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1 통증 : 제 18 권 2008 종설 만성통증조절을위한심부뇌자극술 연세대학교의과대학신경외과학교실 강동완ㆍ장진우 = Abstract = Deep Brain Stimulation for Chronic Pain Control Dong-Wan Kang, M.D. and Jin Woo Chang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Pain is the common complaint of patients seeking medical attention. But, some patients fail to achieve adequate relief and side-effects arise with high doses of medication. Neurosurgical approach for the relief of pain is increased gradually, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a tool for the treatment of chronic pain states that do not respond to less invasive or conservative treatment options. The major advantage of DBS in contrast to traditional lesioning procedures is its adjustable and reversible feature that allows maximal clinical efficacy while minimizing complications. Careful patient selection, accurate target localization, and identification with intraoperative neurophysiological techniques are the key requirements for success and good long-term results. Key Words: Deep brain stimulation, Neuropathic pain 서론약물치료및비수술적방법에의한치료에반응이만족스럽지못한만성통증혹은신경인성통증 (Neuropathic pain) 에대하여여러가지수술적치료법이시도되어왔다. 하지만통증에대한신경외과적치료방법은침습성에의한합병증의우려, 마취나수술로인한합병증의가능성, 의학의발전에따른약물요법의발달과비침습적통증치료방법의발전으로시술이감소하여왔다. 그러나약물치료자체 도마약성진통제사용에따른다양한부작용과장기간사용에따른약물내성등으로통증을적절히조절하지못하는경우가허다하다. 한편최근에는이전에주로시행되었던파괴적수술법보다는심부뇌자극술 (Deep Brain Stimulation; DBS) 을통해통증을조절하고자하는접근이점차늘어나고있으며이중시상부자극을통한통증조절에대한개념은 Melzack 의통증에관한관문이론 (Gate theory) 1) 에두고있는데말초신경의큰유수섬유를자극하게되면작은신경섬유의활동을억제함으로써통증이조절된다고생각하고있다. 교신저자 : 장진우, 서울시서대문구신촌동 134 연세대학교의과대학신경외과학교실우편번호 : Tel: , Fax: jchang@yuhs.ac 역사적배경 1950 년대에 Heath 2,3) 와 Pool 등이 4) 정신분열병과전 59
2 60 통증 : 제 18 권 2008 이성암을가진환자들에서심부뇌자극이진통효과를보일수있다고보고하였지만실제로는 1970년대에들어와서더많은연구가이루어졌다. 시상부 (thalamus) 와속섬유막 (internal capsule) 의자극이 White 5), Mazars 6), Hosobuchi 7), Adams 8) 등에의해시도된이래몇년뒤에는뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회색질 (periaqueductal/periventricular gray matter; PAG/PVG) 에대한자극효과가보고되었다. 9,10) Mazars 등은시상부의뒤가쪽배쪽핵 (ventroposterolaterel nucleus) 을자극하여감각이상 (paresthesia) 만듦으로써통증효과를얻었다고보고하였고 Hosobuchi 등은난치성안면통증환자에게서시상부뒤안쪽배쪽핵 (ventroposteromedial nucleus) 을자극하여효과를보았다고하였다. 1970년대와 1980년대에는시상부와뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회백질자극술이만성통증에대해흔히사용된부위였지만이후보다비침습적인통증조절법의발달및효과에대한불확실성등으로수술환자의수가감소하였다. 1990년대들어새로운심부뇌자극술기구가미국식품의약국의승인을받음에따라다시그수가증가하고있으나아직까지정확한수술적응증, 심부뇌자극술의목표가되는해부학적위치, 심부뇌자극술에잘반응하는임상특징등은명확하지않은실정이다 11). 환자선택만성통증환자치료의첫번째는물론진통제, 항우울제등을포함한약물치료와물리치료이며이에대한반응이없을경우신경차단술, 척수신경자극술등을고려할수있다. 이러한여러가지치료에도 Table 1. Patient Selection Criteria 12) 불구하고통증조절에반응이없는경우심부뇌자극술을시행하게된다. 심부뇌자극술을시행하기전에환자에게시술에대한충분한설명이되고환자가이해하고동의해야하며통증의시작이적어도 6개월전이어야하고통증강도는 visual analog pain scale (VAS) 상최소 6점이상이어야한다. 명확한이유가밝혀지지않은통증환자의경우는좋은적응증이되지못한다 (Table 1). 정신과적문제혹은이차적이득 (Secondary gain) 등을감별하기위해정신과적평가가반드시필요하지만계속적인통증으로인하여환자는가벼운정도의우울증이나불안증등은동반될때가많다. 심한건강염려증이나히스테리등이있는경우결과가좋지않은것으로알려져있다 13). 저자의경우정신과등과협진을통해 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 등여러가지임상심리검사를시행후수술여부를결정하고있다. 심부뇌자극을하게되는해부학적부위는통증의병태생리와연관된다. 일반적으로신경인성통증은감각성시상부나속섬유막, 안쪽섬유띠 (Medial lemniscus) 등감각이상을유발하는부위를, 통각수용기성통증은뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회백질을선택하게된다. 대개환자들은신경인성통증과통각수용기성통증을동시에가지고있으므로감각이상을만들기위한자극과뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회색질을같이자극하기도한다. 한가지명심할점은통증조절을위한심부뇌자극술은난치성통증에대한마지막수단이라고생각해야한다 (Table 2). Table 2. Chronic Pain Conditions Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation 12) Evaluation and treatment by a multidisciplinary pain team Persistent, severe, incapacitating pain Failure of all previous treatment modalities Pain is the predominant complaint Absence of major psychological or psychosocial overlay Clear understanding that Procedure is not curative 50% reduction in pain is an anticipated result Pain recurrence can be common Neuropathic/deafferentation Anesthesia dolosa Iatrogenic trigeminal pain Stroke Thalamic syndromes Brachial plexus avulsion Postherpetic neuralgia Postcordotomy dysesthesia Spinal cord injuries Peripheral neuropathies Nociceptive Failed back Osteoarthritis Cancer pain
3 강동완ㆍ장진우 : 만성통증조절을위한심부뇌자극술 61 통증조절의기전 1) 감각이상유발자극감각이상유발을통한시상부자극의통증조절기전은정확하진않지만비아편유사제기전인것으로알려져있다. 신경인성통증을가진환자에서감각성시상부의비정상적신경세포활동이보고되어있다. 14) 즉이러한통증은시상부신경세포의비정상적인전기활동과관련이있고시상부자극이비정상적인신경세포의활동을방해하여효과를나타낸다고생각된다. 시상부자극은 A 신경섬유보다굵은 C 신경섬유의반응을더많이감소시킨다. 2) 뇌수도주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극뇌수도주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극을통한통증조절기전은아편유사제 (Opioid) 의존성경로를이용한다. 즉뇌수도주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극술후제 3 뇌실부근의뇌척수액에서베타엔도르핀이나 metenkephalin과같은내인성아편유사제의증가가관찰되었다. 15,16) 이러한자극효과는아편유사제길항제인 naloxone을투여하였을때감소한다. 한편중심정중핵 (centrum medianum) 이나중심가쪽핵 (centralis lateralis) 와같은섬유판속핵 (intralaminar nucleus) 도통증조절에관여함이밝혀져있다. 17) 수술법 1) 머리틀 (Head frame) 의고정및영상촬영환자는국소마취하에머리에틀을고정한후컴퓨터단층촬영 (CT) 이나자기공명영상촬영 (MRI) 을하게된다. 대개자기공명영상이더나은정보와이미지를주게되지만일부영상의왜곡등이생길수있다. 이러한단점을보완하기위하여일부외국병원에서는 MRI와 CT를융합 (fusion) 하여각각의단점을보완하기도한다. 저자의병원에서는 Leksll G frame (Elekta, Sweden) 을이용하여 1.5-tesla MRI 촬영을주로하고있다. 2) 해부학적표적의국소화자극을하고자하는감각성시상부의좌표는전교련 (anterior commissurea; AC) 과후교련 (posterior commissure; PC) 사이와의관계를이용하거나이미표준화된뇌지도 (brain atlas) 를이용할수있다. 중심선에서어느정도외측으로가야통증에대해좋은효과를얻는가하는것은통증의위치에따라다르며대개안면부통증은 mm, 상지는 mm, 하지는 15-17mm 정도가된다. 3) 생리학적표적의국소화해부학적위치를정한다음환자는수술실에서국소마취하에전극을삽입하게된다. 관상봉합선 1 cm 정도전방, 중심선으로부터 cm 정도외측이되는부분에 14 mm 크기의구멍을뚫고 X, Y, Z 좌표에따라작은관을삽입하여미세전극을기록한다. 미세전극은뇌안에서단일신경세포의전기활동까지도기록가능하며정확한생리학적목표를확인할수있게해준다. 게다가미세전극을이용한전기자극을환자가깨어있는상태에서직접시행하여볼수있다. 4) 감각이상유발표적감각이상유발표적은대개감각성배쪽꼬리쪽시상부 (ventral caudalis: VC) 나안쪽섬유띠혹은속섬유막이된다. 전극은대개양측성으로하게되며반신 (Hemibody) 에증상이있다면증상이있는쪽의반대편에삽입하게된다. 시상부뇌졸중과같이신경세포의손실이나해부학적구조의변화등은생리학적표적을찾는데어려움을줄수도있으며이러한경우에는뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극술이대안이될수있다. 5) 뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회색질표적뇌수도관주위회백질의표적은중심선에서 2 3 mm 외측, 수도관 1 2 mm 외측, 후교련 1 2 mm 후방, 그리고전교련-후교련연결높이의 2-3mm 아래가된다 18,19). 등쪽뇌수도관주위회백질 (dorsal PAG) 를자극할경우공포, 불안, 초조등을느낄수있고안구운동장애가올수도있다. 뇌실주위회색질의해부학적표적은후교련에서 2 5 mm 전방, 제 3뇌실의내측벽에서 2 mm 외측, 그리고후교련높이정도가된다. 뇌실주위회백질의자극은기분좋은느낌이나따뜻한느낌등을느낄수있고자극의세기가세면작열감이나불안감을느끼기도한다. 한편
4 62 통증 : 제 18 권 2008 뇌수도관주위 / 뇌실주위회백질의자극은심박동수의증가나혈압상승을유발할수있으므로주의하여야한다. 6) 심부뇌자극술을위한전극의삽입자기공명영상등을이용해얻은해부학적표적과미세전극기록등을통해얻은생리학적표적등을감안하여최종표적을정하게된다. 최종표적은자극할때부작용은적으면서최대한의효과를낼수있는곳을선택해야하며수술중전극삽입후자극을통하여그효과를일부예상할수있다. 또수술중전극의정확한위치를확인하기위해이동식 X-ray 장비등을이용하기도한다. 수술후에는전극의위치를확인하기위해컴퓨터단층촬영이나자기공명영상을시행하게된다. 저자들에따라전극삽입후바로자극발생기를삽입하기도하고 3-7일간의시험자극기간을갖게되기도한다. 시험자극기간 을갖지않는경우에는반드시수술실에서의자극이원하는정도에이르러야한다. 시험자극을하는동안환자의통증이 50% 이상감소되었다면최종적으로자극발생기를앞가슴부위에삽입하게된다. 결과통증은주관적인면이많고정확하게평가하기어려워그효과를판정함에있어서도힘든점이많다. 따라서통증과관련된심부뇌자극술의효과에대한논문들도일관성있게혹은표준화하여평가하기가쉽지않다. 게다가통증양상또한변하기마련으로최초의심부뇌자극술의효과와영구삽입후의효과도다르다. 대개통각수용기성통증에대한뇌실주위회색질자극술이신경인성통증치료를위한감각이상유발자극보다효과가좋다고알려져있다. Bittar 등이 20) 시행한메타분석에의하면뇌수도관 Table 3. Summary of deep brain stimulation in neuropathic pain by Chang Patient #1 #2 #3 Sex Female Man Female Age(years) Past medical history None Hypertension None Diagnosis Post-stroke Post-stroke Post-stroke Duration of pain(years) VAS Surgical target ST+bilateral cingulotomy ST+bilateral cingulotomy ST+bilateral cingulotomy VAS before IPG on VAS after IPG on Follow up period 12 months 11 months 8 months ST: sensory thalamus Fig. 1. Thalamic deep brain stimulation and bilateral cingulotomy
5 강동완ㆍ장진우 : 만성통증조절을위한심부뇌자극술 63 주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극술의장기효과가약 79%, 뇌수두관주위 / 뇌실주위회색질자극술과감각성시상부자극술을함께시행한경우의장기효과가약 87% 였다고하며, 감각성시상부자극술만시행한경우는장기효과가 58% 라고하였다. 다른연구결과들에있어서도장기적인효과는 50-70% 정도였다. 이러한효과는시간이지남에따라점차적으로감소하는것으로알려져있다. 대개통증에대한심부뇌자극술은암성통증, 척추수술후통증, 말초신경병성통증등에더효과가좋고시상부통증, 대상포진후통증, 외상성척수손상등에는반응이떨어진다고한다. 저자의경우뇌출혈이있은후발생한반신성 (Hemibody) 통증환자를대상으로통증에효과가있는것으로이미알려진양측대상회절개술과감각성시상부자극술을동시에시행함으로써좋은결과를보이고있다 (Table 3, Fig. 1). 합병증심부뇌자극술과관련된합병증은신경학적, 기술적혹은뇌자극과관련된것으로나누어볼수있다. 가장심각한신경학적합병증은뇌실질내출혈, 감염, 경련등이며가장심각한후유증을남길수있는뇌실질내출혈의가능성은 1 5% 정도된다. 감염의비율은 3 14% 정도되며대부분항생제로치료가능하지만경우에따라기계를모두제거해야하기도한다. 경련의비율은 3 4% 정도로보고되고있다. 기계와관련된합병증으로는 2 26% 정도가보고되며주로전극의절단이나분리, 전극의이동, 기계의고장등인데최근에는기능이많이향상되어이러한합병증의빈도가줄어들고있다. 자극과관련된합병증은대부분일시적이거나자극발생기의변수들을조정하여해결가능하다. 이러한것들에는두통, 복시 (diplopia), 오심, 안구운동장애, 언어장애, 자극에따른불쾌감등이있을수있다. 결론만성통증에대한심부뇌자극술은다른방법으로통증조절이힘든환자에게만시행되어야한다. 앞으로통증조절에대한심부뇌자극술의역할과더좋은표적을찾는것에대한연구가필요할것이다. 영상 기술과생리학적뇌지도기술 (brain mapping technique) 이발전하고자극술에이용되는기구들도개선됨에따라통증에대한심부뇌자극술의적응증이점점넓어지고있다. 기능자기공명영상 (functional MRI), 자기뇌파검사 (magnetoencephalography), 양전다방출단층촬영술 (positron emission tomography) 등이점차널리쓰임에따라통증의발생과기전에대하여더잘이해할수있게될것이며따라서만성통증에대한심부뇌자극술의적응증, 결과, 합병증등은더개선될것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 1) Melzack R, Wall R. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965; 150: ) Heath RG. Studies in schizophrenia: a multidisciplinary approach to mind-brain relationships. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; ) Heath RG, Mickle WA. Evaluation of seven years experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. In: Ramey ER, O Doherty DS, editors. Electrical studies on the unanesthetized human brain. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc. 1960; ) Pool JL, Clark WK, Hudson P, Lombardo M. Steroid hormonal response to stimulation of electrodes implanted in the subfrontal parts of the brain. In: Fields WS, Guillemin R, Carton CA, editors. Hypothalamic-hypophysial interrelationships, a symposium. Sprigfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas 1956; ) White JC, Sweet WH. Pain and the neurosurgeon: a 40-year experience. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas ) Mazars G, Merienne L, Ciolocca C. Intermittent analgesic thalamic stimulation. Preliminary note. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1973; 128: ) Hosobuchi Y, Adams JE, Rutkin B. Chronic thalamic stimulation for the control of facial anesthesia dolorosa. Arch Neurol 1973; 29: ) Adams JE, Hosobuchi Y, Fields HL. Stimulation of internal capsule for relief of chronic pain. J Neurosurg 1974; 41: ) Richardson DE, Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 2: chronic selfadministration in the periventricular gray matter. J
6 64 통증 : 제 18 권 2008 Neurosurg 1977c; 47: ) Hosobuchi Y, Adams JE, Linchitz R. Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone. Science 1977; 197: ) Hamani C, Schwalb JM, Rezai AR, Dostrovsky JO, Davis KD, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: Long-term outcome and the incidence of insertional effect. Pain : ) Burchiel KJ. Surgical management of pain. In: Rezai AR, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain.1st ed, New York, Thieme 2002; ) Wiltse L, Rocchio P. Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low-back syndrome. J Bone Joint Surge Am 1975; 57: ) Hirayama T, Dostrovsky JO, Gorecki J, Tasker RR, Lenz FA. Recordings of abnormal activity in patients with deafferentation and central pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1989; 52: ) Hosobuchi Y, Rossier J, Bloom FE, Guillemin R. Stimulation of human periaqueductal gray for pain relief increases immunoreactive beta-endorphin in ventricular fluid. Science 1979; 203: ) Young RF, Bach FW, Van Norman AS, Yaksh TL. Release of beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin into cerebrospinal fluid during deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. Effects of stimulation locus and site of sampling. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: ) Bushnell M, Duncan G. Sensory and affective aspects of pain perception: Is medial thalamus restricted to emotions issues? Exp Brain Res 1989; 78: ) Richardson DE, Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man, Part 1: Acute administration in periaqueductal and periventricular sites. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: ) Richardson DE, Akil H. Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man, Part 2: Chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matter. J Neurosurg 1977; 47: ) Bittar RG, Kar-Purkayastha I, Owen SL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:
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