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1 대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 간ㆍ담도 HBsAb 와 HBcAb 가양성인장기공여자의간조직에서 Hepatitis B Virus DNA 의발현 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원소아과학교실, * 외과학교실 정창우ㆍ장주영ㆍ김경모ㆍ이승규 * Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Liver Grafts Obtained from HBsAb and HBcAb Positive Organ Donors Chang Woo Jung, M.D., Joo Young Jang, M.D., Kyung Mo Kim, M.D. and Sung Gyu Lee, M.D.* Departments of Pediatrics and *Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: It has recently been reported that de novo HBV infection following liver transplantation is caused by grafts from HBcAb positive donors, and this phenomenon has been observed in one third of the liver transplant patients in our center. Therefore, we investigated the presence of HBV virus DNA in liver tissues obtained from HBcAb positive donors to determine the mechanism by which de novo HBV infection occurs. Methods: This study was conducted on 6 patients that were HBsAg negative, HBsAb positive, and HBcAb positive who were donors for liver transplantation between November 1997 and November 1998 at Asan Medical Center. We isolated DNA from a portion of liver biopsy tissues that were obtained during the operation, and then identified the surface and core region of HBV DNA using nested PCR. In addition, four children who received liver grafts from these donors were monitored to determine if they became afflicted with non-hbv related diseases while receiving prophylaxis consisting of short-term HBIG treatment and long-term treatment with an antiviral agent. Results: The surface antigen region was identified in all 6 donors and the core antigen region was observed in 4 of the 6 donors. However, no episodes of de novo HBV infection with prophylaxis were observed. Conclusion: The results of this study support the results of previous studies, which indicated that HBV infection may be the main cause of de novo HBV infection in patients that receive HBsAb positive and HBcAb positive donor grafts. (Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 10: ) Key Words: Liver transplantation, Hepatitis B virus, Living donors, Hepatitis B antibodies 접수 :2007 년 7 월 31 일, 승인 :2007 년 8 월 30 일책임저자 : 김경모, , 서울시송파구풍납 2 동 388-1, 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원소아과학교실 Tel: , Fax: , kmkim@amc.seoul.kr 본연구는 1998 년도아산생명과학연구소의연구비 ( ) 의지원에의해이루어진것임. 본논문의요지는 2003 년제 53 차대한소아과학회추계학술대회에서구연발표됨. 166
2 정창우외 :HBcAb 양성인장기공여자의 HBV DNA 발현ㆍ 167 서론간이식후에발생하는 B형간염은두가지가있으며, 재발과신생간염이그것이다. B형간염에의한간부전으로이식을받은환자에서원질환의재발에의한것은잘알려져있으며, 재발을막기위한적절한예방적치료를시행하지않는다면빠른속도로이식편의기능부전이초래되고, 사망에이르게된다 1,2). 이러한 B형간염이없던환자에게서이식후새로발생하는 B형간염에대해신생 (de novo) B형간염이라고부른다 3). 현재까지간이식후에발생한신생 B형간염의보고들은많지않으며후향적인연구에의한결과이고또한간염의보균빈도가낮은국가에서이루어진결과들이다. 따라서 HBcAb의빈도가 50% 가넘을것 4) 으로추정되는국내에서의결과가필요하다고생각된다. 따라서저자들은 HBsAb 및 HBcAb 양성인공여자간이식편에서의 HBV (hepatitis B virus) DNA의발현의유병률을조사하여신생간염의발생기전을규명하기위한일환으로본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 1997년 11월부터 1998년 11월까지서울아산병원에서간이식을시행받은환자중이식편을제공한공여자 6명을대상으로하였다. 공여자의선정방법은황등의보고에기술되었다 5). 공여자중에서 HBsAg 음성이고 C형간염항체음성이며 B형간염의과거력이없는환자중에서 HBsAb 양성, HBcAb 양성이며 HBV 음성인공여자를대상으로하였다. 또한이들에게서간이식을받은 6명중에서 B형간염이외의적응증으로이식받은소아환자 4명을대상으로경과를분석하였다. 2. 이식제공자간조직의면역화학적염색간이식수술동안시행되는간조직생검시조직의일부를얻어서영하 70 C에보관하였다. 간조직에서의 B 형간염의항원의양은파라핀조직에서 HBsAg과 HBcAb에대한각각의다크론항체를사용하여표준면역염색을시행하여결정하였다 (Dakopatts, Copenhagen, Denmark). Peroxidase를 marker로 diaminobenzene을촉매로 PAP kit (Amersham, Chicago, IL) 를적용하였다. 3. 간조직의이중중합연쇄반응방법 HBV genome의증폭을 Diamantis 등 6) 이서술한시발체를사용하여시행하였다. 간조직 200 mg 혹은 1 g의조직에서 DNA를추출하고 HBV DNA의 core ( 핵심 ) 구역과 surface ( 표면 ) 구역 2군데의시발체를준비하여이중중합연쇄반응을시행하였다. 시발체 (Table 1) 의순서로음성이나올경우 3가지가모두음성인경우를음성으로진단한다. 효소중합연쇄반응의조건은 94 C에서 45초간변성, 55 C에서 1분간가열냉각, 72 C에서 1분간증폭을한주기로 30주기를시행한뒤안쪽부분시발체로같은주기의중합연쇄반응을시행하고분절의크기에따라전기영동하여변성과중화과 Table 1. Nucleotide Sequences of External, Internal Primers and Probe from the Surface and Core Regions of the Hepatitis B Virus Genome Region Map position Sense/Antisense Sequence (5' to 3') Surface 1198 Sense CCAGCAGCCAACCAAGTA 1633 Antisense TGTCAACAAGAAAAACCC 1256 Sense GCGGTATTTTGGGGTGGA 1535 Antisense AGATTGACGAGATGTGAG Core 81 Sense TTTGGGGCATGGACATTG 541 Antisense CGTCTAACAACAGTAGTT 126 Sense TGGAGTTACTCTCGTTTT 488 Antisense TCTATAGGCTGGAGGAGT
3 168 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 정을거쳐 southern blotting하여고정시킨다. 실험은 2 회씩반복시행하였다. 결 과 4. 신생 B 형간염의예방 7) 라미부딘을체표면적 1.73 m 2 당 100 mg의양을경구로투여를시작하여지속적으로투약하였다. B형간염면역글로불린 (HBIG, Hepatitis B immune globulin) 은이식후 7일간은 100 IU/kg을정맥주입하고첫 6개월간 HBsAb의 titer가 100 miu/ml를유지하도록간헐적으로 100 IU/kg를정맥주사하였다. Table 2. Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of 6 Donors with Positive Hepatitis B Core Antibody. Items Mean±S.D. Range Age at biopsy (yr) 37± Sex (M:F) 3:3 AST (IU/L) 21.5± ALT (IU/L) 21.5± Prothrombin time (INR) 1.03± Bilirubin (mg/dl) 0.73± 환자의특성연구대상의특성은다음과같다. 공여자의평균연령은 37±4세 ( 범위 : 32 43), 남녀비율은 3:3이었고평균 AST는 21.5±12.3 IU/L ( 범위 : 9 43), 평균 ALT는 21.5±14.8 IU/L ( 범위 : 8 43), 평균총빌리루빈은 0.73± 0.48 mg/dl ( 범위 : ), 평균 INR은 1.03±0.05 ( ) 였다 (Table 2). 이중 HBV DNA 양성인공여자가 1명있었으나성인에게이식되었다. 4명의간이식수혜자의이식적응증은 3명이담도폐쇄증, 1명이잠재성간경변 (cryptogenic cirrhosis) 으로진단되었다. 나머지 2명의수혜자는만성 B형간염으로인한간경변을가진성인환자로대상에서제외하였 Fig. 1. Detection of HBV6 surface region in the liver tissues of HBcAb positive donors by nested PCR. All patients show band at 231 bp. Amplified product were observed on ultraviolet transilluminator. The band of No. 2 donor presents weak positive on electrophotometry (M: 123 size marker, Patient No., P: positive control, N: negative control). Fig. 2. Representative detection of HBV core region in the liver tissues of HBcAb positive donors by nested PCR in No. 4 and No. 6 patients. Both show that there was no band formation at 672 bp on 1st PCR, but there were band formations at 294 bp on nested PCR (M: 123 size marker, Patient No.).
4 정창우외 :HBcAb 양성인장기공여자의 HBV DNA 발현ㆍ 169 다. 수혜자의평균연령은 2±1세 ( 범위 1 5) 였으며, 성별은 4명전부여아였다. 수혜자의수술전 HBsAg, HBcAb는모두음성이었다. 2. 면역조직항원검사공여자 6명의조직을면역조직화학염색을시행하여본결과표면항원과핵심항원에모두음성소견을보였다. 3. PCR 결과중합효소연쇄반응은 6명의조직에서 HBV DNA를분리하여 HBV DNA의표면구역에대한시발체로구한결과는 6명모두양성으로 (Fig. 1), 핵심구역에대한시발체로구한결과는 4명에서양성으로관찰되었다 (Fig. 2)(Table 3). 4. 수혜자의경과 4명의간을이식받은수혜자는이식수술직후간정맥혈전으로사망한 1명을제외하고모두라미부딘과 HBIG 투여의예방법을시행하면서, 간염의발생은관찰되지않고있다 (Table 4). 수술후 9년이지난현재 HBsAg은 3명모두음성이고, HBsAb는 2명은음성, 1 명은양성인상태로유지되고있다. 고찰 1993년이래로간이식전에는 HBsAg이없던환자들에서간이식후에신생 B형간염이보고되고있다 8). 국외의보고에의하면 HBsAg 음성, HBcAb 양성인공여자에서심지어 HBsAb 양성인공여자에서 HBV 감염의가능성이제시되었다 9 14). 저자들의연구에서도 HBcAb 양성인공여자가신생 B형간염의위험인자로분석되었고, 예방적치료가없었던 33% 의환자에서신생간염이발생하는것을보고하였다 7). HBcAb 양성은현재의상태에관계없이과거감염력이있으면양성으로나타나므로, 이러한환자에서과거의 HBV에대한항체가생성되고, 혈청학적으로도 HBsAg이음성이되어도수십년동안 HBV 감염이지속되는경우가있어이를 Table 3. Serology, Histology, and Polymerase Chain Reaction Results of 6 Hepatitis B Core Antibody Positive Donors Serology Immunostaining DNA PCR Pt No. Age/Sex Histology HBcAb HBsAb HBsAg HBcAg S-region C-region 1 36/F + + WNL* /F + + WNL ND ND /M + + FL ND ND + ND 4 34/M + + WNL /F + + WNL /M + + FL *WNL: within normal limit, FL: fatty liver, ND: not determinate. HBV DNA Table 4. Clinical Profile and Outcome of 4 Recipients Who Received Liver Transplantation due to Non-Hepatitis B Virus Related Disease PreLT PostLT Pt No. Diagnosis HBV recur Outcome HBsAg/HBsAb HBcAb HBcAg HBsAg/HBsAb 1 BA /+ / No E 2 Cryptogenic LC / / No S 4 BA /+ / No S 5 BA / /+ No S BA: biliary atresia, LC: liver cirrhosis, LT: liver transplantation, E: expired, S: survived.
5 170 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 잠재 (occult) HBV 감염이라고하며일반적인형태의혈청학적검사로는진단이되지않지만, 혈액, 말초단핵구, 림프절, 비장그리고간등에감염이남아있을수있다. 이잠재 HBV 감염이생체간이식후의신생 B형간염의원인으로알려져있다 15,16). 수혜자및공여자의잠재 HBV 감염이모두원인이될수있으며, 간동종이식시재발혹은신생 B형간염의가장큰원인으로생각되어지고있다 17). 잠재 HBV 감염환자가있는경우 HBV DNA는개개인의혈청검사상바이러스가없는것으로판명되어도간에서지속적으로존재할수있다고알려져있다 18,19). 이위험에기초하여국가의 HBcAb 양성률과실정에따라북아메리카와유럽의대부분의이식센터는 HBcAb 양성인공여자의장기를이식에서제외하고있다. 또한이들국가에서는 HBcAb 양성혈액도 B형간염의전파의가능성이있어수혈에서제외시키고있다 20). 하지만 HBcAb의빈도가 50% 가넘을것 4) 으로추정되는국내에서는수혈에서제외하고있지않으며, 아직까지이식후신생간염에대한확실한결과가없고또한국내의심한뇌사공여장기의부족으로장기이식의기증에서제외하고있지않다 5). 우리의연구와같은연구를시행한 Marusawa 등 21) 의보고에서도 HBsAb와 HBcAb 양성인간염의병력이없는건강한 14명중 13명에서 HBV DNA의표면구역이양성으로검출되었고이중 8명에서복제가능한 episomal form으로발견되었다. HBV가복제되는동안에는 ccc (covalently closed circular) HBV DNA가관찰되며 22,23), ccc DNA는감염동안안정한 episome으로존재하여 virus 유전자의전사의주형으로활동한다. 본연구에서는 66% 에서 HBsAg과 HBcAg을 coding하는 DNA가양성으로검출되었으나, 복제과정중에관찰되는 ccc DNA를포함한연구를시행하지못하였다. 하지만 Marusawa 등 21) 의결과에비추어본연구에서표면및핵심구역의 DNA가관찰된 4명중에서 2 3명에서복제가능한형태를추측해볼수있겠으며, 향후이에대한연구가필요하다고하겠다. Hussain 등 24) 은 B형간염으로간이식을받은환자를대상으로이식후조직검사를시행하였고, 간조직검사상 total DNA에서는 83%, ccc HBV DNA에서 17% 에서양성으로보였으나재발은 5% 에서발생하였다. 이연구에서 HBcAb 양성인공여자에서증식형의바이러스의빈도와간염 의발생을낮게보고하고있다. 이번연구에서도공여자가 HBcAb 양성일때수혜자의혈청검사상에서는 HBsAg 음성이고 HBsAb는양성이지만간조직검사상이중중합효소연쇄반응상에서 HBV는표면구역부분에서 6명모두, 핵심구역부분에서는 4명이양성으로조직검사상에서잠재 HBV 감염의증거를발견할수있었다. 이는저자들이보고한간이식후발생하는신생 B형간염의원인으로 HBcAb가위험인자임을지지한다는것을보여준다 10). 그리고이사실은많은수의 HBsAg 음성이면서 HBsAb 양성인건강한사람들도간세포에서의바이러스의복제를동반하는잠재 HBV 감염의보균자라는사실과부합하다 21). 본연구결과에의하면 HBcAb가양성인공여자에서잠재 HBV 감염의가능성이있으므로, 이들을공여자로하는간이식수혜자에서예방적인치료가필요하다. 저자들의연구에서단기간의 HBIG 과장기간의라미부딘예방요법으로신생 B형간염의예방에효과가있음을보고한바있다 7). 국내의보고에서는권등 17) 이예방접종을통하여예방효과를증명하였고, 이등 25) 은지속적으로 HBIG의사용에의한예방효과를보고한바가있다. 하지만장기간의 HBIG의사용은비용과반복적인주사치료를요하며, 예방접종또한반복적인예방접종에대한부작용이알려져있지않다는것이문제점이며, 3가지치료모두장기적으로언제까지치료를하여야하는지에대한자료가부족한실정이다. 이번연구에서도라미부딘과 HBIG을사용하였고현재이식을받은소아환자 4명중 3명에서혈청에서 HBsAg 음성으로재발없이지내고있다. 나머지 1명은수술직후이식간기능부전으로사망하였다. 이번연구의결과로 HBcAb 양성공여자는혈청학적으로잠재 HBV 감염을시사하는공여자로추정할수있으며, 이식시간조직에서의 DNA 존재는이식된간에서 HBV의증식할수있음을보여준다고생각한다. 그러므로 HBcAb 양성인공여자에서받은간은소아간이식이후발생하는신생 B형간염의원인이될수있다고판단한다. 추후 HBV의증식의조건에대한추가연구가필요하며, 건강한개인에서 HBsAg 음성, HBsAb 양성이면서 HBcAb 양성일시어떻게바이러스의증식이유지
6 정창우외 :HBcAb 양성인장기공여자의 HBV DNA 발현ㆍ 171 되고잠재 HBV 감염을일으킬수있는지에대한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 요 목적 : 최근 HBsAb 및 HBcAb 양성인공여자의간이식편을이식받은수혜자에서신생 B형간염이발생하는것이보고되고있으며, 저자들도약 40% 에서신생 B형간염이발생하는것을보고하였다. 한국인에서의 HBcAb 양성률은 50% 가넘는것으로보고하고있는데, 이는임상간이식의걸림돌이될수있으며저자들은이를예방하기위한일환으로써본연구를시행하였다. 방법 : 1997년 11월부터 1998년 11월까지 12개월동안서울아산병원에서생체간이식공여자가과거 B형간염과 C형간염감염의증거가없으면서 HBsAg 음성이면서 HBsAb 양성, HBcAb 양성인성인공여자 6명을대상으로하였다. 간이식수술시동결생검을위하여채취한절편의일부를보관하여실험에사용하였다. 동결절편조직에서 DNA를분리하여, HBV DNA의표면구역과핵심구역에대한시발체를이용하여이중중합효소연쇄반응을시행하여검사를시행하였다. 결과 : 공여자 6명의조직에서표면구역이모두양성으로관찰되었으며, 핵심구역은 4명에서양성으로관찰되었다. 그중 4명의간을이식받은소아수혜자는모두예방법을시행하면서, 신생 B형간염의발생은관찰되지않고있다. 결론 : 본결과는간이식후발생하는신생 B형간염의원인으로 HBcAb 양성이위험인자임을지지하고있다. HBcAb 양성공여자의간이식편에서핵심구역은 66% 에서양성으로보여이식후잠재 HBV 감염혹은신생 B형간염의발생을막기위해예방적치료가필요할것으로사료된다. 약 참고문헌 1) Todo S, Demetris AJ, Van Thiel D, Teperman L, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Orthotopic liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver disease. Hepatology 1991;13: ) O'Grady JG, Smith HM, Davies SE, Daniels HM, Donaldson PT, Tan KC, et al. Hepatitis B virus reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Serological and clinical implications. J Hepatol 1992;14: ) Segovia R, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A, Grande L, Bruguera M, Costa J, et al. Evidence of serious graft damage induced by de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001;7: ) Shin BM, Jeong KW. Distribution of anti-hbs levels in Korean adults. Yonsei Med J 2000;41: ) Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, Sung KB, Park KM, Kim KH, et al. Lessons learned from 1,000 living donor liver transplantations in a single center: How to make living donations safe. Liver Transplantation 2006;12: ) Diamantis ID, McGandy C, Pult I, Buhler H, Schmid M, Gudat F, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detects hepatitis B virus DNA in paraffin-embedded liver tissue from patients sero- and histo-negative for active hepatitis B. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1992;420: ) Kim KM, Choi BH, Lee YJ, Lee SG. Efficacy of combination prophylaxis with short-term HBIg and long-term Lamivudine in preventing de novo hepatitis b infection in orthotopic liver transplant recipients with HBcAb positive donor. Hepatology 2000;32:523A. 8) Douglas DD, Rakela J, Taswell HF, Krom RA, Wiesner RH. Hepatitis B virus replication patterns after orthotopic liver transplantation: de novo versus recurrent infection. Transplant Proc 1993;25: ) Lei D WJ, Sullivan DE, Dash S, Gerber MA. Detection of hepatitis B virus sequences in liver tissues of seronegative organ donors. Int Hepatol Commun 1995;3:7. 10) Wachs ME, Amend WJ, Ascher NL, Bretan PN, Emond J, Lake JR, et al. The risk of transmission of hepatitis B from HBsAg( ), HBcAb(+), HBIgM( ) organ donors. Transplantation 1995;59: ) Lowell JA, Howard TK, White HM, Shenoy S, Huettner PC, Brennan DC, et al. Serological evidence of past hepatitis B infection in liver donor and hepatitis B infection in liver allograft. Lancet 1995;345: ) Roche B, Samuel D, Gigou M, Feray C, Virot V, Schmets L, et al. De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 1997;26: ) Radomski JS Mi, Armenti VT, Munoz S, Smolinski S. Risk of hepatitis B transmission from organ donors who are hepatitis B surface antigen( ) and hepatitis B core antibody(+). Hepatology 1994;20:A ) Donovan JP SD, Goonewardene T, Sorell MF, Mc- Cashland TM, Zetterman RK, Langnas AN, et al. Development of hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation with donor livers from patients with HBc Ab
7 172 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 and HBs Ab. Hepatology 1994;20:A ) Chazouilleres O, Mamish D, Kim M, Carey K, Ferrell L, Roberts JP, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus as source of infection in liver transplant recipients. Lancet 1994;343: ) Abdelmalek MF, Pasha TM, Zein NN, Persing DH, Wiesner RH, Douglas DD. Subclinical reactivation of hepatitis B virus in liver transplant recipients with past exposure. Liver Transpl 2003;9: ) 권준혁, 서경석, 조재영, 이남준, 장자준, 이건욱. Anti- HBc 양성인간이식편내 B 형간염바이러스 DNA 발현의변화. 대한간학회지 2006;12: ) Kuhns M, McNamara A, Mason A, Campbell C, Perrillo R. Serum and liver hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis B after sustained loss of surface antigen. Gastroenterology 1992;103: ) Fong TL, Di Bisceglie AM, Gerber MA, Waggoner JG, Hoofnagle JH. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1993;18: ) Hoofnagle JH, Seeff LB, Bales ZB, Zimmerman HJ. Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: ) Marusawa H, Uemoto S, Hijikata M, Ueda Y, Tanaka K, Shimotohno K, et al. Latent hepatitis B virus infection in healthy individuals with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. Hepatology 2000;31: ) Newbold JE, Xin H, Tencza M, Sherman G, Dean J, Bowden S, et al. The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes. J Virol 1995;69: ) Tuttleman JS, Pourcel C, Summers J. Formation of the pool of covalently closed circular viral DNA in hepadnavirus-infected cells. Cell 1986;47: ) Hussain M, Soldevila-Pico C, Emre S, Luketic V, Lok AS; NIH HBV-OLT Study Group. Presence of intrahepatic (Total and ccc) HBV DNA is not predictive of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007;13: ) Lee KW, Lee DS, Lee HH, Kim SJ, Joh JW, Seo JM, et al. Prevention of de novo hepatitis B infection from HbcAb-positive donors in living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004;36:
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