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1 J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 17(3) (2015) eissn: pissn: 해저터널구난역플랫폼화재연기확산방지를위한에어커튼시스템차연성능시뮬레이션연구 박상헌 1 * ㆍ안승주 2 ㆍ한상주 2 ㆍ유용호 3 1 정회원, 동일기술공사 2 비회원, 동일기술공사 3 정회원, 한국건설기술연구원 Simulation study of smoke spread prevention using air curtain system in rescue station platform of undersea tunnel Sang-Heon Park 1 *, Jung-Ju An 1, Sang-Ju Han 1, Yong-Ho Yoo 2 1 Korea, Dong Il Engineering Consultants, Munjeong-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul Korea, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Baekgok-ri, Mado-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do ABSTRACT: This study introduce that we studied optimization and possibility of smoke spread prevention with air-curtain system in undersea tunnel named from Ho-Nam to Jeju line in domestic if a fire break out in train. To verify performance, air-curtain system is installed between rescue station platform and each door of passenger car to provide safety route to evacuator and we studied simulation model of various cases about 15 MW fire severity considering domestic specifications. As a result we verified the fact that CASE1(air jet with 15degree toward passenger car) and CASE 5 (air jet with 15degree toward passenger car and pressure air blast from cross passage) is best Smoke Spread Prevention and less inflow carbon monoxide. Through above results, we expect that air-curtain system is one of the facilities for fire safety and provide us safety platform route in undersea tunnel. Keywords: Subsea tunnel, Air-curtain system, Platform, Carbon monoxide, Smoke spread prevention 초록 : 본연구는국내에서계획하고있는호남- 제주간초장대해저터널에서철도차량의화재발생시구난역 (Rescue Station) 에정차후대피자의안전한대피경로를확보하고플랫폼내부에연기가유입되는것을방지하기위해구난역플랫폼과화재열차사이에에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 을설치하여, 15MW 급화재연기에대한차단성능및최적화방안을도출하기위해다양한시뮬레이션을수행하였다. 시뮬레이션결과, 모든 CASE 에서 15 MW 급화재강도에발생되는연기에서도효과적인차연성능을발휘하였으며, CASE1( 화재열차방향으로 15도분사 ) 와 CASE5( 화재열차방향으로 15도분사 + 가압송풍 ) 가구난역플랫폼내부에 CO가스유입이가장적은것으로도출하였다. 이러한결과를통하여에어커튼시스템은초장대해저터널구난역에화재시플랫폼에화재연기가유입되지않고안전한대피경로를확보하여대피자가서비스터널로안전하게대피하여인명피해를최소화할수있는방재시설로서활용되기를기대한다. 주요어 : 해저터널, 에어커튼시스템, 구난역플랫폼, 일산화탄소, 화재확산방지 *Corresponding author: Sang-Heon Park bdsh4015@nate.com Received April 8, 2015; Revised April 17, 2015; Accepted April 21, 2015 Copyright c2015, Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 박상헌ㆍ안승주ㆍ한상주ㆍ유용호 1. 서론 1.1 개요최근국내외범국가간의교류및협력증대를위해해저터널을연결하여해양과대륙을연결하고자노력하고있다. 초장대해저터널은친환경녹색성장기술중하나인육상물류터널로서기술적, 경제적인파급효과가매우우수하여국외선진국에서는이미해저터널건설 (Fig. 1: 영불터널, Fig. 2: 세이칸터널등 ) 을건설하거나운영중에있다. 이와같은해저터널건설을기반으로국내에서는각지역별효율적인교통인프라구축을위해부산- 거제간침매터널건설및향후추진될 호남 제주해저고속전철건설, 한중 / 한일해저터널건설과같은메가프로젝트역시정부정책추진을바탕으로기술개발을추진하고있다. 초장대해저터널은건설분야에있어향후건설시장확대및첨단육상교통의중요한미래핵심기술이기때문에해저터널계획 / 설계 / 시공분야의다양한특화기술개발및선점을통해국내외건설시장으로확대할필요가있다. 1.2 해저터널의방재계획해저터널은연장 15 km 이상이며, 바다아래로통과하는장대터널로서붕괴또는열차화재시기존터널보다더큰인명피해를발생시킬수있기때문에안전한건설을위한철저한사전조사및설계 / 시공이필요하며, 구조물의붕괴및대형인명피해를발생시킬수있는화재사고에대한방재설계가철저하게이루어져야한다. 국외유로터널에서는 Fig. 3과같이대피자가안전하게대피하여인명피해를최소화하기위한대책으로해저터널본선중앙에서비스터널및약 15 km 간격마다인공섬 (artificial island) 및구난역 (Rescue Station) 을설치하여상황발생시열차가구난역에정차시대피자가서비스터널을통하여안전하게인공섬으로대피할수있도록설계하고있다. 또한열차가구난역이외에정차시본선터널에서도서비스터널로대피할수있도록 Fig. 3과 Fig. 4와같이일정간격으로피난연결통로 (Cross-passage) 를설치하여대피자의안전성을고려하여설계하고있 Fig. 3. Concept map of Subsea Tunnel from Honam to JeJu Fig. 1. Channel Tunnel from France to England Fig. 2. Subsea Tunnel in Japan (Seikan(left) / Aqua-line (Right) Fig. 4. Passenger car of Seikan Tunnel 258
3 해저터널구난역플랫폼화재연기확산방지를위한에어커튼시스템차연성능시뮬레이션연구 다. 이러한국외방재설계사례를기준으로국내에서추진하고있는호남- 제주간의초장대해저터널기본설계에서도대피자의안전성을확보하기위해서비스터널, 구난역, 인공섬등을계획하고있으며, 이러한기존방재시설보다대피자중심에서의원활한대피경로확보및철도차량화재진압최적화를위한연구개발을국가연구사업을통하여진행하고있다. 1.3 해저터널화재안전의중요성장거리해저터널을통과하는철도차량은특별한상황을제외하고화재나비상시일정간격으로설치된구난역 (Rescue Station) 에정차하여대피자가안전하게대피할수있도록계획하고있으나, 화재발생철도차량이구난역에도착할경우, 최대 15 MW( 철도터널화재강도기준 ) 수준의화재강도가발생되기때문에많은연기가순식간에확산된다. 구난역에화재연기의정체현상을방지하고신속한제연을위해수직환기구가구난역중앙에설치되나철도차량화재가전방이나후방에발생되는경우, 중앙으로제연되는화재연기가대피자의대피방향과동일하여원활한대피및안전에문제가발생할수있어구난역의제연설비가동시대피자가화재연기에노출되지않고원활한대피경로확보및질식으로인한인명피해를최소화하기위한방안이필요하다. 이러한문제점을해결하기위해국토교통부건설교통과학기술진흥원의건설기술연구사업 ( 고수압초장대해저터널기술자립을위한핵심요소기술개발, 13건설연구T01) 에서추진하고있는연구과제를통하여열차화재로인한구난역정차시대피자가화재연기노출을최소화할수있는대피경로확보하고안전하게피난연결통로 (Cross-passage) 를통하여서비스터널로대피하기위해열차와피난연결통로사이에위치한구난역플랫폼에에어커튼시스템 (Air Curtain System) 을이용하여열차출입문 (door of the passenger car) 에서승객이열차객차하차시화재연기에노출되 지않는플랫폼을제공하고차연성능을최적화하기위한 3D 시뮬레이션을수행하였다. 2. 에어커튼시스템이란 2.1 에어커튼시스템 구난역플랫폼에설치되는에어커튼시스템은시로코팬 (sirocco fan) 방식 (Fig. 6) 으로공기를흡입하여밀어내는형태로화재확산을차단하는차연시스템 (Fig. 5) 이다. 에어커튼시스템의차연성능에대해서국외에서는 Fig. 7에서와같이화재연기의확산을방지를활용한차연효과및이용자피난경로에도움을줄수있는시스템 (Ministry et al., 2009) 으로적용하였으며, 프랑스 EMNantes, CSTB 등에서터널내열과기류를차단 Fig. 5. Concept map of air curtain system in tunnel Fig. 6. The Shape and actuation principle of the sirocco fan in air curtain Fig. 7. Application plan of the air curtain in cross-passage 259
4 박상헌ㆍ안승주ㆍ한상주ㆍ유용호 하는목적으로사용하는에어커튼에대해서설계데이터를확립하기위한연구를수행하였으며 (Elicer et al., 2009). 중국의경우에어커튼을통하여화재로인한이산화탄소및화재연기, 온도를효과적으로차단하는기술적인우수성을모형실험및시뮬레이션실험으로검증한결과를발표하기도하였다 (Hu, et al., 2008). 또한 Fig. 8에서와같이프랑스 A86도로에서는에어커튼의차연성능에대한이론적인분석 (Alain et al., 2008) 을통한시범설치운영을추진하고있다. 이러한에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 에대 Fig. 8. The application of A86 road tunnel in France 한다양한연구및적용기술을바탕으로국내에서도에어커튼에서방출되는제트류에대한이론적검토와모델실험을통해서에어커튼의성능에영향을미치는요소와상사법칙에대한연구를추진하였으며, ( 주 ) 동일기술공사와한국건설기술연구원이소방방재청재난안전기술개발기반구축사업인 에어커튼을활용한지하도로연기제어시스템개발 연구과제를수행하여 20 MW급도로터널의화재시에어커튼시스템의차단효율성을검증 (Yoo, et al., 2008) 하기위해이론시뮬레이션 (Fig. 9) 및차량전소를통한차연성능검증 Test Bed (Fig. 10) 로검증하였다. 국내외다양한연구및개발을통하여추진되고있는에어커튼시스템은우수한차연성능을갖고있는방재시설로서일반적인철도및도로터널뿐만아니라대규모지하공간 ( 지하차도, 지하보도등 ) 에화재연기를차단하여인명피해를최소화할수있는시스템으로제도적인개선을통한적용확대를추진하고있는방재시설중하나이다. 3. 화재연기차단시뮬레이션 3.1 시뮬레이션개요 Fig. 9. The simulation study of possibility for Smoke Spread Prevention using air curtain 국내에서추진하고있는호남 -제주간연결하는초장대해저터널의방재설계에서는총 50 km 연장에서 15 km마다 Fig. 11, Fig. 12와같이구난역을계획하고있으며, 구난역 (Rescue Station) 의연장은열차차량길이를고려하여 400 m로계획하였다. 구난역단면은 Fig. 13과같이환기 / 방재를고려하여본선단면보다크게확폭하였으며, 중앙부에수직환기소를설치하여환기및제연역할을수있도록 Fig. 10. The installation of the air curtain road tunnel (Location: Chungcheongbuk-do Yeongdong-gun) Fig. 11. Supposition of outbreak of fire on the train 260
5 해저터널구난역플랫폼화재연기확산방지를위한에어커튼시스템차연성능시뮬레이션연구 Fig. 12. Concept map of Rescue station in undersea tunnel named from Ho-Nam to Jeju line 을때열차출입문 (1.2 m) 을기준으로정차오차거리를고려하여에어커튼을설치하였으며 ( 설치길이 : 3.6 m) 설치위치는총 20량 ( 열차 1량길이 : 20.0 m) 에각각설치된열차출입문을기준으로총 20개소에설치되어있으며열차승강대문을제외한구역은화재연기를차단할수있는내화벽체를적용하여열차에서발생되는화재연기가플랫폼내부로유입되지않도록시뮬레이션모델링 Fig. 15와같이모델링하였다. Fig. 16와 Fig. 17은시뮬레이션모델링을하여열차가 15 MW급화재가발생되는위치를확대한모습이다. Fig. 13. Drawing of cross-section in Rescue Station Fig. 14. The concept map of air curtain installed in rescue station 계획하였다. 또한구난역에플랫폼폭원은 m이며, 피난연결통로 (Cross-passage) 는구난역연장총 400 m에 50 m마다설치되어대피자가플랫폼을통하여피난연결통로로대피할수있도록계획하였다. 구난역 (Rescue Station) 에서화재열차정차시승객이열차승강대문에서나와플랫폼으로이동후피난연결통로 (Cross-passage) 로대피하여야한다. 하지만많은승객이플랫폼에하차하여피난연결통로로대피시, 많은대피자가순식간에피난연결통로주변으로밀집되어병목현상이발생되어완전한대피를위한시간이지체되어화재연기에장시간영향을받아큰인명피해로발생할수있다. 대피자가구난역플랫폼에서대피시간지연으로인한화재연기로부터영향을최소화하기위해구난역플랫폼에에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 을적용하여화재연기를차단할수있는시스템을 Fig. 14 와같이계획하였다. Fig. 14에서와같이화재열차가구난역에정차하였 Fig. 15 Analytical modeling of platform in rescue station Fig. 16. Expanded screen around fire in rescue station Fig. 17. Grid model around fire in rescue station 261
6 박상헌ㆍ안승주ㆍ한상주ㆍ유용호 3.2 시뮬레이션조건시뮬레이션을수행하기위해고수압초장대해저터널기술자립을위한핵심요소기술개발에서추진하고있는호남- 제주간초장대해저터널기본계획에의거하여구난역의형상을 3D모델링을하였으며, 철도터널방재설계에의거하여시뮬레이션입력조건을설정하였다. 기본적으로구난역의모델링의경우, Fig. 14 와같은구난역형태로모델링을계획하였으며, 열차 는국내에서적용되고있는 KTX 산천열차제원을기준으로구난역연장을고려하여총 20량의열차를기준으로하였으며, 화재강도 (Fire severity) 는 Fig. 18과같이 철도차량안전기준에관한지침 (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (2010)) 에서정한화재강도를기준으로 15 MW를산정하였다. 구난역의터널내부기류는총 50 km연장중 350 km/h 로주행하는열차의속도를고려하여설정하였다. 시뮬레이션해석은 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 전용해석을위해 FLUENT의프로그램을사용하였으며, 이러한시뮬레이션해석을위한프로그램경계조건 (Boundary condition) 은 Table 1과같다. 3.3 최적화방안시뮬레이션 Fig. 18. Strength curve of fire (HRM - Time) Table 1. Boundary condition of simulation Contents Analysis program Operation condition Flow condition Fire severity Turbulence model Carbon monoxide generation rate Fluent Application contents Unsteady-State Condition Incompressible Ideal Gas 15 MW (Thermal diffusion volume and time to function) Standard model Application of function about time and diffused carbon monoxide caused by 15MW fire severity Condition of Entrance in Tunnel : Velocity Inlet tunnel entrance (Function of user definition) and exit Exit in Tunnel : Pressure Outlet Grill boundary Velocity Inlet Time Iteration 30 sec recursive calculation (Iteration) 700 times / 1step (Total 1,800 seconds and 60step) 구난역 (Rescue Station) 플랫폼의화재연기차단을위해적용되는에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 차단효율성을최적화하기위해이러한국내외자료및사전연구내용을바탕으로다양한차단조건의차단방식을고려하여계획하였으며, 아래의그림 (Fig. Fig. 19. CASE 1 : Air jet with 15degree toward passenger car Fig. 20. CASE 2 : Vertical air jet with 0 degree toward bottom 262
7 해저터널구난역플랫폼화재연기확산방지를위한에어커튼시스템차연성능시뮬레이션연구 19 Fig. 23) 과같이총 5가지 CASE를기준으로 3차원시뮬레이션을계획하였다. CASE 1의경우, 화재연기차단장치가열차방향으로 15도각도로분사하였으며, CASE 2는 0도 ( 바닥과수직 ) 로분사하였으며, CASE 3는플랫폼방향으로 15도각도로분사하였다. CASE 4는추가적인화재연기의배연을도모하기위해플랫폼하단부에배기구를설치 ( 배연풍량 : 15 m/s) 및분사각도는 0도로하였으며, CASE 5의경우, 피난연결통로 (Cross-passage) 의가압송풍기류및화재열차방향으로 15도각도 (Air jet with 15 degree) 로분사하는방식이며, 에어커튼의풍속은 30 m/s로계획하였다. 4. 시뮬레이션결과 CASE1 CASE5의시뮬레이션결과아래의그림 (Fig. 24 Fig. 28) 과같이도출되었으며, 열차가구난역에정차후 30분경과시구난역플랫폼에에어커튼이설치된횡단면및종단면을기준으로 CO (Carbon monoxide) 가스유입여부결과를도출하였다. 4.1 CASE 1 결과 CASE 1의경우, 30분경과후화재열차로인한 CO 가스가구난역 (Rescue Station) 플랫폼내부시점부 ( 우측부 ) 에유입이되었으나질식사를발생시킬정도의 CO가스가유입되지않고소량의가스유입으로대피자가대피하는데문제가발생하지않는대피경로를확보하였다. Fig. 21. CASE 3 : Air jet with 15degree toward Platform Fig. 24. CO gas inflow of case1 4.2 CASE 2 결과 Fig. 22. CASE 4 : Air jet with 0 degree toward platform and exhaust duct (15 m/s) CASE 2의경우, 30분경과후화재열차로인한 CO 가스가에어커튼의수직방향분사로인한와류로인하여에어커튼설치주변에 CO가스가플랫폼에유입이되었으나, 소량의가스유입으로대피자가대피하는데문제가발생하지않는대피경로를확보하였다. Fig. 23. CASE 5 : Air jet with 15degree toward passenger car and pressure air blast from cross passage (2 m/s) Fig. 25. CO gas inflow of case2 263
8 박상헌ㆍ안승주ㆍ한상주ㆍ유용호 4.3 CASE 3 결과 CASE 3의경우, 플랫폼내부기류를회전시켜화재열차로부터유입되는연기를막아주는형태로 30분경과후화재열차로인한 CO가스가에어커튼설치위치주변에약간의가스유입을제외하고대피자가대피하는데문제가발생하지않는대피경로를확보하였다. 로 (Cross-passage) 에서가압되는기류영향으로플랫폼내부에양압을형성과동시에에어커튼이분사되어에어커튼의하단부와플랫폼공간에 CO가스유입을방지하여, 대피자가가장안전하게대피할수있는대피경로를확보하였다. Fig. 28. CO gas inflow of case5 Fig. 26. CO gas inflow of case3 4.4 CASE 4 결과 CASE 4의경우, 에어커튼의차단기류를배기덕트가종방향으로배연해주는시스템이나, 화재열차로인한연기가 30분경과후구난역에에어커튼의하단기류를배기덕트가완전한배기를하지못하여에어커튼이설치된하단부에난기류가발생되어많은양의 CO가스유입이되었다. 대피자에게질식사및대피지장을줄만큼의 CO가스유입이발생하지는않았지만에어커튼과배기덕트의효율적인설치방안에대한추가적인연구가필요하다고판단된다. 4.6 시간에따른각 CASE 별 CO가스변화각시뮬레이션조건별 (CASE1 CASE5) 30분동안진행시간에따른구난역플랫폼에유입되는 CO가스량의관계에대한결과값은 Fig. 29처럼나타났다. 측정지점은화원에가가장가까운곳에설치된에어커튼단면을기준으로바닥면 1.5 m 높이에서의 CO농도변화를시간에따라그래프로나타낸것이다. CASE별로 CO농도변화를분석한결과 CASE1, CASE 5가시간에지남에따라 CO가스유입량이가장적으면서안정되게유지가되었으며, 기류의불규칙적인변화가없이일정하게유지하면서화재연기차단을확인하였다. Fig. 27. CO gas inflow of case4 4.5 CASE 5 결과 CASE 5의경우, 30분경과후화재열차로인한 CO가스가구난역에에어커튼의분사와피난연결통 Fig. 29. The graph of CO gas inflow according to time 264
9 해저터널구난역플랫폼화재연기확산방지를위한에어커튼시스템차연성능시뮬레이션연구 4.7 CASE 별최대 CO 가스유입량 30분동안 CASE별구난역플렛폼에유입되는최대 CO가스유입량은 Table 2와같이나타났으며, CASE 5가가장최소유입량을나타내었다. Table. 2. Peak inflow of CO gas in platform for 30 minutes Contents CASE 1 ( Air jet with 15degree toward passenger car) CASE 2 (Vertical air jet with 0degree toward bottom CASE 3 (Air jet with 15degree toward Platform) CASE 4 (Air jet with 0 degree toward platform and exhaust duct (15 m/s)) CASE 5 (Air jet with 15degree toward passenger car and pressure air blast from cross passage (2 m/s)) 5. 결론 Peak inflow of CO gas in platform ppm ppm ppm ppm 66.7 ppm 본연구에서는대심도초장대해저터널에화재열차가구난역정차시대피자가플랫폼으로하차하여대피할때화재연기로인한질식사방지및안전한대피경로확보를위해열차출입문과플랫폼사이에에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 을설치하여화재연기차단성능및최적화설치방안에대한시뮬레이션연구를수행하였다. 에어커튼시스템의차단성능및최적화도출을위해 CASE별시뮬레이션해석결과, CASE5 인열차방향으로 15도각도로기류분사와피난연결통로 (Crosspassage) 에서작용되는가압송풍을적용하였을때가장효율적인 CO가스차단효과를발휘하였으며열 차방향으로에어커튼이 15도각도로분사하는 CASE1에대해서도 15 MW급화재연기에우수한차연성능을발휘하였다. 구난역에열차객차수만큼피난연결통로를설치시많은공사비가소요되기때문에일반적으로피난연결통로간격을 m마다설치한다. 따라서이러한피난연결통로설치간격을고려한다면 CASE1과 CASE5이적용가능하며대피자가화재연기와의영향을최소화할수있어안전한대피경로를제공할수있다. 이와같이우수한차연성능을갖는에어커튼시스템 (Air curtain system) 은다양한시뮬레이션조건에따른최적화방안을도출하였으나, 이론상의검증뿐만아니라, 실물또는모형화재실험을실시하여구난역플랫폼에적용될에어커튼시스템의신뢰성검증이필요하며, 철도터널화재로인한다양한대피시나리오 ( 열차의정차위치, 열차의탈선, 대피자의대피위치등 ) 를고려하여효율적인에어커튼시스템설계방안에대한연구도필요하다. 에어커튼시스템은새로운철도터널화재안전방재시설중하나로서다양한분야에적용하기위한기초연구자료로활용되어초장대해저터널뿐만아니라국내지하철플랫폼, 지하보도등과같은다양한지하공간분야에인명피해확산을최소화할수있는차연설비로발전될것이라기대한다. 감사의글 본연구는국토교통부건설교통과학기술진흥원의건설기술연구사업 ( 고수압초장대해저터널기술자립을위한핵심요소기술개발, 13건설연구T01) 및한국건설기술연구원주요사업 ( 경제성을고려한도로터널환기설비정비및관리지침제정연구 2차년도 ) 의지원으로수행되었으며이에깊은감사를드립니다. 265
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