.) Miq.) 와비슷하지만잎이줄기상부에모여나며, 짧고빽빽한총상화서와반구형으로된매우짧은화반을갖는특징에의해신종으로발표된울릉도특산인선모시대는 (A. erecta S. Lee, J. Lee et S. Kim)(Lee et al., 1997) 내륙에분포하는모시대절분류군들을위한자매군을형성하였다. 또한형질의변이정도에따라종또는변종으로구분된모시대, 도라지모시대 (A. grandiflora Nakai) 그리고그늘모시대 (A. remotiflora var. hirticalyx S. Lee, Y. Chung & J. Lee) 는병계원적인분계조를형성하여, 연속적인변이를보이는이와같은분류군들을모종인모시대에통합시키는것이타당하다는 Lee (1997) 에의한결과를지지하였다. 당잔대절은잔대속내에서가장나중에분지되었으며외부형태에의한섬잔대계열 (Gmelinianae (Fed.) Baranov) 과수원잔대계열 (Polyanthae Baranov) 이뚜렷하게구분되었다. 하지만우리나라에서는한라산근처에만제한적으로분포하는둥근잔대와섬잔대는종의구분이명확하지않을뿐만아니라 (Lee, 1997), 학자에따라 A. gmelinii (Biehler) Fisch. 및 A. tashiroi Makino et Nakai 와통합하기도하는등분류학적실체에대한논란이있어왔으므로 (Hong, 1983; Yoo, 1995; Lee, 1997) 이러한분류군들을대상으로한종합적인연구가수행되어져야할것으로생각된다. 진퍼리잔대절은층층잔대절의가야산잔대 (A. kayasanensis Kitam.)- 외대잔대분계조와유집되었고, 층층잔대절은모시대절과당잔대절사이에위치하였으나기존의외부형태에의한계열수준에서의구분은불가능하였다. 이러한잔대속내에서의종의한계에대한문제점은기존의선행연구 (Lee, 1989; Yoo, 1995; Lee, 1997) 에서도지적된바있는데, 잔대속을구분하는데유용하게사용되는형태형질인화주와화관의길이는개체에따라연속적인변이를보일뿐만아니라화기내에서변화한다는사실 (Kanai, 1978) 에비추어볼때, 이러한변이에따라종을세분하는것은무리가있을것으로생각된다. 또한잔대속은조상형에서점진적인분화과정을통해초롱꽃과내에서가장최근에분화하여 (Arano and Saito, 1975) 활발한종내분화의진행으로인해외부형태형질의변이정도가다양한것으로생각되므로뚜렷한종간유연관계파악을위해서는변이정도에따른분류군과개체수준에서의다양한분석이필요할것으로판단된다. 금강초롱꽃속은취약웅예를가지는특징으로 Symphyandra asiatica Nakai 로발표된후 (Nakai, 1909), Symphyandra A. DC 속과는달리근출엽이없고, 잎이줄기상부에모여나는특징등에의해한국특산속으로승격되었다 (Nakai, 1911). 하지만 Fedorov (1957) 는금강초롱꽃속이초롱꽃과내에서취약웅예를가지는종류인 Symphyandra 및 Zeugandra P. H. Davis 속과매우유사하고, 초롱꽃과도형태적유연관계가매우높다고언급하여금강초롱꽃속에대한연구의필요성을제기하였으며, 그후주로국내학
9 290 Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo 자들에의해금강초롱꽃속의정확한분류학적위치를규명하기위한많은연구가수행되었다. 그중 Lee et al. (1986) 은화분표면에난선돌기가융합하고틈이발생하는등초롱꽃과매우유사하여독립된속으로처리하지않는것이타당하다고하였으나, 보다다양한지역의화분을관찰한결과종내변이폭이심해화분의특징만으로속을구별하는데는무리가있다고언급하여특산속으로서의가능성을인정하였으며 (Lee et al., 1988), 외부형태형질 (Park and Ko, 2000) 및 RAPD (Yoo et al., 1996) 분석을이용한연구결과도이와유사하였다. 하지만최근에수행된 RFLP 분석결과 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 에서는금강초롱꽃이잔대속분계조내에위치하여기존의화분및형태학적연구와차이를보였으며, 핵 DNA 의 ITS 염기서열분석결과 (Kim et al., 1999; Kim and Yoo, 2011) 에서는잔대속의모시대절과가깝게유집되어본연구에의한계통수와일치하였는데, Kimura s two parameter distance 를이용해염기변이를산출한결과에서도초롱꽃 (4.48%) 보다는모시대 (0.20%) 와더적은염기변이를보여금강초롱꽃이초롱꽃보다는모시대와더근연이라는기존의연구결과를지지하였다. 그러나선모시대를제외한모시대절분류군과는병계원적인유집양상을보여독립적인속으로써의계통학적위치는확인할수없었다. 한편 Symphyandra 속 3 종류와금강초롱꽃속이포함된 Eddie et al. (2003) 과 Haberle et al. (2009) 의계통분석결과에서는금강초롱꽃속이층층잔대절과가까운유연관계를형성하였는데, 이러한선행연구또한근연분류군인잔대속, Symphyandra 속그리고 Zeugandra 속분류군들이많이포함되어있지않았으므로금강초롱꽃속의정확한계통학적유연관계를파악하기위해서는이러한분류군들을포함한폭넓은연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 이상의분자계통학적인연구결과한국산초롱꽃과분류군들은속수준에서의구분이가능하였으며각속이유집되는위치에있어서기존의 ITS 분석에의한계통수 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 와는유사한반면, 외부형태와 RAPD (Yoo, 1995) 및 RFLP 분석에의한계통수 (Kim and Yoo, 2011) 와는차이를보였다. 또한형태적으로변이가심하게나타나는잔대속의경우종간염기변이가매우적었으며, 특히우리나라에분포하는잔대속중가장많은분류군이포함되어있는층층잔대절의경우병계원적으로유집되어구분이불가능하였다. 따라서초롱꽃과의절또는계열등속내하위분류군에대한계통유연관계를명확히파악하기위해서는전세계에분포하는많은집단을대상으로한종합적인연구가수행되어져야할것으로판단된다. 사 사 이논문은 2011 년도정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로 한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업임 (No ). 인용문헌 Arano, H. and H. Saito Cytological studies in family Campanulaceae. Karyotypes in Adenophora (I). La Kromosomo 99: Baranov, A. I Materials to the monograph of the species of Adenophora of N.E. China. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 16: Chang, N. K Pollen of Korean plant. Seoul National University Press, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean) De Candolle, A. P Monographie des Campanulees. V. Desray Press, Paris, French. (in French) De Jussieu, A. L Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita. Herissant and Barrois Press, Paris, French. (in French) Downie, S. R., E. Lianas and D. S. Katz-Downie Multiple independent losses of the rpoc1 intron in angiosperm chloroplast DNA s. Systematic Botany 21: Doyle, J. J. and J. S. Doyle A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: Eddie, W. M. M., T. Shulkina, J. Gaskin, R. C. Harberle and R. K. Jansen Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. str. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90: Farris, J. S The retention index and homoplasy excess. Systematic Zoology 38(4): Farris, J. S., V. A. Albert, M. Källersjo, D. Lipscomb and A. G. Kluge Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighborjoining. Cladistics 12(2): Fedorov, A. A Campanulaceae. In Flora of the U.S.S.R., vol 24. Shishkin, B. K. (eds.), Akademia Nauk, Moskva, Russia. Pp Felsentain, J Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39(4): Haberle, R. C., A. Dnag, T. Lee, C. Penaflor, H. Cotes-Burns, A. Oestreich, L. Raubeson, N. Cellinese, E. J. Edwards, S. T. Kim, W. M. M. Eddie and R. K. Jansen Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes. Taxon 58(3): Hemsley, W. B Campanulaceae. In The Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 26. William Carruthers, F. R. S. (eds.), Longmans, Green, and Co., London, UK. Pp Hong, D. Y Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. Science
10 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 291 Press, Beijing, China. 73(2): (in Chinese) Hong, D. Y The geography of the Campanulaceae: On the distribution centres. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33(6): (in Chinese) Hoot, S. B., A. Culham and P. R. Crane The utility of atpb gene sequences in resolving phylogenetic relationships: Comparison with rbcl and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences in the Lardizabalaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: Ji, Y. U., B. C. Moon, A. Y. Lee, J. M. Chun, B. K. Choo and H. K. Kim Molecular phylogenetic position of Adenophora racemosa, and endemic species in Korea. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 18(6): (in Korean) Johnson, L. A. and D. E. Soltis MatK DNA sequences and phylogenetic reconstruction in Saxifragaceae s.str. Systematic Botany 19: Jordan, W. C., M. W. Courtney and J. E. Neigel Low levels of intraspecific genetic variation at a rapidly evolving chloroplast DNA locus in North American duckweeds (Lemnaceae). American Journal of Botany 83(4): Kanai, H An approach to a logical identification of Japanese plants: Identification chart of Japanese species of the genus Adenophora (Campanulaceae). Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series B, Botany 4(4): Kim, K. A. and K. O. Yoo Phylogenetic relationships of Korean Campanulaceae based on PCR-RFLP and ITS sequences. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 41(2): (in Korean) Kim, Y. D., J. K. Lee, Y. B. Suh, S. T. Lee, S. H. Kim and R. K. Jansen Molecular evidence for the phylogenetic position of Hanabusaya asiatica Nakai (Campanulaceae), and endemic species in Korea. Journal of Plant Biology 42(2): Kimura, M A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: Kitamura, S On Adenophora triphylla DC. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10: (in Japanese) Kolakovsky, A. A System of the Campanulaceae family from the old world. Botanischeskii Zhurnal. Moskow & Leningrad 72(12): Kress, W. J., K. J. Wurdack, E. A. Zimmer, L. A. Weigt and D. H. Janzen Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: Lammers, T. G World checklist and bibliography of Campanulaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Press, Richmond, UK. Lee, J. K A taxonomic study of the genus Adenophora in Korea. Master Dissertation, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean) Lee, J. K Taxonomy of Adenophora sect. Remotiflorae (Campanulaceae). Ph. D. Dissertation, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean) Lee, J. K. and S. T. Lee Adenophora racemosa (Campanulaceae), a new species from Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20(2): Lee, S. T., J. K. Lee and S. T. Kim A new species of Adenophora (Campanulaceae) from Korea. Journal of Plant Research 110: Lee, S. T., Y. J. Chung and J. K. Lee A new variety of Adenophora, A. remotiflora var. hirticalyx. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20(3): (in Korean) Lee, S. T., Y. J. Chung and J. K. Lee A palynotaxonomic study of the Korean Campanulaceae. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 18(2): (in Korean) Lee, S. T., Y. M. An and K. R. Park Palynological relationship of Hanabusaya asiatica Nakai within the Campanulaceae. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 16(1): (in Korean) Lee, Y. N Chromosome numbers of flowering plants in Korea. Journal of Korean Research Institute, Ewha Women's University 11: Nakai, T Plantae novae Asiaticae. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 23: Nakai, T Flora Koreana. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 31: Oh. S. Y A review of the family Campanulaceae of Korea. Research Review of Kyungpook National University 31: (in Korean) Olmstead, R., H. J. Michaels, K. Scott and J. D. Palmer Monophyly of the Asteridae and identification of their major lineages inferred from DNA sequences of rbcl. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: Park, K. R. and H. J. Jung Isozyme and morphological variation in Campanula punctata and C. takesimana (Campanulaceae). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 30(1): (in Korean) Park, K. R. and M. S. Ko Taxonomic position of Hanabusaya asiatica Nakai within Korean Campanulaceae: Phylogenetic analysis using morphological data. Journal of Basic Sciences Research Institute, Kyungnam University 14: (in Korean) Prebble, J. M., C. N. Cupido, H. M. Meudt and P. J. Garnock- Jones First phylogenetic and biogeographical study of
11 292 Kyung-Ah Kim and Ki-Oug Yoo the southern bluebells (Wahlengergia, Campanulaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59: Savolainen, V., J. F. Manen, E. Douzery and R. Spichiger Molecular phylogeny of families related to Celastrales based on rbcl 5 flanking sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: Swofford, D. I PAUP * : Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods. ver. 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA. Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou and J. Bouvet Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161: Yoo, K. O Taxonomic studies on the Korean Campanulaceae. Ph. D. Dissertation, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea. (in Korean) Yoo, K. O. and W. T. Lee A taxonomic study of the genus Codonopsis in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 19(2): (in Korean) Yoo, K. O., W. T. Lee, N. S. Kim, J. H. Kim and H. T. Lim Comparative studies on the Hanabusaya asiatica and its allied groups based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science 37(2): (in Korean) Zhou, Z., J. Wen, G. Li and H. Sun Phylogenetic assessment and biogeographic analyses of tribe Peracarpeae (Campanulaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 298:
12 Phylogenetic relationships of Korean campanulaceae based on chloroplast DNA sequences 293 Appendix 1. Taxa and GenBank accession numbers for sequences used in this study. Accession numbers are given in the following order: atpb, atpb-rbcl, atpf-h, matk, rbcl, rpl16, rpoc1 and trnl-f. Adenophora lamarckii Fisch. 두메잔대 KC146462, HQ704475, HQ704515, KC146502, KC146542, HQ704592, HQ704632, HQ704672; A. liliifolia (L.) Besser 나리잔대 KC146460, HQ704473, HQ704513, KC146500, KC146540, HQ704590, HQ704630, HQ704670; A. verticillata (Pall.) Fisch. 층층잔대 KC146438, HQ704451, HQ704491, KC146478, KC146518, HQ704568, HQ704608, HQ704648; A. verticillata var. hirsuta F. Schmidt. 털잔대 KC146439, HQ704452, HQ704492, KC146479, KC146519, HQ704569, HQ704609, HQ704649; A. divaricata Franch. & Sav. 넓은잔대 KC146427, HQ704440, HQ704480, KC146467, KC146507, HQ704557, HQ704597, HQ704637; A. kayasanensis Kitam. 가야산잔대 KC146430, HQ704443, HQ704483, KC146470, KC146510, HQ704560, HQ704600, HQ704640; A. racemosa J. Lee et S. Lee 외대잔대 KC146432, HQ704467, HQ704507, KC146472, KC146512, HQ704584, HQ704624, HQ704664; A. triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara 잔대 KC146437, HQ704450, HQ704490, KC146477, KC146517, HQ704567, HQ704607, HQ704647; A. erecta S. Lee, J. Lee et S. Kim 선모시대 KC146465, HQ704476, HQ704516, KC146505, KC146545, HQ704593, HQ704633, HQ704673; A. grandiflora Nakai 도라지모시대 KC146429, HQ704442, HQ704482, KC146469, KC146509, HQ704559, HQ704599, HQ704639; A. remotiflora (S. et Z.) Miq. 모시대 KC146433, HQ704447, HQ704487, KC146473, KC146513, HQ704564, HQ704604, HQ704644; A. remotiflora var. hirticalyx S. Lee, Y. Chung & J. Lee 그늘모시대 KC146435, HQ704448, HQ704488, KC146475, KC146514, HQ704565, HQ704605, HQ704645; A. coronopifolia Fisch. 둥근잔대 KC146426, HQ704439, HQ704479, KC146466, KC146506, HQ704556, HQ704596, HQ704636; A. polyantha Nakai 수원잔대 KC146431, HQ704444, HQ704484, KC146471, KC146511, HQ704561, HQ704601, HQ704641; A. stricta Miq. 당잔대 KC146436, HQ704449, HQ704489, KC146476, KC146516, HQ704566, HQ704606, HQ704646; A. taquetii H. Lév. 섬잔대 KC146464, HQ704478, HQ704518, KC146504, KC146544, HQ704595, HQ704635, HQ704675; Campanula punctata Lam. 초롱꽃 KC146442, HQ704455, HQ704495, KC146482, KC146522, HQ704572, HQ704612, HQ704652; C. takesimana Nakai 섬초롱꽃 KC146443, HQ704456, HQ704496, KC146483, KC146523, HQ704573, HQ704613, HQ704653; C. glomerata var. dahurica Fisch. ex Ker Gawl. 자주꽃방망이 KC146441, HQ704454, HQ704494, KC146481, KC146521, HQ704571, HQ704611, HQ704651; Codonopsis lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv. 더덕 KC146444, HQ704457, HQ704497, KC146484, KC146524, HQ704574, HQ704614, HQ704654; C. pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. 만삼 KC146445, HQ704458, HQ704498, KC146485, KC146525, HQ704575, HQ704615, HQ704655; C. ussuriensis (Rupr. & Maxim) Hemsl. 소경불알 KC146446, HQ704459, HQ704499, KC146486, KC146526, HQ704576, HQ704616, HQ704656; Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai 금강초롱꽃 KC146447, HQ704460, HQ704500, KC146487, KC146527, HQ704577, HQ707617, HQ704657; Asyneuma japonicum (Miq.) Briq. 영아자 KC146440, HQ704453, HQ704493, KC146480, KC146520, HQ704570, HQ704610, HQ704650; Peracarpa carnosa var. circaeoides (F.Schmidt ex Miq.) Makino 홍노도라지 KC146448, HQ704461, HQ704501, KC146488, KC146528, HQ704578, HQ704618, HQ704658; Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. 도라지 KC146449, HQ704462, HQ704502, KC146489, KC HQ704579, HQ704619, HQ704659; P. grandiflorus f. albiflorum Hara 백도라지 KC146450, HQ704463, HQ704503, KC146490, KC146530, HQ704580, HQ704620, HQ704660; Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC. 애기도라지 KC146451, HQ704464, HQ704504, KC146491, KC146531, HQ704581, HQ704621, HQ704661; Lobelia chinensis Lour. 수염가래꽃 KC146452, HQ704465, HQ704505, KC146492, KC146532, HQ704582, HQ704622, HQ704662; L. sessilifolia Lamb. 숫잔대 KC146453, HQ704466, HQ704506, KC146493, KC146533, HQ704583, HQ704623, HQ704663
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