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1 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH _ Original Paper IUUQTEPJPSH,4&& *44/F*44/ jh t od Ý An Introductory Research for Development of Soil Ecological Risk Assessment in Korea * ** ** ** Youn-Joo An Shin Woong Kim Jongmin Moon Seung-Woo Jeong* Rog-Young Kim** Jeong-Ki Yoon** Tae-Seung Kim** p s vw p}s} * s vw}s} ** vw}s js } Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University *Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University **Soil and Groundwater Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (Received December 13, 2016; Revised March 8, 2017; Accepted March 31, 2017) Abstract : Human activities have resulted in soil pollution problems to us. Human and ecological risk assessment have been suggested as an efficient environmental management strategy for protecting human and ecosystems from soil pollution. However, Korean environmental policy is currently focused on human protection, and fundamental researches for ecology protection are required for institutional frameworks. In this study, we developed a schematic frame of Korean soil ecological risk assessment, and suggested the basic information for its application. This study suggested a soil ecological risk assessment scheme consisting of 4 steps for derivation of Predicted-No-Effect-Concentration (PNEC): 1) ecotoxicity data collection and reliability determination, 2) data standardization, 3) evaluation of data completeness for PNEC calculation, and 4) determination of ecological-risk. The reliability determination of ecotoxicity data was performed using Reliability Index (RI), and the classification of domestic species, acute/chronic, toxicity endpoint, and soil properties was used for data cataloging. The PNEC calculation methodology was determined as low-reliability, middle-reliability, and high-reliability according to their quantitative and qualitative levels of ecotoxicity data. This study would be the introductory plan research for establishment of Korean soil ecological risk assessment, and it can be a fundamental framework to further develop guidelines of Korean environmental regulation. Key Words : Introduction Plan, Predicted No Effect Concentration, Protection Level, Risk Assessment, Soil Ecology. emòjø, j jjj k fabøº. j j² k fa ¼j Ð aø, ¼jfa m a³j j jäùº. ² l k fa(soil ecological risk assessment) j, kjj í j º. k fa² ¼jm j²k Ð j, Ð j m, Ð h m, Ð Ðmk Ð, kð º kjº. ÙÐ ²Ð ôjm j, j (,, Ð, d ) ôj fa j² j º. k Ð²Ð ô, e, jj, kkð j² j º. ² n ¼j k fam Ù äùº.. Ð, m, k Ð, k fa, 1. emò k Ø² Ø, e m k º. ô j n j² ä m, j äùº. dp ² aº j Å ä, k² ¼j k fa k ¼ j º., º, m, j, î² mjjk fa(ecological Risk Assessment, ERA) m j º. k fa² ¼ jk(stressor)kj k j²} faj², 1) ² mjº. ²k fa ô Ø²Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSL)¹ j, 2) º ²Soil Quality Guidelines (SQGE), 3) m²ecological Investigation Level (EILs), 4) Corresponding author anyjoo@konkuk.ac.kr Tel: Fax:

+,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH k fa Ð Ð 349 j ²Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), 5) ²Soil Screening Value (SSV)Ñ k Ð j º.

² k fa j j m j k fa ôk fa j j, 7) k fa Ù ² k jº., ì ¼j k fa kfa î² k fajj, 8,9) m Ø ² º.

10) j, ² k fa È jj Ð l jº. 13) m j } m k fa m ² k fa( ) j º. 14) j ¼ í k f a j jj, jð d kj j h m ¼j jäº.

2 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH k fa Ð Ð 349 j ²Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), 5) ²Soil Screening Value (SSV)Ñ k Ð j º. 6) í a ¼ gj²º jº m, qð g(species Sensitivity Distribution, SSD) } mk fa(probabilistic ecological risk assessment)kj²ä m Ø º. ² k fa j j m j k fa ôk fa j j, 7) k fa Ù ² k jº., ì ¼j k fa kfa î² k fajj, 8,9) m Ø ² º. j ô, Ñ Ðj á j SSD (Statistical Extrapolation Method, SEM) fa (Assessment Factor Method, AFM) î Ù, 10,11) ì¼ jðj²äm Ø º. 10) j, ² k fa È jj Ð l jº. 13) m j } m k fa m ² k fa( ) j º. 14) j ¼ í k f a j jj, jð d kj j h m ¼j jäº. j, k fa ¼ j Ð j Ð jj² p º. ² k fa j mj, jj j º. l k fa m j ² k Ð, j 4º j º. b º k¼ø² Ð, h m, k Ð, kð ¼jj k gjj, n k fa jð Ð Ð j º. Fig. 1. Rhspxp q xp s i w r q ƒ D ƒpfy ph w rthfw ƒt v f p xpy ¼jmjm 396m

3 350 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH 2. l k fa ² ¼j j m jj k Ð j ²ä j º. kk f aaø, 1) Ð j m, 2) Ð h m, 3) Ð Ðmk Ð, 4) kð 4ºÙº(Fig. 1). ¼Ø, 1º j Ðj Ð(Reliability Index, RI) jí Ùº. jj Ð a jñ, Ð j k fakj, Ð ô Ð j jº. 2º ²ÙÐ ¼ h mk (,,, d ) ô j mj, 3º Ð m j k Ð(, e, ) jº. 4º ² Ð } k Ð j, Ð j kð jº. 3. Ð j m 3.1. Ð Ðjk fa (Risk assessment report), m(usepa) ECOTOX Database, jð Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), mj (European Chemical Agency, ECA) IUCLID Database, l Õ jíù j kùº. Ðº j kfaø, (growth), (survival), (reproduction)faù k Ð(No effect observed concentration, NOEC) 50% k Ð(Effective Concentration 50%, EC50) Ð(Lethal Concentration 50%, LC50) Ð(mg/kg) jº. ¼ Ð aj, h (Standard Operating Procedure, SOP) ô Ðjº. ² Ù lj, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), ISO (International Organization for Standardization), OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) j ² Ðl î º Ð j m j Ð j j Ù m j² j j, jj Ø ² Ð (Reliability Index, RI) } j º. 15,16) Ð fa ² løj, ASTM, ISO, OECD, USEPAj²Ùhl kjº. ôja Ð RI 1 Ø, Þ Ð RI 2 ²hlô j í Øl Õ Ø² º. Ð j²ð ² k fa jj jº. j a Ø Ñ(RI 3), Ð s (RI 4)² Ð ajjäe Ø m jº. 4. Ðh m 4.1. ² b, a j º j gj º. Ò ØÅ Ð b º qðaº ä, ² Ð kø² k fa ja íùº. î 13) k faj Ðl ² zk jj Ð Ø²hl jº. ²k Ð m Ø² j º j, k¼ø ²j º. j º m¼v(oligochaeta), v(insects) ² v (secernentea), ºv(monocotyldoneae) ² v(dicotyledoneae), v(bacteria) ² v(chlorophyceae) gjj v(class) j, bbk¼ø² gjjº(table 1). h gjø ² ² m Ù, k¼ v k º j º Ð ²ÙÐ j, ¼hj² h l j l e m (life cycle) j j º. jhl ôbm, l e º² ä m j º. hl ² 14, ² l e jº. 19~28) ²ASTMj²h lô 14, 56 kø²ä m Ø, m ² äùº. 29) ²} Journal of KSEE Vol.39, No.6 June, 2017

4 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH k fa Ð Ð 351 Table 1. -JTUPGEPNFTUJDTQFDJFTGPSFDPUPYJDJUZUFTUJOH $MBTT 0SEFS %PNFTUJDTQFDJFT B,PSFBOTQFDJFTOBNF *OTFDUBC $PMMFNCPMB 'PMTPNJBDBOEJEB 'PMTPNJBGJNFUBSJB *TPUPNBBOHMJDBOB 0SUIPOZDIJVSVTGPMTPNJ 1BSPOZDIJVSVTLJNJ ò hò îò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à e t k e } j Þ Þ p q õ h }h Ð d k #BDUFSJB C #BDJMMBMFT #BDJMMVTTVCUJMJT &OUFSPCBDUFSJBMFT &TDIFSJDIJBDPMJ ¼ $IMPSP $IMPSPDPDDVN h QIZDFBF $IMPSPDPDDBMFT C JOGVTJPOVN,JNFUBM B #JP SFTPVSDF *OGPSNBUJPO 4FSWJDF /BUJPOBM *OTUJUVUF PG #JPMPHJDBM 3FTPVSDFT C &TTFOUJBMUBYPOPNJDHSPVQT Ð ôm aº, , 24 ²111º. hl ²F. candida e bb 14 28, 30,31) F. fimetaria² 14, 21 j º. 31) C. elegans m ² 21Ù, ASTM ISOj² ²bb 1, 2 º. 32,33) 4.3. Ð Ð fa²º jdôjjð (toxicity endpoint) jº. b hl ô, ¼ j Ð k maa³jð º jð j º. am Ø² } (survival)(reproduction), dôº íjº. ² ISO hl fajð j, 34-36) kò kfa mj îð Øº. 37) j ²»¼j² v g(coelomocytes) m j º. 38) ²ASTM ISO, fa j, 32,33) ²Å qj mjj all Ð RNA/DNA faîkù º. 39,40) j í ¼ j²k ô Ðk qð, g k fa m j lq j äùº. ²z lj (reproduction), (population), (growth), (biomass), k(physiology) j j m jð j º. 2) ² l k fak m Ø²hlfak m j²ä jº. k í,, îdºø², (m), gjj, Ðk Ð(EC50), m Ð(EC50) m j, ² k Ð(NOEC), m k Ð(LOEC) k jº d m Ù k¼ mj dô Ðkmj ²äº. Ð k ²¼hd í Ð(pH), j (Organic Matter, OM), m³(cation Exchanges Capacity, CEC) îº. jd a, º k Ð jj²äº. í, j ¼jmjm 396m

5 352 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH ² hj (Fom standard) j, (1) zj (Fom exp) j Ð s(noec or EC50 exp) j ²äm Ø º. 5,14) žœ žœò á žœ Ÿ žœò ŒŸ Z Ÿ ŒŸ NOEC or EC50 standard : Normalized NOEC or EC50 for standard soil (mg/kg) NOEC or EC50 exp : NOEC or EC50 for soil as used in the experiment (mg/kg) Fom standard (1) : Organic matter content for standard soil (mg/kg) Fom exp : Organic matter content for experimental soil (mg/kg) ² h d º j í j º. j j ¼j d s, m ² j, j, m î j, 4,5) ²d Õ( j, ph î) k fa kj ä jº. 2) ² j mò(2011) ¼ j j j f s 31.1 g/kg (3.11%) h d j a ² ä m Ø º. 14) ²z d jjô Ð s m j Ðjä jº. bð m j Ð fa mp kj, j mg/kg, ug/g, m ºm a³j Ð s j² k jº. Ð j j j k j, Ð(pH), m³(cec), ÐÐ (Electronic Conductivity, EC) îðm jj aä Ùº. 5. Ð Ðmk Ð ²k Ð jj, j ºgjj² (v, class) ÐkÐfajä jº. j º ²m¼v(oligochaeta), v(insects) ² v(secernentea), ºv(monocotyldoneae) ² v(dicotyledoneae), v(bacteria) ² v(chlorophyceae)j º. k Ð Ð ô, e, jº. a j Ð a 4} j ºgjj 5} Ð a j, e 4}j ºgjj 5} Ð a, Ð Ò j l Ð a kùº. j ºgjj 1} Ð m a³jº k Ð jð a j kùº. ²Ða m a³j, ¹ j ä jº. a j Ð m j fa(assessment Factor, AF) jíø, Ð s j k Ð jº. 1} j º gjj Ð a ² fa 1,000 j, 3} j º gjj Ð²100 jº. ²j ºgjj 1, 2, 3} Ð a jbb100, 50, 10 fa j²ä jº. ² E(L)50, ² N(L)OEC s m j, ÞaÞj²Ð jº. bð ²Ùfa k Ð j, Ð j º íjº. í, j ºgjj Ð aj (2) z Ð s fa j Ñ/ k¼ø² k Ð j, j º gjj Ð aj (3) z bð jf s fa j / k Ð j º. žþ ßÒ Þ ß žœ žœ «îš á šÿ (2) ÞžÞ ßÒ Þ ß žœß žœ œî á šÿ 5.2. ek Ð e ² j º gj j Ð a jð aj m jº. (Acute-Chronic Ratio, ACR) } j, b l Ð sjf j Ùº. l ² ºjf sj, k¼s jí Ùº. a a³jñ, 10 ²s 10 jð jº. j º gjjðj (3) Journal of KSEE Vol.39, No.6 June, 2017

6 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH k fa Ð Ð 353 Ò j qð g(ssd) } k Ða Ø, k Ð jº. k Ð º jí Ø º k Ð j º gjj jðjm j, gð qð g(ssd) j k Ð jº. qð gº jí Ù, ² Æ ìrivm ETX 2.1 i m jä j º. ETX i Setting international environmental quality criteria (INS) Ø, Ð qð g j² È Ùº. b l Ð jf s i j, ETX i k Ð(hazardous concentration, HC) jíùº. Ð ô 95% (HC5) 50% (HC50) k¼ø² mj² jº. ²ÙHC5²Ð Ñ/ k Ð, HC50 Ð / k Ð j m j ä dºjº. 6. kð ²k Ð, e, ô j, Ð( Ñ/, /) ô j² j º. ²k Ð j ² m(%) k¼ø²jíjj, kð d j²jaùº. ² Ð () k f a ô ä j, Þa s k l j kð jº. k a³j l² 1, Ù laº ¼ k ² } ² ädºjº. k ä Ùº. ² fa Ø²È h mk jº²ä º. k h m k Þj mj² j jä º. Ð m Ù Ð, m, Ð, l, º,, l e,, Ð s gjk j, zðð 1},, l e, Ð saa³jº Ð mk jº. Þ ² j È j²º. k fa²º jlðô Ø, oô Ð lè jj jäº. ² k fa lj²º. Ðl j² l j fakj, Ø² j k fa a Ø j ä º. 4º Ù k fa² h mù Ð j, qð g m jk Ð jíj º. ² k fa j jaù, km ØÅ Ð² k Ù kð j ä º. Å am ja ³j q aj²èm j ädºùº. zkí j Ð j j, } kj Ñ k j ä º. Acknowledgement ²mjm j } ( , ). 7. l k fa jk j j j j, Ð jdºj², Ðh mj ²È, k Ð j º. jfa gjj, k faa Ð Ð Øk ² aaj References 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Guideline for ecological risk assessment, EPA/630/R-95/ 0002F(2008). 2. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Guidance for developing ecological soil screening levels ¼jmjm 396m

7 354 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH (2005). 3. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), A protocol for the derivation of environmental and human health soil quality guidelines, (2006). 4. National Environment Protection Council (NEPC), National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999, Schedule B5b, Methodology to derive ecological investigation levels in contaminated soils, (2013). 5. European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), Technical guidance document on risk assessment, (2003). 6. Environment Agency (EA), Guidance on the use of soil screening values in ecological risk assessment, (2008). 7. Ministry of Environment (MOE), Creating study of practical guidelines for risk assessment in conjunction with soil pollution standard, (2006). 8. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Risk assessment of lead, cadmium, and mercury, (2005). 9. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Study on the methodology for evaluation of potential hazardous pollutants, (2005). 10. An, Y.-J., Lee, W.-M., Nam, S.-H. and Jeong, S.-W., Proposed approach of Korean ecological risk assessment for the derivation of soil quality criteria, J. Soil & Groundwater Environ., 15(3), 7~14(2010). 11. Lee, W.-M., Kim, S. W., Jeong, S.-W. and An, Y.-J., Comparative study of ecological risk assessment: Deriving soil ecological criteria, J. Soil & Groundwater Environ., 17(5), 1~9(2012). 12. Lee, W.-M., Nam, S.-H. and An, Y.-J., Deriving ecological protective concentration of cadmium for Korean soil environment, Envrion. Eng. Res., 18, 241~246(2013). 13. Kim, S. W., Kwak, J. I., Jeong, S.-W. and An, Y.-J., Selection of domestic test species suitable for Korean soil ecological risk assessment, J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 36(5), 359~366(2014). 14. Ministry of Environment (MOE), Establishment of ecological risk assessment frame for soil pollution and its application scheme in Korea, (2014). 15. European Chemicals Bureau (ECB), Risk Assessment Report- Cadmium Oxide and Cadmium Metal, (2007). 16. RIjksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Manual for summarising and evaluating environmental aspects of plant protection product, (2008). 17. Bio resource Information Service, National Institute of Biological Resources, go.kr. 19. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests, E (2002). 20. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora - Screening test for emergence of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.), ISO 17126(2005). 21. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora - Part 1: Method for the measurement of inhibition of root growth, ISO (2012). 22. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Determination of the effects of pollutants on soil flora - Part 2: Effects of contaminated soil on the emergence and early growth of higher plants, ISO (2012). 23. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test, Test No. 208(2006). 24. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test, Test No. 227(2006) 25. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Seed germination/root elongation toxicity test, Ecological effects test guidelines, OCSPP (1996). 26. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Seedling emergence, Tier II. Ecological effects test guidelines, Ecological effects test guidelines, OCSPP (1996). 27. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Seedling emergence and seedling growth, Ecological effects test guidelines, OCSPP (2012). 28. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Vegetative vigor, Ecological effects test guidelines, OCSPP (2012). 29. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests with the Lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida and the Enchytraeid potworm Enchytraeus albidus, E (2004). 30. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants, ISO 11267(1999). 31. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Collembolan reproduction test in soil, Test No. 232(2009). 32. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity tests with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, E (2014). 33. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Water quality-determination of the toxic effect of sediment and soil samples on growth, fertility and reproduction of Caenohabditis elegans (Nematoda), ISO 10872(2010). 34. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) - Part 1: Determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate, ISO (1993). 35. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) - Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction, ISO (1993). 36. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.) - Determination of effects on reproduction and survival, ISO 16387(2004). Journal of KSEE Vol.39, No.6 June, 2017

8 +,PSFBO4PD&OWJSPO&OH k fa Ð Ð International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil quality - Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour - Part 1: Test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei), ISO (2008) 38. Kwak, J. I., Kim, S. W. and An, Y.-J., A new and sensitive method for measuring in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity in earthworm coelomocytes by flow cytometry, Environ. Pollut., 134, 118~126(2014). 39. Kim, S. W., Kwak, J. I. and An, Y.-J., Multigenerational study of gold nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans: Transgenerational effect of maternal exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, (2013). 40. Roh, J.-Y., Sim, S. J., Yi, J., Park, K., Chung, K. H., Ryum D.-Y. and Choi, J., Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using functional exotoxicogenomics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, (2009). ¼jmjm 396m

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<C1A4C3A5BAB8B0EDBCAD D325F32B1B32E687770> ä Ð mf XXXHHXGPSLS Ð º < > r ek ò ä õää Š å õ ò ä Œ ý * r } r } Ð j r 7 } Ð k 46.."3: m j } m n j² Ð j º n m º j² ä º Ð Ð î m m² m Ð Å a mj º j m² m m í e jí Ù ä º ² º n j í a³j m jí Ø² ä º n n m k Ð j