09-08정성민

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1 대한응급의학회지제 24 권제 5 호 Volume 24, Number 5, October, 2013 원 저 조기와후기충수염의침상곁초음파소견비교연구 분당제생병원응급의학과, 해부병리과 1 정성민 전현민 홍종근 신태용 하영록 김영식 백소야 1 Bedside Sonographic Characteristics of Early and Late Appendicitis Sung Min Jung, M.D., Hyun Min Jeon, M.D., Chong Kun Hong, M.D., Tae Yong Shin, M.D., Young Rock Ha, M.D., Young Sik Kim, M.D., So Ya Paik, M.D. 1 Conclusion: Appendiceal diameter and non-compressibility were the only bedside ultrasound findings found in early appendicitis patients. Emergency physicians can detect early appendicitis and prevent complications before the migration of abdominal pain to the RLQ by bedside ultrasonography. Purpose: Studies on the relationship between appendiceal inflammation and bedside ultrasonographic findings are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine statistically significant parameters to diagnose appendicitis earlier by comparing ultrasonographic findings and clinical features between early and late appendicitis. Methods: A registry of right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain ultrasound from December 2011 to December 2012 was reviewed. Among these cohorts, patients pathologically proven to have appendicitis were selected and divided into two groups: an early appendicitis group, patients who complained of a diffuse abdominal pain, and a late appendicitis group, patients who complained of a localized right lower quadrant pain. The two groups were compared according to gender, age, bedside ultrasonographic findings, inflammatory markers, clinical features, and postoperative pathological findings. Results: A total of 102 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 42 patients (41.2%) were in the early appendicitis group and 60(58.8%) were in the late appendicitis group. Appendiceal diameter and noncompressibility did not differ between the groups. However, periappendiceal fat infiltration and fluid were less prevalent in the early group (p=0.031 vs. p=0.022, respectively). 책임저자 : 하영록경기도성남시분당구서현동분당제생병원응급의학과 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) youngrock.ha@gmail.com 접수일 : 2013년 8월 16일, 1차교정일 : 2013년 8월 20일게재승인일 : 2013년 9월 10일 539 Key Words: Appendicitis, Ultrasonography, Right Lower Quadrant Pain Department of Emergency Medicine and Pathology 1, Daejin Medical Center, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Bundang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea 1. 연구의배경 서 급성충수염은응급센터로내원한급성복통환자의진단명중에서수술적치료를필요로하는가장흔한질환중의하나이며, 우리나라에서는매년 10,000명중약14명이충수절제술을시행받을정도로흔한질환이다 1,2). 하지만현재까지도급성충수염의진단은초기의모호한증상발현으로인해임상의에게큰부담으로여겨지고있고오진율도낮게는 20% 에서높게는 50% 정도까지도보고되고있는상황이다 3). 급성충수염은진단이늦어지거나오진시농양, 복막염, 패혈증, 장폐색, 사망에까지이르게될수있어이의조기진단및치료는매우중요하다 4,5). 우하복부통증은급성충수염을의심하게할수있는가장흔하고중요한증상으로알려져있으나국소염증이진행된후에야벽측복막에분포된체성신경계통의자극으로우하복부의국소적통증을환자가호소하게되고염증의진행초기에는내장신경분포로인해모호한, 국한되지않은, 배꼽주위의통증을호소하여일반적인위장관염등과유사한증상을나타내어초기진단을어렵게하는것으로알려져있다 6,7). 최근여러상황에서응급의학과의사에의해시행된침 론

2 540 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 상곁초음파의유용성에대하여검증이되고있고, 급성충수염의경우에서도높은특이도로빠른진단에도움을주는것으로알려져있다 8,9). 하지만급성충수염환자가국소적우하복부통증을호소하기전염증초기단계에서애매모호한양상의복통을호소할시기의초음파소견등에대해서는아직명확히알려진바가없다. 2. 연구의목적 2. 연구방법본연구의대상환자는 2011년 12월 1일부터 2012년 12월 30일까지상기레지스트리 (registry) 에기록된환자중수술후병리학적으로급성충수염으로확진된환자를대상으로프로토콜검토및의무기록조사 (electronic medical records review) 를통해각각조기충수염그룹과후기충수염그룹으로나누어각각의특징을분석하였다. 본연구의목적은급성충수염으로확진된환자군을응급실내원당시환자주소에따라모호한, 국한되지않았던복부통증을호소하였던군과우하복부로이주된후국소적인통증을호소하였던군을각각조기충수염과후기충수염으로정의한후각각의침상곁초음파소견을비교하여, 조기충수염환자의특징적인초음파소견을찾아내어응급실에내원한급성충수염환자중모호한복부통증을호소하는환자를조기진단하는방법으로침상곁초음파의유용성을찾고자함이었다. 대상과방법 1. 자료의수집 1) 조기와후기충수염의작업적정의 (working definition) 대상환자들에대한프로토콜검토및의무기록조사를통해응급실내원당시우하복부통증을호소하지않았으나주치의의진찰에서우하복부압통이발견되었던환자군을조기충수염으로정의하였고, 우하복부에국한된통증을호소하면서주치의의진찰에서우하복부압통이발견되었던환자군을후기충수염으로정의하였다. 2) 대상군의제외기준 1) 18세미만의환자, 2) 타병원에서영상검사를통해확진후전원된환자, 3) 본원에서수술을시행하지않은환자, 4) 수술후병리학적검사에서급성충수염으로진단되지않았던환자및 5) 프로토콜기록이불충분한환자는분석에서제외하였다. 본연구는본원응급의학과에서시행하고있는우하복부통증프로토콜 (right lower quadrant pain ultrasound registry) 의자료를후향적으로분석한단면조사연구 (cross sectional study) 로서피험자에대한위험이없는우하복부통증프로토콜및단순전자의무기록의분석으로연구대상환자군에대한동의서는면제되었고본원임상시험윤리위원회의연구승인후시작되었다. 본원에서는복부통증을주소로내원한환자들중국소적인우하복부통증을호소하거나주치의의진찰소견에서우하복부에압통이관찰되어급성충수염이의심되는모든환자를대상으로응급의학과전공의나전문의가본원프로토콜을이용하여침상곁초음파검사 (bedside ultrasound examination) 를시행하는시스템이확립되어있다 10). 그프로토콜에는환자의성별및나이와함께전구증상, 내원시증상, 지속시간, 통증의위치, 지속적통증여부, 통증의강도증가여부, 통증부위의이동등의임상양상이기록되며이학적검사로는복부경직, 기침으로인한통증악화, 우하복부압통, 반발압통, 체온상승등이항목으로기록된다. 임상병리학적검사로는백혈구수치, C-반응성단백질이항목으로기술되며상기두가지수치는환자가응급센터방문후처음시행된결과만을기록하며또한 Alvarado 점수, 초음파소견등을목록으로정리하고기록하고있다 10-13). 3) 복부초음파검사복부초음파검사는 Acuson X500TM (Siemens. Mountain view, CA, USA) 장비로 10~15 MHz 탐촉자를이용하여 3년차이상의응급의학과전공의및전문의가시행하였다. 본연구시행자들은자체교육에의해 4주간의영상의학과복부초음파실파견교육을받고 12개월이상격주로정상성인을대상으로한실지전수식 (hands-on) 의복부초음파교육을이수하였다. 급성충수염의초음파적진단은 6 mm 이상의압박되지않는충수의관찰시진단하였으며 1) 두꺼워진벽을가진충수, 2) 초음파탐촉자로충수의심구조를압박할때에발생하는통증, 3) 충수주변의지방침착 (fat infiltration) 및 4) 체액저류 (extra-luminal fluid) 여부의소견을진단에참고하였다 14,15). 지방침착은정도에따라다음과같이 3 분류로나누었다. Grade 1; 주위구조물이잘관찰되며지방침착이보이지않는경우, Grade 2; 심부구조물이잘관찰되며복강내지방침착이약간증가된경우, Grade 3; 심부구조물이잘관찰되지않으며넓고저명한지방침착이관찰된경우로분류하였다 15,16) (Fig. 1). 검사시행후검사시행자가충수의위치, 단면의지름, 탐촉자로유발되는통증여부 (sonographic tenderness), 압박여부 (compressibility), 지방침착 (hyperechogenic fat infiltration), 주위의체액저류유무 (extra-luminal fluid) 등의

3 정성민외 : 조기와후기충수염의침상곁초음파소견비교연구 / 541 항목을체크하고기록지에기록하였다. 4) 추가영상검사침상곁초음파시행후급성충수염의소견에합당한경우외과전문의에게연락하여수술시행여부를결정하였고 1) 정상충수를확인하지못한경우, 2) 초음파검사에서급성충수염으로진단되었지만, 천공이나농양형성이의심되는경우, 3) 게실염등의다른질환의감별이필요한경우에응급의학과의판단으로복부컴퓨터단층촬영혹은영상의학과의사에의한초음파검사를시행하였다 14). 그외에도응급의학과초음파로충수염이진단되었으나담당외과의의판단에의해추가적인영상의학적검사를요구한경우에도시행되었다. 5) 병리학적진단대상환자군의의무기록을재조사하여기술된병리학적소견중 1) 급성염증 (acute inflammation), 2) 급성충수염 (acute appendicitis), 3) 급성화농충수염 (acute suppurative appendicitis) 은비합병충수염 (non-complicated appendicitis) 으로, 1) 괴저성변화 (gangrenous change), 2) 천공 (perforation) 및 3) 농양형성 (abscess formation) 은합병충수염 (complicated appendicitis) 으로재분류하였다 17,18). 3. 통계본연구에서통계처리는 PASW 18.0 (IBM Inc, Chicago, Illinois) 및 MedCalc version (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium) 프로그램을사용하였고, 범주형변수인경우카이제곱검정 (χ 2 test) 을, 연속형변수의경우에는정규분포를이루는경우독립 t 검정을, 정규분포를이루지않는경우에는 Mann Whitney U test 를각각사용하였다. 통계적유의성은 p 값이 0.05 미만인경우로정의하였다. A B C Fig. 1. (A) Grade 1 intraabdominal fat echo. Transverse sonogram of right lower quadrant shows enlarged vermiform structure with no definite intraabdominal fat echo, suggestive of early appendicitis. (B) Grade 2 intraabdominal fat echo. Transverse sonogram of right lower quadrant shows enlarged vermiform structure surrounded by slightly increased intraabdominal fat echo, indicating inflamed fat. (C) Grade 3 intraabdominal fat echo. Longitudinal sonogram of right lower quadrant shows enlarged appendix surrounded by definitely increased intraabdominal fat echo.

4 542 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 결과 1. 일반적특성 2011년 12월 1일부터 2012년 12월 30일까지급성복 증을주소로본원응급센터를내원한환자중본원우하복부통증프로토콜이적용된환자는 268명이었고그중 18 세미만의환자 (n=72) 를제외한 196명중, 급성충수염이의심되어본원에서수술이시행된환자는 103명이었으며, 그중병리학적검사상급성충수염으로최종진단된환자는총 102명이었다. 최종 102명이본연구에포함되었다 A B Fig. 2. Flow diagram of the study. (A) represents diagnostic flow of study participants, (B) represents classification on study entrants. *: Reason for additional imaging study, 1) suspected perforation or abscess formation (n=18), 2) possible other disease (n=4), 3) request of surgeon (n=38)

5 정성민외 : 조기와후기충수염의침상곁초음파소견비교연구 / 543 (Fig. 2A). 임상적으로조기충수염으로분류된군은 42 명, 후기충수염으로분류된군은 60명이었다 (Fig. 2B). 조기와후기충수염의환자군으로분류하여각각특성을비교해보면성별, 나이, Alvarado 점수는두그룹간통계학적차이를보이지않았으나통증발현시각부터내원시각까지의통증지속시간 (duration) 은각각 12.0( ) 시간및 25.5( ) 시간으로두군간에유의한통계학적차이를보였다 (p<0.001)(table. 1). 응급의학과초음파검사만으로추가영상의학적검사없이수술이결정된경우는총 38례였으며, 이비율은두그룹간에통계학적차이를보이지않았고, 추가적으로복부컴퓨터촬영이나영상의학과의사에의뢰하에초음파검사를시행한환자의비율도통계학적차이를보이지않았다 (Table 1). 2. 침상곁초음파소견의차이조기충수염군과후기충수염군의침상곁초음파소견을항목별로비교분석하였다. 단면의직경과압박유무는두그룹간통계학적차이를보이지않았다. 조기충수염군에서주위의체액저류 (periappendiceal fluid collection) 는각각 15.4% 와 37.0% 로후기그룹에비해적게나타났고 (p=0.022), 지방침착 (fat infiltration) 을정도에따라 Grade 1, 2, 3로구분하여두군을비교한결과, Grade 1 은 26.2% 대 11.7%, Grade 2는 47.6% 대 38.3%, Grade 3는 26.2% 대 50.0% 로통계적으로유의하게조기충수염일수록지방침착이낮은정도로나타났다 (p=0.031) (Table 2). 3. 임상병리결과의차이조기및후기충수염군의평균백혈구수는각각 14,097±3,977/mm 3, 11,691±4,158/mm 3 (p=0.004) 이었고, 평균 C-반응성단백질은각각 0.31 mg/dl ( ), 2.90 mg/dl ( ) 으로두군간통계학적유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001) (Table. 1). 4. 병리학적결과의차이병리학적결과를비합병충수염, 합병충수염으로분류하여조기충수염과후기충수염의비율을비교한결과, 비합병충수염의빈도는각각 88.1% 와 60.0% 으로조기충수염환자군이통계학적으로더많은비중을차지하였고, 합병충수염의빈도는각각 11.9% 와 40.0% 으로후기충수염환자군이더많은비중을차지하는것으로조사되었다 (p=0.002)(table 3). Table 1. General characteristics of study population. Characteristics Early group (n=42) Late group (n=60) p value Male sex (%) 21 (50.0%) 32 (53.3%) <0.740* Age (years) ( ) ( ) <0.131* Alvarado score 5.0 ( ) 5.0 ( ) <0.571* Duration (Hour) 12.0 ( ) ( ) <0.001* WBC (/mm 3 ) 14,097.6±3, ,691.7±4,158.5 <0.004 CRP (mg/dl) ( ) ( ) <0.001* Perform CT or US (%) 26 (59.5%) 38 (63.3%) <0.697* *: statistical significance with Mann Whitney U test : statistical significance with two sample t-test :abdomen computed tomography :ultrasound performed by radiologist Table 2. Comparisons of sonographic finding between groups. Characteristics Early group (n=42) Late group (n=60) p value Noncompressibility (%) 36 (94.7%) 53 (98.1%) 0.567* Fat infiltration 0.031* Grade 1 11 (26.2%) 07 (11.7%) Grade 2 20 (47.6%) 23 (38.3%) Grade 3 11 (26.2%) 30 (50.0%) Periappendiceal fluid (%) 06 (15.4%) 20 (37.0%) 0.022* Diameter 8.95 ( ) 9.85 ( ) 0.183* *: statistical significance with chi-square test

6 544 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 응급의학과의사가시행하는침상곁초음파의진단적능력 (diagnostic performance) 본연구에서응급의학과의사에의해시행된침상곁초음 파의진단적능력은병리학적으로확진된급성충수염여부를기준 (reference standard) 으로하였을경우민감도와특이도는각각 0.89 (95% Confidence interval (CI) ), 0.89 (95% CI ) 이었으며양성예측도와음성예측도는각각 0.92, (95% CI ), 0.84 (95% CI ) 로나타났다 (Table 4). 고 우하복부로통증이국한되기이전의조기충수염환자군은국소적인우하복부통증을호소하는후기충수염환자군과비교하여첫째로, 침상곁초음파소견상단면의직경과압박유무는차이가없게나타났으며둘째로, 지방침착, 체액저류등의소견은후기충수염환자에비하여유의하게적게나타났다. 급성충수염은병태생리학적으로관강내의협착으로인한압력의증가로혈액순환의장애를일으켜세균의증식및염증반응을일으키게되며초기에는내장신경통으로인해모호한통증으로나타나나염증이진행되어벽측복막에체성신경을자극하게되면우하복부의국소적통증을나타내게된다 19). 이러한기전으로보면모호한, 국한되지않은통증을호소하는환자군보다통증이이주되어국한된통증을호소하는환자군이충수의염증정도가더욱진행되었을것으로예측할수있으며초음파소견, 임상병리학적검사및병리학적검사에서차이가있을것으로예 찰 상되나이러한차이를명확히구분한연구는없었다. 본연구는우하복부통증을호소하지않는환자를조기충수염으로정의하여초음파적특징, 임상병리학적검사및병리학적진단을후기충수염과비교하여임상적으로국소적인우하복부통증을호소하기이전모호한복통을호소하는시기에충수염을진단할수있는방법을알아보고자하는최초의연구이다. 주치의가시행하는침상곁초음파의유용성은외상환자에서는이미잘알려져있고최근여러가지상황에서그사용이증대되고있다 20). Chen 등 9) 은응급의학과의사가시행한침상곁초음파의진단적능력 (diagnostic accuracy) 이외과의사의진찰소견보다우수함을보고한바있다. Cho 등 10) 은침상곁초음파소견을포함한급성충수염을예측하는새로운점수체계를개발하여이의곡선하면적 (area under curve) 이기존에알려진다른점수체계보다뛰어남을보고하여침상곁초음파가급성충수염이의심되는환자에서유용한선별도구로쓰일수있음을보고하였다. 하지만침상곁초음파의진단적능력은영상의학과의사가의해시행한초음파와비교하여다양한결과가보고되고있는데 Do 등 21) 은급성충수염환자군에서응급의학과의사에의하여시행한침상곁초음파의진단적능력이영상의학과의사와비교하여차이를보이지않음을보고하였으나 Fox 등 8) 은그들의연구에서침상곁초음파가약 90% 의높은특이도를나타내지만민감도는약65% 로급성충수염을배제하는도구로는사용되기어렵다고보고하였다. 본연구에서의민감도와특이도는각각 89%, 89% 로특이도는 Fox 등 8) 의연구와유사한결과를보였지만상대적으로높은민감도를나타냈다. 초음파검사결과에서조기와후기충수염은여러가지특성에서차이를보였으나진단적기준에포함되는단면의 Table 3. Characteristics pathologic results between two groups. Characteristics Early group (n=42) Late group (n=60) p value Pathologic classification 0.002* Uncomplicated appendicitis 37 (88.1%) 36 (60.0%) Complicated appendicitis 05 (11.9%) 24 (40.0%) *: statistical significance with chi-square test Table 4. Diagnostic performance of bedside ultrasound performed by emergency physician with the pathologic diagnosis. Characteristics Pathologic proven acute appendicitis Pathologic proven non-appendicitis US findings Acute appendicitis Non-appendicitis Prevalence=0.59(95% CI* ), Sensitivity=0.89, (95% CI* ), Specificity=0.89, (95% CI* ), Positive predictive value=0.92, (95% CI* ), Negative predictive value=0.84, (95% CI* ) *:confidence interval

7 정성민외 : 조기와후기충수염의침상곁초음파소견비교연구 / 545 직경과압박유무 (noncompressibility) 의두가지소견만두그룹간에차이를보이지않았다. 단면의직경은 8.95 mm 대 9.85 mm로후기그룹에서약간큰수치를나타냈지만통계학적차이를보이지는않았다. 압박유무도역시 94.7% 와 98.1% 로후기그룹에서약간더압박이되는충수의비율이적었으나역시통계학적으로유의한차이를나타내지는못했다. 결론적으로, 우하복부로통증의전이가발생하기전의조기충수염환자에서는초음파검사로확인가능한충수염양성소견이후기충수염환자와는달리단면의직경및압박되지않는충수소견외에지방침착이나체액저류등의소견은적게나타날수있다는점이다. 충수주위의체액저류 (Periappendiceal fluid) 및지방침윤의정도가통계학적으로유의하게후기충수염에서높은빈도를보이는결과에대해서는, 후기충수염에서임상양상이우하복부로국한되는것과동시에병리학적인국소염증이심화된다는것을객관적으로확인할수있었다. 비록침상곁초음파의특이도가연구마다다른결과를보이고있으나응급센터에서급성충수염을진단하는데유용한도구로사용되고있으며본연구의결과인국소적이지않은모호한양상의복통을호소하는환자의검사시 6 mm 이상의직경의압박되지않는충수소견만이나타나며그외지방침착및체액저류등의소견은상대적으로적게나타날수있음을이해한다면조기충수염을진단하는데도움이되는결과로생각한다. 응급센터에내원하는환자의병기를응급의학과의사가조절할수는없을지라도침상곁초음파는조기충수염환자를적절하게진단하여합병증을예방할수있는효과적인방법의하나가될수있다. 하나흥미로운사실은본연구에서충수는약 90% 정도에서초음파상확인할수있었다. 다른연구결과에서는충수를초음파상관찰하지못하는빈도를약 10~40% 정도로보고하고있어본연구결과에서의충수의확인률은높은편으로생각할수있다 22). 이연구에서다른연구와달리상대적으로높은민감도를보인사실도같은이유때문으로생각되는데첫째, 본원의응급의학과에서는 4주간의영상의학과복부초음파실파견교육뿐만아니라자체교육에의해지속적인실지전수식의복부초음파교육이지속적으로이루어져복부초음파에능숙하며, 둘째는대상환자군이급성충수염이문진및신체검진후의심되는환자군으로선택편이되어정상충수의비율이다른연구결과와비교해서적어서이런결과를나타내었을것이라고생각된다. 이연구에서조기와후기충수염환자군의특징및임상양상을각각비교해보면성별, 나이, Alvarado 점수는유의한통계학적차이를보이지않았으나임상증상의시간을비교해보면각각 12시간과 25시간으로통계학적유의한차이 (p<0.001) 로나타났다. Al-Gaithy 23) 는수술후병리학적으로염증성충수염 (inflamed appendicitis) 과합병 충수염 (complicated appendicitis) 으로분류하여두그룹을비교하였는데염증성충수염은 12시간이내, 합병충수염은 12시간이상의임상증상기간이차이를보였고본연구도이와일치하는결과를나타내고있다. 임상병리검사중본연구에서선택한염증의정도를반영하는것으로알려진두가지검사 ( 백혈구수치, C-반응단백질 ) 도통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다. C-반응단백질은 0.31 mg/dl 대 2.90 mg/dl로후기그룹에서더높은염증수치를나타냈으나, 백혈구수치는각각 14,097 ±3,977/mm 3 대 11,691±4,158/mm 3 로오히려조기그룹에서더높은결과를보여이는염증의진행정도를생각해볼때의문이생기는결과였다. Al-Gaithy 23) 의연구를보면염증성충수염과합병충수염에서백혈구수치는각각 13,030/mm 3 과 14,340/mm 3 로염증의정도가심한그룹에서약간의백혈구수치의증가를나타냈으나그수치자체만으로는질환의정도를예측할수는없다고결론짓고있으며, Andersson 24) 이연구한메타분석연구에서도급성충수염의정도와백혈구수치자체만으로는약한상관관계를가진다고결론짓고있다. 따라서높은백혈구수치자체로임상증상및염증의심화를예측할수없을것으로생각한다. 하지만오히려조기그룹에서후기그룹에비해백혈구수치가높게나타난것에대한점을설명하기에는부족함이있으며후기그룹은조기그룹에비해타원에서진통소염제등을상대적으로많은환자가투여받았을가능성을배제할수없다. 이연구의프로토콜에서타원에서의처치등에대한변수가수집되지않아상기변수가두그룹간의비교에교란변수 (confounding factor) 로작용하였을가능성이있다. 병리학적진단도유의한차이가있었고후기충수염으로갈수록합병충수염의비율이높은것으로나타났다. 이연구의제한점은첫째, 우하복부통증프로토콜을적용한그룹에서급성충수염의유병률 (prevalence) 이 45% 로다른연구에서의결과보다높다 2,25). 이는비록연구군자체가우하복부통증을호소하거나우하복부에압통이있는모든환자를대상으로하고있으나임상증상및신체검진이이루어진후침상곁초음파검사의실시여부가결정되므로각환자의담당주치의의무의식적인선입견이선택편이 (selection bias) 로작용하였을가능성이있다. 하지만검사당시주치의나검사시행자모두급성충수염의여부를알지못하는상태였기때문에상기그룹내의비교는타당하다고생각한다. 둘째, 비록이연구가이미시행되고있던우하복부통증프로토콜의자료를이용한것이지만후향적연구 (retrospective study) 의특성상추가적자료의수집시연구자의편이 (researcher bias) 가개입되었을가능성이있다. 셋째, 또한이연구가연구대상기간동안일련 (consecutive) 의환자를대상으로예정되었지만응급센터의예측되지않는상황및응급센터과밀

8 546 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 화등으로실제연구는편의 (convenience) 에의한환자군을대상으로진행되어환자의선택에검사시행자의선택편이 (selection bias) 가적용되었을가능성이있다. 결 모호한, 국한되지않은복부통증을호소하는시기의조기충수염에서침상곁초음파소견상 6 mm 이상의단면의직경과압박되지않는충수의 2가지소견만후기충수염과비교하여차이가없게나타나고나머지소견 ( 지방침착, 체액저류 ) 은적게나타나는것으로나타났다. 초기염증을나타내는조기충수염일경우환자의모호한통증을호소하는경우가많고응급의학과영역에서추가적인검사의필요성이망설여질때가많다. 응급의학과의사는임상증상의발현시간이짧아모호한복통을나타내는환자가우하복부의압통이있을때항상조기충수염을의심하여병력청취및신체검진직후에상기두가지소견에중점을두어초음파검사를침상옆에서시행함으로써급성충수염을초기에진단하는데도움을받을수있다. 론 참고문헌 01. Humes DJ, Simpson J. Acute appendicitis. BMJ. 2006; 333: Lee JH, Park YS, Choi JS. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in South Korea: national registry data. J Epidemiol. 2010;20: Lewis SR, Mahony PJ, Simpson J. Appendicitis. BMJ. 2011;343:d Papandria D, Goldstein SD, Rhee D, Salazar JH, Arlikar J, Gorgy A, et al. Risk of perforation increases with delay in recognition and surgery for acute appendicitis. J Surg Res. 2013;184: Bickell NA, Aufses AH, Jr., Rojas M, Bodian C. How time affects the risk of rupture in appendicitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202: Laurell H, Hansson LE, Gunnarsson U. Manifestations of acute appendicitis: a Prospective study on acute abdominal pain. Dig Surg. 2013;30: Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS. Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Arch Surg. 2001;136: Fox JC, Solley M, Anderson CL, Zlidenny A, Lahham S, Maasumi K. Prospective evaluation of emergency physician performed bedside ultrasound to detect acute appendicitis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2008;15: Chen SC, Wang HP, Hsu HY, Huang PM, Lin FY. Accuracy of ED sonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18: Cho HY, Park DH, Lee SS, Kim DU, Kim JS, Lee YG, et al. An emergency ultrasound (EUS)-enhanced scoring system for diagnosing acute appendicitis in patients with right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain; constant or aggravated pain, male sex, and ultrasound (CAMUS) scores. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2009;20: Moon HM, Park BS, Moon DJ. Diagnostic value of C- reactive protein in complicated appendicitis. J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2011;27: Alvarado A. A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15: Albu E, Miller BM, Choi Y, Lakhanpal S, Murthy RN, Gerst PH. Diagnostic value of C-reactive protein in acute appendicitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37: Sim JY, Kim HJ, Yeon JW, Suh BS, Kim KH, Ha YR, et al. Added value of ultrasound re-evaluation for patients with equivocal CT findings of acute appendicitis: a preliminary study. Eur Radiol. 2013;23: van Randen A, Lameris W, van Es HW, ten Hove W, Bouma WH, van Leeuwen MS, et al. Profiles of US and CT imaging features with a high probability of appendicitis. Eur Radiol. 2010;20: Lee MW, Kim YJ, Jeon HJ, Park SW, Jung SI, Yi JG. Sonography of acute right lower quadrant pain: importance of increased intraabdominal fat echo. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192: JE T, GD K, JS S. Emergency Medicine. A comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; p Emil S, Gaied F, Lo A, Laberge JM, Puligandla P, Shaw K, et al. Gangrenous appendicitis in children: a prospective evaluation of definition, bacteriology, histopathology, and outcomes. J Surg Res. 2012;177: Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN. Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348: Scalea TM, Rodriguez A, Chiu WC, Brenneman FD, Fallon WF Jr., Kato K, et al. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST): results from an international consensus conference. J Trauma. 1999;46: Do HH, Kim JC, Kim JH, Kim SC, Shin TY, Kim YS, et al. Accuracy of Emergency Physician's Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2005;16: Estey A, Poonai N, Lim R. Appendix not seen: the predictive value of secondary inflammatory sonographic signs. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013;29: Al-Gaithy ZK. Clinical value of total white blood cells and neutrophil counts in patients with suspected appendicitis:

9 정성민외 : 조기와후기충수염의침상곁초음파소견비교연구 / 547 retrospective study. World J Emerg Surg. 2012;7: Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg. 2004;91: Yu SH, Kim CB, Park JW, Kim MS, Radosevich DM. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of appendicitis: evaluation by meta-analysis. Korean J Radiol. 2005;6:

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