J Physiol & Pathol Korean Med 28(5):512~519, 2014 麥門冬에탄올추출물이알레르기염증반응에미치는영향 김호석 박지혜 김현갑 김재현 이비나 민주희 김은영 정혁상 이향숙 손영주 * 경희대학교한의과대학해부학교실 Effects of Ethano
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1 J Physiol & Pathol Korean Med 28(5):512~519, 2014 麥門冬에탄올추출물이알레르기염증반응에미치는영향 김호석 박지혜 김현갑 김재현 이비나 민주희 김은영 정혁상 이향숙 손영주 * 경희대학교한의과대학해부학교실 Effects of Ethanol Extract of Liriope platyphylla on Allergic I nflammation Ho Seok Kim, Ji hye Park, Hyun Kab Kim, Jae Hyun Kim, Bina Lee, Ju Hee Min, Eun Young Kim, Hyuk Sang Jung, Hyang Sook Lee, Young Joo Sohn* Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University This study investegated the effect of Liriope platyphylla (LP) on allergic reactions and its mechanism of action. We investigated the effect of LP on Evans Blue (EB) extravasation induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE in rats. We tested whether the ethanol extract of LP reduced ear skin thickness and historical changes induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to ears of mice. We evaluated compound 48/80-induced release of histamine in rats peritoneal mast cell (RPMCs). We also investigated the regulatory effect of LP on the level of inflammatory mediators in PMACI-induced human mast cell (HMC-1); cytokine IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in HMC-1, MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) in HMC-1. The ethanol extract of LP (81.3 mg/100 g body weight) significantly inhibited the PCA reaction compared with the control (P < 0.05). However, LP did not prevent topical applications of DNFB-induced ear skin thickening and histological changes. In RPMCs, histamine release induced by compound 48/80 was significantly attenuated by LP at 100 μg/ml (P < 0.05). LP extract (100 μg/ml) significantly reduced the PMACI-induced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α secretion via inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in HMC-1. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of LP inhibited mast cell-derived, immediate-type allergic reactions, and the result suggest the potential of LP for preventing allergic inflammatory disorders. keywords : Liriope platyphylla, IgE, PCA, Human Mast Cell, RPMC, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MAPKs 서론 알레르기라는개념은 1906년 Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet (C.V. Pirquet) 가처음으로제창하였다. Pirquet의시대까지에도이미면역현상의개념이확고했지만그의시대가되어과민증의지식이구체화되었다. 알레르기란그리스어의변한다는의미의 allos (change) 와작용의 ergo (action) 가합쳐진말로, 즉생체의변화된반응이라는뜻의합성어에서유래되었다 1). 알레르기는보통사람에게는아무런반응을나타내지않는외부자극에대해인체의면역기전이보통보다도과민한반응이유발되는것으로, Ⅰ형 anaphylaxis형, Ⅱ형세포용해형, Ⅲ 형면역복합체형, Ⅳ형세포중개형, Ⅴ형자극성과민반응형의 5 가지유형이있는데그중대부분은제Ⅰ형알러지반응에속한다 2,3). 알레르기반응은항원 (allergen) 에대해감작 (sensitization) 이되어 IgE에의해매개되는즉시성과민반응 (immediate hypersensitivity) 또는아나필라틱 (anaphylatic) 과민반응이다 4). 즉시성과민반응 (type I hypersensitivity) 은주로비만세포의 Fc수용체에결합된 IgE에특이적인항원이결합하여발생한다. 이상호작용은비만세포의탈과립 (degranulation) 과이에따른염증매개물질의방출을초래한다 5). 비만세포 (mast cell) 가활성화되면과립속에있던 histamine, serotonin, 호산구유주인자와 cytokine이방출되어과민반응이나타나게되며, 특히비만세포에서분비되는 interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 와같은 cytokine들은알레르기반응에서주요한역할을한다 6,7). 비만세포는급성염증과만성염증에모두관련되어있는데비만세포의염증작용에의하여많은질환이발생하게된다 8). 그러므로비만세포의생성과분비의억제는염증성질환들의치료 * Corresponding author Young Joo Sohn, Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, , Korea youngjoos@khu.ac.kr Tel : Received : 2014/06/09 Revised : 2014/08/29 Accepted : 2014/09/03 c The Korean Society of Korean Pathology, The Korean Society of Korean Physiology pissn eissn Available online at
2 H. S. Kim et al 513 에매우중요한인자가될것이다 9). 麥門冬 (Liriopis Tuber) 은백합과에속한多年生本草인맥문동 (Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang) 또는소엽맥문동 (Ophiopogon japonicus) 의塊根이다. 性은微寒하고, 味는辛味苦하다. 肺心胃三經에들어가肺胃의陰不足을淸養하여生津潤燥하고, 아울러淸心除煩하므로虛勞咳血, 乾咳稠痰, 心煩口渴및腸燥便秘등의證을치료하는데상용된다 10). 麥門冬은胃家의陰精을끌어서心肺를윤택하게하여脈道를통하게하고逆氣를내려가게하며煩熱을없앤다 11). 그외에麥門冬의효능으로는산소결핍, 부정맥과심허열개선, 출혈성 shock에대한작용, 혈당조절작용, 항균작용등을하여관상동맥질환, 피부건조증등에사용된다 12). 張元素는 麥門冬은肺中伏火를치료하고, 心氣不足을補한다. 13) 고하였는데, 이를두고長山雷는 燥熱이血을傷한것으로麥門冬이血의妄行을主한다 14) 고했는데이는火熱이오르는것을麥門冬의微寒苦味의힘으로치료한다고본것이다. 현재까지진행된麥門冬에대한연구로는 non-obese diabetic 당뇨생쥐에서췌장의 β-세포를선택적으로파괴하는염증면역세포의침윤을억제하여인슐린염으로진행을차단하는항염증효과 15), 麥門冬이세포손상으로인한 Bax 단백질양의증가를억제시키고 Bcl-2 단백질양의감소를회복시키는작용 16), lipopolysaccharide 처리를통해만성폐쇄성폐질환과유사한병리변화를유발시킨폐손상모델에서麥門冬이세포의생존력을개선시키고염증성진행을억제함으로써폐손상을보호하는효과 17), 천식모델에서기도염증과기관지의과민반응의억제효과 18), 麥門冬추출물에서의면역조절효과 19), 구속스트레스로유발된기억손상에대한麥門冬의신경보호효과 20) 등의연구가있었다. 麥門冬이肺中伏火와血의燥熱을치료하는효능이염증효과와밀접하게연관되어있다고볼수있다. 기존의연구에서도이러한麥門冬의효과가당뇨와폐손상모델에서염증에대한조절로발현되었다. 따라서皮毛를主하는肺에귀경하여, 潤肺陰과淸肺熱하는麥門冬이알레르기염증반응의치료에관련이있을것으로생각된다. 그러나현재까지연구된결과를살펴볼때알레르기와관련된연구가미비하기에이에저자는알레르기질환에있어서麥門冬의효능과기전에대해알아보고자본연구를설계하였다. 본연구에서는알레르기질환에있어서麥門冬의효능을밝히기위해麥門冬이흰쥐의 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) 반응에미치는영향, 염증세포유입에의한생쥐의귀조직의부종에대한효과, 복강비만세포 (rat peritoneal mast cells, RPMCs) 에서 compound 48/80에의해유도된 histamine의유리, 그리고 phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) 와 A23187에의해유도된 IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α 등과같은 cytokine들의분비억제효과를관찰하였다. 또한, human mast cell line (HMC-1) 에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 의대표적인염증신호경로인 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 의발현을관찰하였다. 재료및방법 1. 재료 1) 시약 Compound 48/80, anti-dnp IgE, DNP human serum albumin (HSA), PMA, A23187과 Evans blue (EB) 는 Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) 에서구입하였다. Recombinant IL-6와 IL-8, biotinylated IL-6와 IL-8, 그리고 anti-human IL-6와 IL-8 등은 BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA) 에서구입하였다. Recombinant TNF-α, biotinylated TNF-α와 anti-human TNF-α는 R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) 에서구입하였다. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2 -yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Iscove s Modified Dulbecco s Medium (IMDM), 그리고 fetal bovine serum (FBS) 는 Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA) 에서구입하였다. Histamine kit 는 Oxford Biomedical Research (Oxford, MI, USA) 에서구입하였다. ERK, p-38, JNK의 antibodies는 Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) 에서구입하였다. 2) 시료의제조본실험에사용된麥門冬은 ( 주 ) 옴니허브 ( 대구 ) 에서구입하였다. 麥門冬 100 g을 1 L 삼각플라스크에넣고 80% 에탄올 1,000 ml를가하여 2주간밀폐된곳에서냉침추출하였다. 추출액은 Whatman filter paper (No 3, Maidstone, England) 를사용하여여과시킨후 60 에서농축시키고, 동결건조시켜麥門冬에탄올추출물 (Liriope platyphylla ethanol extract, 이하 LP) 을얻었다. 2. 방법 1) 동물 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (8 주, 수컷 ) 과 BALB/c mice 는 Samtako ( 오산, 경기도, 대한민국 ) 로부터구입하였다. 사육실의온도는 22 ± 2 로하고, 습도는일정하게유지하였으며, 낮과밤의주기는각각 12시간으로 (lights on from 07:00 to 19:00) 하였고, 물과사료는자유롭게먹도록하였다. SD rat에서 PCA 반응을위한실험군의분류는다음과같다. 정상군 (Normal 군, n=6) 은 PCA 반응을유도하지않고생리식염수를경구투여하였으며, 대조군 (Control 군, n=6) 은 PCA 반응을유도하고생리식염수를경구투여하였으며, 실험군 (LP 군, n=6) 은 EB를주사하기 1시간전에 LP를희석하여경구투여 (81.3 mg/100 g body weight) 하였다. BALB/c mice에서접촉성알레르기염증반응을위한실험군은다음과같다. 정상군 (Normal 군, n=6) 은민감한반응을유도하지않고생리식염수를경구투여하였으며, 대조군 (Control 군, n=6) 은민감한반응을유도하고생리식염수를경구투여하였으며, 실험군 (LP 군, n=6) 은민감화를유도후 LP를경구투여하였다. 동물관리와
3 514 H. S. Kim et al 모든실험과정은경희대학교동물실험윤리위원회의가이드라인 (KHUASP (SE) ) 에따라서수행되었다. 2) PCA reaction 흰쥐의등쪽피부세부위를면도하고각 0.5 μg (50 μl) anti-dnp IgE 를피내주사하였다. 48시간후에각각의쥐의음경등정맥 (dorsal vein of penis) 에 4% EB가포함된 100 μg (100 μl) 의 DNP-HSA를주사하였는데, 주사하기 1시간전에 LP 를희석하여경구투여하였다. EB extraversation 측정을위하여 EB를주입하고 30분이지나서쥐의등쪽피부를절개하여색소의영역을관찰하고 image analyzer (Scion Image, version 4.0.3; Scion Corporation, MD, USA) 를이용하여면적을측정하였다. 절개피부를 formamide 용액으로 EB용액을추출하였으며추출된 EB용액의농도를 spectrophotometer (Beckman, IL, USA) 로 620 nm에서측정하였고, 색소의양은 EB의 calibration curve를사용하여계산하였다. 3) Sensitization and elicitation procedure 2,4-dinitro-fluoro-benzene (DNFB) 을국부에반복적으로도포하여접촉성과민반응을만들었다. Acetone과 olive oil을 3:1의비율로섞은시료에 DNFB (0.15%, 25 µl) 를 BALB/c 생쥐의오른쪽귀안쪽과바깥쪽에 7일간격으로 6회, 국소적으로도포하였다. 민감화반응과정중섞은 DNFB를도포하고난후 5일째되는날 LP를경구투여 (81.3 mg/100 g body weight) 하였다. 귀의피부두께는 24, 48, 72 시간후에 thickness dial gauge로측정하였다. 4) 조직학적검사귀의가운데조각을 3.5% 의 paraformaldehyde에고정시키고파라핀안에서포매시켰다. 각섹션은광범위한측정을위해서는 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) 으로염색하였고, 비만세포는 toluidine blue로염색하였다. 비만세포는 12 high-power fields (0.07 mm2 ) 에서의평균숫자로측정하였다. 각섹션은세명의관찰자에의해다른섹션의측정결과를모른채독립적으로측정되었으며, 평균값으로분석하였다. 5) Histamine assay RPMCs은앞서보고된방법을사용하여얻었다 21). 세포들은 cells/ml의세포수로 HEPES-Tyrode buffer에분리한다음 200 μl를 25 μl LP (final concentration: 1, 10, 100 μ g/ml) 와함께 37 에서 10분간배양하였다. Histamine 분비는 compound 48/80 (5 μg/ml) 25 μl를첨가하고 37 에서 20분간배양하였고, 그반응은 tube를냉각시켜정지시켰다. 이후 4 에서 15분동안 3,000 rpm으로원심분리하였다. 세포로부터분리된부유물인 histamine은 o-phthalaldehyde spectrofluorometric procedure를이용하여측정하였다. Fluorescence intensity는 spectro- fluorometer를이용하여 440 nm (excitation wavelength, 360 nm) 에서측정하였다. 6) HMC-1 세포배양과표본처리 HMC-1은습도 95%, CO 2 5%, 온도 37 에서 10% 의 FBS 가첨가된 IMDM에서배양하였다. HMC-1 세포 ( cell) 에다양한농도의 LP (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) 를 1시간동안전처리 하고난뒤 25 nm PMA plus 1 μm A23187 (PMACI) 을처리하여자극시켰다. 7) 세포생존능력측정을위한 MTT assay 세포생존율은 MTT assay를이용하여 ELISA로흡광도 570 nm에서측정하였다. HMC-1세포 ( cell) 을다양한농도의 LP (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) 들과같이 24-well plate에서배양시킨다. MTT 용액 (5 mg/ml) 을각각의 well에첨가하고 24 시간배양한뒤, 반응하지않은 MTT 용액을버리고생존세포에의한 MTT 반응의결과로생성된 formazan 을 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 로용해하여세포생존율을간접적으로계산하였다. 아무런처치를하지않은대조군세포에서는 100% 생존율로산정하여각군별생존율을계산하였다. 8) Cytokine assay HMC-1 세포는습도 95%, CO 2 5%, 온도 37 에서 10% 의 FBS가첨가된 IMDM에서배양하였고, 다양한농도의 LP (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) 에서 1시간동안전처리하고난뒤 PMACI를처리하여, 7시간동안배양한후에각각의상층액은 Enzyme-linked Immunosorvent Assay (ELISA) 로정량하였다. PBS (ph 7.4, 1.0 μg/ml) 에 mouse anti-human TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8 monoclonal antibodies를 100 μl을넣어 96 well ELISA plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) 에배양시켰다. 그리고 1% BSA, 5% sucrose와 0.05% NaN 3 를함유하는 PBS로 blocking 하였으며, 각각의상층액이나 recombinant TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8을세포배양기에서반응시켰다. 세척한후에는 0.2 μg/ml의 biotinylated anti-human TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8을첨가하여 37 에서 2시간동안세포배양기에서반응시켰다. 세척을한번더하고 avidin-peroxidase를처리하여 30분동안 37 세포배양기에서반응시켰다. Well을다시세척하고 ABTS substrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) 를처리하였다. 발색은 405 nm에서 ELISA를이용하여측정하였다. 표준곡선은 recombinant human TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8을이용하여분석하였다. 9) Western blotting analysis HMC-1 세포는다양한농도의 LP (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) 에 1 시간동안전처리하고난뒤 PMACI를처리하여 30분 (MAPKs) 반응시켰다. 세포들을분리한후 ice-cold PBS로 2번세척하였다. MAPKs expression의경우, 세척된세포는용해제로용해한뒤 13,000 g, 4, 20분간원심분리하여단백질을얻었다. 단백질농도는 Manufacturer's instruction에따라단백질정량법을이용하여정량하였다. 각샘플들은 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel에의해전기영동한후 nitrostruulose membrane으로 transfer 하였다. Membrane을 5% skimmed milk이첨가된 PBST로실온에서 2시간동안 blocking 하였다. PBST로 membrane을세척한후, anti-mapk antibodies (p-erk, t-erk, p-jnk, t-jnk, p-p38, t-p38 ; 1% BSA 가첨가된 PBSTe m으로 1:1000 희석 ) 는 4 에서 24시간동안배양하고 PBST로 3번세척하였다. MAPKs는 2차항체인 Anti-mouse IgG (1:2000) 를상온에서 1
4 H. S. Kim et al 515 시간동안반응시켰고, 단백질발현은 enhance chemiluminescence (ECL) 시약 (Amersham Pharmacia, NJ, USA) 을이용하여형광감광하였다. 10) 통계분석측정값은평균 ± 표준오차 (mean ± S.E.M.) 로표기하였다. 통계분석은 Graph Pad PRISM Software (Graphpad Software Inc, CA, USA) 프로그램을이용하였다. One-way ANOVA를이용하였으며 Dunnett's Multiple Comparison Test를 post hoc test 로하였으며, 유의수준 P value < 0.05 인경우유의성이있다고판단하였다. 되었다. 또한 LP를투여한군에서도 DNFB에의해유발된염증반응이억제되지않아대조군에서의부종이그대로관찰되었다. 비만세포의숫자도실험시작 35일후에측정하였다. 대조군은정상군에비하여비만세포의숫자가많이증가되었다. 마찬가지로, LP를투여한군에서도비만세포의증가를억제하지못하였다 (Fig. 2). 결 과 1. LP의 PCA에대한효과정상군은쥐의등쪽피부에서선명하게 EB용액이지나간혈관은보이지만 EB용액의분출 (extravasation) 이나피부의염색자국은관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 1A). 반면에 anti-dnp를주입한대조군에서는정상군에비하여명백한 EB용액의분출이나피부의염색부위가관찰되었다 (Fig. 1B). LP군은대조군에비하여 EB용액의분출을유의하게 (P < 0.05) 억제하여약 54% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 1C, D), 피부의염색면적은큰차이를보이지않았다 (Fig. 1C, E). Fig. 2. Histological pictures of mouse ear after repeated application of DNFB. Mice ears were excised 72 h after the last application of DNFB and fixed in 10% neutral burfferd formalin, embeded in paraffin by standard methods, cut into 5 μm section and stained with hematoxyline & eosin (A, B, and C, magnification 100x) and toluidine blue (magnification 200x) then assessed under light microscopy. Nor: D.W was orally administrated daily for 5 weeks of first experiment application. Con: D.W was orally administrated daily for 5 weeks from the day of first DNFB application. LP: LP was orally administrated daily for 5 weeks from the day of first DNFB application. Fig. 1. Inhibitory effects of LP on PCA reaction in rat. Internal surfaces of the rat skins in A (Normal), B (Control), C (LP), D, EB extravasation ; E, EB-stained area. The stained blue areas indicate EB extravasation. Normal group was not treated with anti-dnp IgE and LP. Distilled water was administered in the control-treated group. Value represents the mean ± S.E.M. of 6 animals each. ##P < 0.01 compared with the normal group. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. 2. 귀부종의조직학적인측정 귀두께의조직학적인특징을알아내기위하여, 35 일간 DNFB 도포후 0, 24, 48, 72 시간에귀의생검표본을검사하였 다. 조직학적인분석결과, 대조군에서귀의피부에부종이관찰 Fig. 3. Effect of LP on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). The value represents the mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. ##P < 0.01 compared with the normal group. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. 3. LP 의 RPMCs 에서의 histamine 분비에대한억제효과 복강비만세포에 compound 48/80 을처리한후비만세포로부 터유리된 histamine 양을측정하였다. 정상군은 histamine 의
5 516 H. S. Kim et al 분비가약간증가된반면, 대조군은정상군에비해 histamine 분비의확연한차이를보였다. 1, 10, 100 μg/ml 농도로 LP를전처리하고 compound 48/80을처리한후비만세포로부터유리된 histamine 양을측정한결과, LP로전처리한군은 100 μ g/ml 농도에서 histamine의분비를유의하게 (P < 0.05) 억제하여약 38% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 3). 4. HMC-1에서의 LP의세포독성 HMC-1에미치는 LP의세포독성을알아보기위하여 24시간동안다양한농도의 LP (1, 10, 100 μg/ml) 로실험한결과세포독성을보이지않았다 (Fig. 4A). 6. MAPKs의활성화에대한 LP의효과 ERK는 PMACI로처리된대조군에서는현저하게발현이증가하였고 LP군은 10, 100 μg/ml에서발현을유의하게 ( 각각 P < 0.05, P < 0.01) 억제하여약 47, 60% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 5A, B). JNK의경우차이를보이지않았으며, p38의경우는 LP군이발현을감소시키는경향은있었으나유의성은없었다 (Fig. 5A, C, D). 5. IL-6, IL-8과 TNF-α의분비에대한 LP의효과 IL-6의분비는 PMACI로처리된대조군에서정상군에비해현저하게 (P < 0.01) 증가한반면, LP 처리군은 1, 10, 100 μ g/ml의모든농도에서 IL-6의분비를유의하게 ( 모두 P < 0.01) 억제하여약 29, 29, 35% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 4B). IL-8의분비는 PMACI로처리된대조군에서정상군에비해현저하게 (P < 0.01) 증가한반면, LP 처리군은 10, 100 μg/ml에서 IL-8의분비를유의하게 ( 각각 P < 0.05, P < 0.01) 억제하여약 19, 36% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 4C). TNF-α의분비는 PMACI로처리된대조군에서정상군에비해현저하게 (P < 0.01) 증가한반면, LP 처리군은 100 μg/ml의농도에서 TNFα의분비를유의하게 (P < 0.05) 억제하여약 20% 의감소를나타내었다 (Fig. 4D). Fig. 5. Effect of LP on PMACI-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 in HMC-1. The levels of MAP kinase were assayed via Western blot analysis (A). P-ERK/T-ERK (B), P-JNK/T-JNK (C), P-p38/T-p38 (D) protein rate. The value represents the mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. ##P < 0.01 compared with the normal group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group. 고 찰 Fig. 4. Effects of LP on cytotoxicity and inhibitory effect of LP on pro-inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1. (A) Effects of LP on cytotoxicity in HMC-1, (B) effects of LP on IL-6 secretion, (C) IL-8 secretion, (D) TNF-a secretion. HMC-1 viability ( cell) was evaluated by MTT colorimetric assay for 24 h after pretreatment with various concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μg/ml) of LP. Data were compared with the untreated control (% control data). Data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. ##P < 0.01 compared with the normal group. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with the control group. 麥門冬은북반구의온대지방에널리분포하며根莖과種子를통해번식할수있는다년생식물이다 22). 효능으로는甘寒하고質潤하여養陰生津潤燥하며, 苦寒한性味는淸熱시키는효과가있으며陰柔한性을가지고있어滋陰而不滋膩하고淸熱而不傷胃한다 10). 麥門冬의이러한養陰生津潤燥와淸熱시키는작용이알레르기염증반응에효능이있을것으로보고본연구를시행하였다. LP는 PCA 반응을억제시키고 Compound 48/80으로유도된 histamine 분비를억제하며비만세포에서 TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8의분비를억제함을확인하였다. 또한 LP로인해 PMA와 A23187에의해유도되는 MAPKs 경로중 ERK의인산화는약화됨을보였다. PCA반응은항알러지약물을평가하는데있어가장많이사용되는모델중하나이다 23). 특정한항원에의해자극받으면비만세포가활성화되고 histamine과같은물질을분비하는데이러한과정이 PCA 반응을유도한다 24). 본연구에서 PCA에서 LP 의효과를관찰하기위해서실험을진행한결과 LP를경구투여한군에서는대조군에비하여알레르기피부반응을유의하게감소시켰다. 만성적인염증반응은비만세포의증가와관련되는데,
6 H. S. Kim et al 517 이는세포부착분자에의해조절된다 25). 비만세포가조직으로분비되는것은, 척수로부터말초의혈액으로미성숙비만세포전구체가분비되면서일어나는것으로보여진다. 본연구에서 LP는 DNFB로유도된염증조직부위에서비만세포의 recruitment를유의한억제효과를보이지않아, 향후麥門冬의만성접촉성알러지염증에대한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. Compound 48/80은혈액내로 histamine 분비를유도한다 26). 비만세포에저장되어있는 histamine은알러지반응에서중요한역할을하며, 알러지로나타나는여러가지임상적인증상과관련된다 27). 본연구에서흰쥐의복강비만세포에서 compound 48/80으로유도된 histamine 분비에대한麥門冬의효과를확인해본결과, 100 μg/ml 농도로 LP를처리한경우비만세포로부터유리된 histamine 양의분비가억제되었다. 따라서본결과는麥門冬이비만세포로부터 histamine의유리를억제하는효과가있다는것으로항알레르기효과가있음을의미한다. 비만세포가활성화되면탈과립하여 histamine, heparin, serotonin, 가수분해효소등많은매개물질과 cytokine (TNFα, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13 등 ) 을분비하여여러면역반응과염증반응에관여한다 28). TNF-α는 cachetin이라고도알려져있는물질로, 단핵구와대식세포에의해생산되는폴리펩티드 cytokine이다. 세포의생존과죽음에신호를보내는역할도한다 29). 또한, 면역반응의조정자역할을하며, 내인성발열원으로의역할까지하기도한다 30). IL-6는여러가지기능을하는 cytokine이다. 면역반응과급성기반응, 조혈작용을조절하며, 인체의방어기전에서중심적인역할을한다 31). 국소적으로염증이생긴부위에서생산되어, 급성기단백질의합성을촉진하거나억제한다 32). 양막내전염이나산과적전염에서중요한지표 cytokine이기도하다 33). 또한, 내피세포의장애를판단하는데가장중요한지표중에하나이다 34). IL-8은병리적인혈관의생성, 암의성장및전이를조절한다 35). IL-8과그수용기들은내피세포에서관찰되는데 36), 내피세포의증식에관여한다 35). 호중구의화학유인물질중하나이며, 호중구를활성화시키는역할도한다 37). 본실험에서 LP가 PMA와 A23187로자극된비만세포에서 IL-6, IL-8 및 TNF-α의발현을억제하였다. 이러한결과들은 LP의항알레르기효과가비만세포로부터분비되는 TNF-α, IL-6 및 IL-8의양을감소시켰다는것을의미한다. LP의 histamine이나 cytokine 분비억제에대한효과들이과연이들생성에관여하는전사인자인 MAPKs와관련이있는지확인하였다. 세포소멸과염증에관여되는물질로 JNK, ERK 및 p38 kinase로이루어져있는 MAP kinase가알려져있는데 38), MAPK 경로는 cytokine 분비, 세포증식과괴사등의세포기능의여러가지변화를중재하는기본경로이다. ERK, JNK, p38은이러한세포반응에중심적인역할을한다 39). MAPK 신호전달계는세포가외부의환경변화에따른자극들을인지하여그정보를세포질및세포핵내부로전달하는과정에관여하는대표적 인신호전달계이다. 특히세포의성장, 발생, 분화, 사멸등의조절기전에관여하다고알려져있다 40). 본실험에서 LP는 PMACI로유도되어증가된 ERK의활성화를유의하게억제하는것을보였지만, JNK와 p38의활성화는억제하지못하였다. 이러한결과들은 LP가 JNK와 p38의인산화는억제시키지못했지만 ERK의인산화를억제시켜염증반응을조절하는데유의한효과가있음을보여주었다. ERK의기능억제와관련한기전에대해추가적인연구가필요할것으로보인다. LP는 PCA 반응에서항알레르기효과가확인되었으며, MAPK중 ERK의인산화억제에따른 histamine과 TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8의분비의억제로알레르기염증반응을조절하는것으로생각된다. 이러한실험결과는生津潤燥, 淸心除煩의효능을가진맥문동이 IgE 매개즉시성과민반응관련매개인자들의조절기전을통하여항알레르기효과가있음을의미한다. 따라서본연구는현재임상에서증가되고있는알레르기염증성질환에맥문동의치료효과와기전을밝혀향후치료제로서의개발가능성을제시한가치가있다고생각된다. 결론 麥門冬은津液을補하는대표적인약으로肺陰손상으로인한咯血, 咳嗽에쓰이며, 胃陰不足으로인한渴症, 消渴및便秘에도사용한다. 이러한효능을가진麥門冬이알레르기염증반응에미치는영향을알아보기위하여 PCA 실험동물모델의비만세포활성화시분비되는 histamine 유리, HMC-1 cell에서 cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) 분비, MAPKs DNFB로유도된염증반응에미치는영향을관찰하였다. LP는 PCA 반응을억제시키고 Compound 48/80으로유도된 histamine 분비를억제하며비만세포에서 TNF-α, IL-6와 IL-8의분비를억제함을확인하였다. 또한 LP로인해 PMA와 A23187에의해유도되는 MAPKs 경로중 ERK의인산화는약화됨을보였다. References 1. Jeong K. Allergy and Oriental Medicine. Seoul, Jeil. p 15, Roitt, I., Brostoff, J., Male, D. Immunology 6th eds, U.S.A., Mosby. pp , Lee, K., Kim, K.. Recent Treatment of Allergy. Seoul, Hankookeuihaksa. p 36, Pyo, S., Son, E. Immunlology. Seoul, Shinil Books. pp , Parham, P. Immunology. Seoul, Life Science. pp , Kim, Y. Basic Pathology. Seoul, Hyunmoonsa. pp , , Hack, C.E., Aarden, L.A., Thus, L.G. Role of cytokines in sepsis. Advances in Immunology 66:
7 518 H. S. Kim et al , Metz, M., Grimbaldeston, M.A., Nakae, S., Piliponsky, A.M., Tsai, M., Galli, S.J. Mast cells in the promotion and limitation of chronic inflammation. Immunological Reviews 217: , Kim, S.H., Park, H.H., Lee, S., Jun, C.D., Choi, B.J., Kim, S.Y., Kim, S.H., Kim, D.K., Park, J.S., Chae, B.S., Shin, T.Y. The anti-anaphylactic effect of the gall of Rhus javanica is mediated through inhibition of histamine release and inflammatory cytokine secretion. International Immunopharmacology 5(13-14): , The Herbology Compilation Committee of College of Oriental Medicine. Herbology. Seoul, Youngrim. pp , Chu, J. Bonkyoungsozeng 1st. Daejeon, Joomin Publisher. p 167, Lim, J. Herbal Pharmacognosy. Seoul, Shinil Books. p 390, Jang, W. EuihakKyewon. Daejoen, Joomin Publisher. p 228, Jang, S. Bonchojoengeui. Seoul, Chunghong. 225, Roh, S., Choi, H., Kim, D, Seo, Y. Studies of Anti-immflamation of Liriopis Tuber to Autoimmunune Diabetes in NOD mice. Korean Journal of Oriental Physiology & Pathology 22(4): , Park, S., Kim, Y. Effects of Liriopis Tuber on 4-HNE-induced Apoptosis in PC-12 Cells. Korean Journal of Herbology 28(2):33-38, Lee, E., Yang, S., Kim, M., Nam, K., Park, Y. Effects of Root of Liriope Spicata on LPS-induced Lung Injury. Korean Journal of Oriental Physiology & Pathology 25(4): , Lee, Y.C., Lee, J.C., Seo, Y.B., Kook, Y.B. Liriopis tuber inhibit OVA-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101(1-3): , Kim, H.K., Lee, J.Y., Han, H.S., Kim, Y.J., Kim, H.J., Kim, Y.S., Kim, H.M., Ko, S.G., An, H.J., Lee, Y.J., Park, W. Immunomodulatory effects of Liriope platyphylla water extract on lipopolysaccharideactivated mouse macrophae. Nutrients 4(12): , Kang, Y., Lee, T.. Liriopis Tuber improves stress-induced memorial impairments in rats. Korean Journal of Herbology 28(2):33-38, Kim, E.K., Kim, E.Y., Moon, P.D., Um, J.Y., Kim, H.M., Lee, H.S., Sohn, Y., Park, S.K., Jung, H.S., Sohn, N.W. Lithospermi Radix extract inhibits histamine release and production of inflammatory cytokine in mast cells. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 71(12): , Huh, M.K., Huh, H.W., Choi, J.S., Lee, B.K. Genetic diversity and population structure of Liriope platyphylla (Liliaceae) in Korea. Journal of Life Science 17(3): , Church, M.K., Miller, P. Time courses of the anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone in the rat and mouse. British Journal of Pharmacology 62(4): , Inagaki, N., Nakamura, N., Nagao, M., Musoh, K., Kawasaki, H., Nagai, H. Participation of histamine H1 and H2 receptors in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis-induced scratching behavior in ICR mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 367(2-3): , Henz, B.M., Maurer, M., Lipper, U., Worm, M. and Babina, M.. Mast cells as initiators of immunity and host defense. Experimental Dermatology 10(1):1-10, Paton William, D.M.. Compound 48/80: a potent histamine liberator. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 6(3): , Katz, G., Cohen, S. Experimental evidence for histamine release in allergy. Journal of the American Medical Association 117(21): , Artuc, M., Hermes, B., Steckelings, U.M., Grutzkau, A., Henz, B.M. Mast cells and their mediators in cutaneous wound healing-active participants or innocent by standers? Experimental Dermatology 8(1):1-16, Chang, L., Kamata, H., Solinas, G., Luo, J.L., Maeda, S., Venuprasad, K., Liu, Y.C., Karin, M. The E3 ubiquitin ligase itch couples JNK activation to TNF alpha induced cell death by inducing c-flip(l) turnover. Cell 124(3): , Dinarello, C.A., Bernheim, H.A., Duff, G.W., Le, H.V., Nagabhushan, T.L., Hamilton N.C., Coceani F.. Mechanisms of fever induced by recombinant human interferon. Journal of Clinical Investigation 74(3): , Sehgal, P.B., Greininger, G., Tosato, G. Regulation of the acute phase and immune responses: interleukin-6. The New York Academy of Sciences 557: 1-583, 1989.
8 H. S. Kim et al Gabay, C., Kushne, I.. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. New England Journal of Medicine 340(6): , Santhanam, U., Avila, C., Romero, R., Viguet, H., Ida, N., Sakurai, S., Sehgal, P.B. Cytokines in normal and abnormal parturition: elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels in women with premature rupture of membranes associated with intrauterine infection. Cytokine 3(2): , Erzen, B., Sabovic, M., Sebestjen, M., Keber, I., Poredos, P. Interleukin-6 correlates with endothelial dysfunction in young post-myocardial infarction patients. Cardiology 107(2): , Koch, A.E., Polverini, P.J., Kunkel, S.L., Harlow, L.A., Dipietro, L.A., Elner, V.M., Elner, S.G., Strieter, R.M. Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis. Science 258(5089): , Salcedo, R., Ponce, M.L., Young, H.A., Wasserman, K., Ward, J.M., Kleinman, H., Oppenheim, J.J., Murphy, W.J. Human endothelial cells express CCR2 and respond to MCP-1: direct role of MCP-1 in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Blood 96(1):34-40, Goldsby, R.A., Kindt, T.J., Osborne, B.A., Kuby, J. Leukocyte migration and inflammation. Immunology 5th ed. New York, WH Freeman and Company. pp , Leppa, S., Saffrich, R., Ansorge, W., Bohmann, D. Differential regulation of c-jun by ERK and JNK during PC12 cell differentiation. The EMBO Journal 17(15): , Puddicombe, S.M., Davies, D.E. The role of MAP kinases in intracellular signal transduction in bronchial epithelium. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 30(1):7-11, Guise, S., Braguer, D., Carles, G., Delacourte, A., Briand, C. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is mediated by ERK activation during anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Neuroscience Research 63(3): , 2001.
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