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1 Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 2-27, April 25. ISSN EISSN KIIE <Original Research Paper> 정상인힘추적능력분석 이백희 박현지 2 김성호 이병화 3 나덕렬 3 유희천 포항공과대학교산업경영공학과 / 2 LG 전자무선사업부 / 3 삼성서울병원신경과 Analysis on Force Tracking Capabilities of Healthy Adults Baekhee Lee Hyunji Park 2 Sungho Kim Byung Wha Lee 3 Duk L. Na 3 Heecheon You Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 2 Mobile Communication Company, LG Electronics 3 Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center A reduction of motor performance due to brain disorders can be screened by evaluating tracking capabilities (FTCs). Existing studies have examined FTCs mainly using simple sinusoidal waves, of which repeated profiles have a critical limitation due to a learning effect in tracking. The present study examined the effects of personal factors (age and gender) and sinusoidal wave factors (central and complexity) on FTCs of healthy adults using composite sinusoidal wave profiles (CSWPs). FTCs were measured using Finger Touch TM for 3 seconds and quantified in terms of time within the target range (, accuracy measure) and relative RMSE (, variability measure). A total of 9 healthy adults in 2s to 7s with the equal gender ratio participated in the experiment consisting of combinations of 2 central levels (6 N and N) and 2 complexity levels (approximate entropy, ApEn =.3 and.6) of CSWPs. Significantly decreased FTCs (lower and higher ) were found in aged adults, females, the low central, and the high complexity. The detailed FTC decrements include a 43% reduced and a 85% increased of older adults in 7s as compared to those in 2s, a 7% reduced and a 7% increased of female as compared to those of male, a 3% reduced and a 8% increased at central = when compared to those at central = N, and a 9% reduced and a 3% increased at ApEn =.6 as compared to those at ApEn =.3. The characteristics of FTCs for CSWPs can be of use in establishing an assessment protocol of motor performance for screening brain disorders. Keywords: Force tracking, Finger, Motor performance, Brain disorders, Early screening. Introduction 뇌장애 (brain disorder) 환자는정상인에비해신체의힘을발휘하거나유지하는힘통제능력 ( control capabilities) 과같은운동능력 (motor performance) 이저하된다. 힘통제능력은 <Figure > 과같이시작 (initiation), 도달 (development), 유지 (maintenance), 그리고종결 (termination) 의네단계로평가될수있다 (Heliman, 24; Seo et al., 27). 기존연구들 (Seo et al., 29; Yoon et al., 24) 은뇌장애환자와정상인의힘통제능력을단계별로비교하여운동능력의저하정도를정량화하였다. 예를들면, Seo et al.(29) 은우반구환자가정상인보다시작시간 (initiation time), 도달시간 (development time), 유지오차 (maintenance error), 그리고종결시간 (termination time) 이.8 배, 4.8 배, 6.5 배, 그리고.6 배정도유의하게저하되는결과를보고하였다. 한편, 힘 본연구는 2 년한국연구재단 (2-426), 삼성생명과학연구소 (C-B-27-3), 그리고전북대병원의료기능성게임개발및선도융합임상연구의지원을받아수행되었음. 연락저자 : 유희천교수, 경상북도포항시남구청암로 77 포항공과대학교산업경영공학과, Tel : , Fax : , hcyou@postech.ac.kr 24 년 5 월 23 일접수 ; 24 년 9 월 일 차수정본접수 ; 24 년 월 6 일 2 차수정본접수 ; 24 년 2 월 일게재확정.
2 22 이백희 박현지 김성호 이병화 나덕렬 유희천 통제능력을단계별로정량화하면뇌장애유형을운동저하증 (akinesia; 동작시작장애 ), 운동지속불능증 (motor impersistence; 동작유지장애 ), 운동보속증 (motor preservation; 동작종결장애 ) 과같이체계적으로평가하는데활용될수있다 (Heilman, 23; Yoon et al., 24). Figure. Force control phases : initiation, development, maintenance, and termination(seo et al., 29) 과같이다양하게제시되는목표힘수준을최대한정확하게추적하게함으로써평가되고있다 (Lindberg et al., 22; Nagasawa et al., 23; Vieluf et al., 23; Voelcker-Rehage and Alberts, 25). 그러나주로젊은연령층 ( 예 : 2 대 ) 과고령자 ( 예 : 6 대 ) 를실험하여중년층 ( 예 : 3 대 ~5 대 ) 에대한힘추적평가가미흡하였다. 또한, 힘추적파형은주로사인형 (sinusoidal; <Figure 3>), 계단형 (stair-stepping) 과같이반복적인패턴으로구성되어힘추적에대한학습효과 (learning effect) 가발생할수있으며, 다양한파형특성 ( 예 : 힘수준, 진폭, 주파수 ) 이종합적으로고려되지못하였다. 따라서, 힘추적을통하여보다정확하게뇌장애환자를판별하기위해서는학습효과를최소화하는신규파형의개발을통하여다양한연령의정상인에대한파형특성별힘추적능력분석이요구된다. 뿐만아니라, 일부기존연구들 (Ruff an Parker, 993; Shimoyama et al., 99) 에서성별간운동능력의유의한차이가보고되어힘추적특성분석시성별효과도고려될필요가있다. 힘통제능력은임상에서주로환자의행동관찰을통해서진단되고있어체계적이고정량적인평가방법이요구된다. 예를들면, 운동저하증 (motor akinesia) 은동작의시작이지연되는장애로서 <Figure 2>(a) 와같이한손에자극을가하여반대손을들어올리는작업 (crossed response inhibition, CRI task) 으로평가된다 (Crucian et al., 27). 운동지속불능증 (motor impersistence) 은동작의지속에문제가있는장애로서 <Figure 2>(b) 와같이 2 초간눈감은상태를유지하는작업으로평가된다 (Sander, 2). 운동보속증 (motor preservation) 은자극이사라져도현재상태를유지해동작의종결이지연되는장애로서 <Figure 2>(c) 와같이 Luria loop 를그리게한후동작을중지시키는작업으로평가된다 (Chin et al., 22; Luria, 965). 그러나전술된병상시험방법들은작업수행결과를육안으로관찰하여임상가의소견에따라진단결과가상이할수있고, 정량적으로운동능력저하정도를파악하기어렵다는한계가있다. Keep your eyes closed! Stop drawing! Figure 3. Simple sinusoidal tracking profile(central = 9N, ApEn =.6; Nagasawa et al., 23) 본연구는뇌장애선별을위한신규힘추적파형을사용하여정상인의힘추적능력에연령, 성별, 파형의기준힘, 그리고파형의복잡도가미치는영향을분석하였다. 힘추적파형으로는다양한사인곡선의주파수와진폭을조합된복합적사인곡선이사용되었다. 힘추적능력은정상인 9 명을대상으로검지의힘측정을통해힘추적의정확도와변동관련척도로평가되었다. Raise the hand contralateral! (a) Cross response inhibition test (b) Eye-closure test Figure 2. Existing motor performance tests (c) Luria loop test 기존연구들은힘통제능력의효과적인평가를위하여힘추적능력 ( tracking capabilities) 을정량화하는실험이수행되고있으나, 연령및성별에따른분석과힘추적파형의특성을고려한실험설계가미흡하였다. 힘추적능력은 <Figure 3> 2. Methods 2. Force Tracking Profile Development 본연구는파형의기준힘 (central ) 과복잡도 (complexity level) 를고려하여 <Figure 4> 와같은복합적사인곡선파형 (composite sinusoidal wave profile) 을개발하였다. 먼저, 파형의기준힘은기존연구들에적용된파형진폭범위 (3~5N, Nagasawa et al., 23; 4~2N, Vieluf et al., 23) 를참고하여 과
3 정상인힘추적능력분석 23 N 의두가지로선정되었다. 그리고, 파형의복잡도는네가지주파수 (.Hz, Hz, Hz, Hz) 와두가지진폭 (2N, 4N) 을무작위로조합하여오차범위.5 내에서 approximate entropy (ApEn) 가.3(.25~.35) 과.6(.55~.65) 인두가지로선정되었다. ApEn 은 time-dependent 파형의복잡도를정량화한척도로서, 에가까울수록파형의 regularity 가높아복잡도가낮음을나타낸다 (Pincus et al., 99). 마지막으로, 파형은기존문헌들 (Nagasawa et al., 23; Lindberg et al., 22; Naik et al., 2; Lodha et al., 2; Voelcker-Rehage and Alberts, 25) 의중앙값인 3 초로구성되었으며, 최초 5 초간은기준힘까지직선으로도달하도록구성되었다. Exerted Designated Figure 6. User interface of Finger Touch TM N 2 N. Hz Hz Frequency Amplitude Figure 4. Composite sinusoidal tracking profile(central = N, ApEn =.6) 2.2 Apparatus 힘추적실험에는 <Figure 5> 와같은 Finger Touch TM (FT, 시드테크, 대한민국 ) 시스템과 <Figure 6> 과같은힘추적평가 S/W 가사용되었다. FT 시스템은검지의누르는힘을측정할수있도록양쪽으로두개의압력센서 (max = 5N, precision = N, sampling rate = 3Hz) 와실험화면제공을위한 9 인치모니터 (FLATRON L94P, LG Electronics, 대한민국 ) 로구성되었다. 피검사자는 <Figure 5> 와같이힘측정센서와모니터로부터각각 5cm 와 7cm 거리에위치하고, 센서는피검사자의중앙을기준으로좌 / 우 5cm 떨어진위치에고정되었다. 모니터에는 <Figure 6> 과같이 Matlab R2a 로개발된힘추적평가 S/W 의인터페이스가제시되었다. Screen 5 cm 4 N 2.3 Force Tracking Tasks and Measures 힘추적실험에서는피검사자가복합적사인곡선파형을 3 초간추적하는 task 를수행하여 time within the target range (; 식 ()) 과 relative root mean square error(; 식 (2)) 가산출되었다. 힘추적성능은피검사자가 3 초동안검지의힘을조절하며 FT 장비의압력센서에힘을가해최대한파형에제시된힘을발휘함으로써평가된다. 먼저, 은힘추적의정확도를파악하는척도로서, 발휘힘이목표힘의허용범위 ±5% 이내에포함되는정도 ( 범위 = ~) 가식 () 을통하여산출된다 (Voelcker - Rehage and Alberts, 25). 그리고, 는실시간으로변하는목표힘의크기를고려한힘추적의변동지표로서, 식 (2) 를통하여계산된다 (Vieluf et al., 23). 한편, 최초 5 초까지의힘추적 data 는분석에서제외되었다. where, () # measurements,, m exerted by the subject at measurement i designated at measurement i tolerance rate 5% Sensor 5 cm 7 cm (2) 2.4 Participants Figure 5. Layout of tracking experiment 힘추적실험에는인지기능과손가락힘사용에문제가없는 2~7 대정상인 9 명이참여하였다. 피검사자는 <Table >
4 24 Baekhee Lee Hyunji Park Sungho Kim Byung Wha Lee Duk L. Na Heecheon You 과같이 2~4 대의경우 명씩, 5~7 대의경우 2 명씩모집되었고, 남녀비율은동일하였다. 본연구는경도인지장애 (mild cognitive impairment, MCI) 와같은뇌장애환자의유병률 (prevalence) 이 5 대미만에서는 5% 이내로미미한것에근간하여 (Ward et al., 22), 뇌장애환자유병률에상응하도록 5 ~7 대의참여자를 2~4 대의참여자에비해 2 배많이모집하였다. Table. Age distribution of healthy adults n Age (mean ± SD; years) (M : F = : ) Male Female 2s 24.8± ±2.5 3s 33.2± ±2.8 4s 45.± ±2.8 5s ± ±2.6 6s ± ±2.4 7s ± ± Experimental Procedure 힘추적능력평가는실험준비, 연습시행, 본실험, 그리고확인의네단계로구성되었다. 실험준비단계에서는피검사자에게실험참여동의를구하였으며, 힘추적시 FT 장비의압력센서를검지로눌러최대한화면에제시되는목표힘을발휘하도록통제하였다. 연습시행단계에서는피검사자가힘추적실험방법에익숙해지도록임의의복합적사인곡선파형에대하여오른손과왼손을 2 회씩연습하였다. 본실험단계에서는복합적사인곡선파형의 2 가지기준힘 (, N) 과 2 가지복잡도 (ApEn =.3,.6) 를조합한 4 가지실험조건에대하여왼손과오른손각각 4 회씩무작위로측정하여 인당총 32 회 (= 기준힘 2 복잡도 2 손 2 반복 4) 씩평가되었다. 예를들면, 피검사자는기준힘 =, ApEn =.6 인복합적사인곡선파형에대하여오른손으로 4 회를평가하고기준힘 = N, ApEn =.3 파형에대하여왼손으로 4 회를평가하는순으로실험하였다. 마지막으로, 확인단계에서는힘추적평가 data 가확인되었으며피검사자에게사례금이지급되었다. 피검사자 인당실험시간은약 4 분정도가소요되었다. 2.6 Statistical Analysis Method 정상인의힘추적성능 (, ) 에대하여연령, 성별, 파형의기준힘, 그리고파형의복잡성이미치는효과를파악하기위하여 four-factor mixed-subjects ANOVA(between-subjectfactor : 연령, 성별 ; within-subject-factor : 기준힘, 복잡도 ) 가수행되었다. 유의한연령효과에대해서는유의수준.5 에서 Tukey- Kramer test 를수행하여다중비교를수행하였다. 힘추적평가 data 는각피검사자의기준힘과복잡도조합의 4 가지실험조 건별로 95% 신뢰구간을벗어날경우이상치로간주 (Barnett and Lewis, 994) 하여조건별 5% 이내로제거되었다. 통계분석에는 SAS(ver. 9.2) 가활용되었다. 3. Results 정상인힘추적능력에는 <Table 2> 와같이연령, 성별, 파형의기준힘, 그리고파형의복잡성의주효과가유의수준. 에서모두유의한것으로분석되었다. 또한, 성별과기준힘의교호작용은 과 에대하여모두유의하게나타났다. Table 2. ANOVA summary table( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error) Age(A) F(5, 77) = 5.7 *** F(5, 76) = 7.7 *** (G) F(, 77) = 5.33 *** F(, 76) = 7. *** (CF) F(, 8) = *** F(, 8) = *** Complexity level(cl) F(, 8) = *** F(, 8) = *** A G F(5, 77) = 2 F(5, 76) = 7 A CF F(5, 8) = 2.5 F(5, 8) = 4.5 *** A CL F(5, 8) = 2.49 * F(5, 8) = 2 G CF F(, 8) =.5 ** F(, 8) =.68 ** G CL F(, 8) =. F(, 8) =.6 CF CL F(, 78) = 2.98 F(, 8) = 5.78 *** * p <.5, ** p <., *** p <.. 3. Effect of Age 연령이증가할수록 은감소하고 는증가하는경향이유의한것으로나타났다 (<Table 2> 참조 ). 은 <Figure 7>(a) 와같이 2~3 대는유사하나 4 대이상부터서서히감소하여 7 대가가장낮은것으로나타났다 (2~3 대 : 8±, 4~6 대 :.37±, 7 대 : 8±). 는 <Figure A 23% 42% 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s Age (a) B C % 59% 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s Age (b) Figure 7. Force tracking capabilities by age( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error)
5 Analysis on Force Tracking Capabilities of Healthy Adults 25 7>(b) 와같이 2 대부터 6 대까지서서히증가하고 7 대에서급격히높아지는것으로나타났다 (2~3 대 :.7±.9, 4~6 대 :.9±., 7 대 : 7±.7). 3.2 Effect of 여성은남성보다 은낮고 는높은것으로나타났다 (<Table 2> 참조 ). 여성은남성에비해 <Figure 8>(a) 와같이 ( 여성 :.34±.5, 남성 : ±) 이 7%(MD = -.7) 만큼낮고, <Figure 8>(b) 와같이 ( 여성 : ±, 남성 : ±.) 가 7%(MD =.3) 만큼높게나타났다. 7% Female Male (a) % Female Male (b) Figure 8. Force tracking capabilities by gender( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error) 3.3 Effect of Force 가높을수록 은높고 는낮은경향이유의한것으로나타났다 (<Table 2> 참조 ). = 은 N 보다 <Figure 9>(a) 와같이 ( :.3±, N : 4±) 이 3%(MD = -.3) 만큼낮고, <Figure 9>(b) 와같이 ( : 7±.3, N :.3±.6) 가 8%(MD = ) 만큼높게나타났다. 3% N (a) % N (b) Figure 9. Force tracking capabilities by central of the composite sinusoidal profile( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error) 3.4 Effect of Complexity Level Complexity level 이높을수록 은낮고 는높은경 향이유의한것으로나타났다 (<Table 2> 참조 ). ApEn =.3 은.6 보다 <Figure >(a) 와같이 (.3 : ±,.6 :.34±) 이 9%(MD =.8) 만큼높고, <Figure >(b) 와같이 (.3 : ±.,.6 : 3±) 가 3%(MD = -.7) 만큼낮게나타났다. 9%.3 low ApEn (a).6 high %.3 low.6 high Complexity ApEn level (b) Figure. Force tracking capabilities by complexity level of the composite sinusoidal profile( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error) 3.5 Interaction Effects 성별과기준힘의교호작용은 과 에대하여모두유의하게나타났다 (<Table 2> 참조 ). 은 <Figure >(a) 와같이여성의경우 (9 ± ) 보다 N( ±.5) 이. 만큼높았으나, 남성의경우 (.33 ± ) 보다 N(8 ±.5) 이.5 만큼높아평균차이가 36%(.4) 정도증가한것으로나타났다. 는 <Figure >(b) 와같이여성의경우 (.3 ±.5) 보다 N( ±.3) 이 만큼낮았으나, 남성의경우 (4 ±.) 보다 N( ±.5) 이 만큼낮아평균차이가 25%(.4) 정도감소한것으로나타났다 Female F Male M N.3 (a) (b) Figure. Force tracking capabilities by gender and central of the composite sinusoidal profile ( : time within the target range, : relative root mean square error).5. Female F Male M 3.6 Normative Data of Force Tracking Capabilities 본연구는정상인의힘추적성능에대한 normative data 로서 <Table 3> 에나타낸것과같이연령, 성별에따른 과 의기술통계치 (M, SD, 95 th %ile, 99 th %ile) 를제공한다. 본 nor- N
6 26 이백희 박현지 김성호 이병화 나덕렬 유희천 mative data 는 과 가공통적으로 2~3 대, 4~6 대, 그리고 7 대로분류 (<Figure 7> 참조 ) 되는통계적인결과에근간하여 3 가지연령대로구성되었다. 예를들어, 3 대남성의힘추적성능의평균치는 의경우.52 이고, 의경우 임이파악될수있다. Table 3. Normative data of finger tracking capabilities by age and gender Time within the target range() Age M SD 95 th %ile 99 th %ile 2s~3s 4s~6s Male Female Male 6.75 Female Male s Female Relative root mean square error() Age M SD 95 th %ile 99 th %ile 2s~3s 4s~6s 7s 4. Discussion Male Female Male Female Male Female 본연구에서제안된신규힘추적파형은운동능력을평가하는데유용하게활용될수있다. 기존힘추적을위한사인곡선파형들 (Lindberg et al., 22; Nagasawa et al., 23; Vieluf et al., 23; Voelcker-Rehage and Alberts, 25) 은일정한진폭과주파수 ( 예 :,.Hz; Nagasawa et al., 23) 가반복되어일정시간이지나면학습효과가발생할수있기때문에힘추적효과분석에영향을미칠수있다는한계가있다. 반면, 본연구가개발한복합적사인곡선파형 (composite sinusoidal wave profile) 은진폭과주파수가무작위로조합되기때문에예측이어려워학습효과를최소화시킬수있고, 검사집중도향상에도도움을줄수있다. 그러나, 개발된복합적사인곡선파형이기존반복적단순파형보다학습효과가적다는것은추후연구를통하여검증될필요가있다. 한편, 본연구는무작위의진폭과주파수의조합으로설정된 ApEn( 예 :.3) 의파형을 <Figure 4> 와같이완전한주기 (period) 를가진사인곡선을제시하기위하여 ApEn 의오차를.5 로허용하였다. 정상인은연령이증가함에따라점차힘추적능력이저하되었으며통계적으로 2~3 대, 4~6 대, 그리고 7 대로분류 되었다. 본연구는 과 각각대하여 Tukey-Kramer test 를수행하여연령대를분류해본결과, <Figure 7>(a) 와 <Figure 7>(b) 와같이모두세가지연령대 (2~3 대, 4~6 대, 그리고 7 대 ) 로분류되는것을파악하였다. 특히, 7 대는 6 대보다 3% 정도힘추적성능이저하되어연령대에따른저하정도가가장큰것으로나타났다. 연령에따라힘추적능력이저하된다는결과는젊은층 ( 예 : 2 대 ) 과고령층 ( 예 : 7 대 ) 을대상으로한기존연구들 (Nagasawa et al., 23; Vieluf et al., 23) 의결과와동일하다고할수있다. 또한, 본연구는연령대 (2 ~7 대 ) 별로남녀비율을동일하게통제하여연령에따른힘추적능력분석시성별비율에따른효과를최소화하였다. 본연구의연령과성별에따른힘추적능력분석결과를힘추적 normative data 로사용하기위해서는추후보다많은인원에대한실험 ( 예 : 연령대및성별로 3 명씩 ) 이요구된다. 정상인은힘추적파형의기준힘수준이낮고복잡도가높을수록힘추적능력이저하되는것으로나타났다. 본연구는파형의기준힘이 N 일때보다 일때힘추적정확도 () 가 3% 저하되고변동 () 이 2 배정도증가하는것을파악하였다. 이는 N( 범위 : 6~4N) 기준의힘추적보다 ( 범위 : 2~N) 에서높은 fine motor control 능력을요구하기때문인것으로추정된다. 또한, 본연구는파형의복잡도가 2 배정도높을경우힘추적정확도가 9% 저하되고오차가 3% 증가하는것을파악하였다. 이는 Vieluf et al.(23) 이사인곡선파형의주파수를 5 배높게할경우정확도가약 3% 정도저하되었다는결과와상응한다고할수있다. 본연구에서수립된힘추적성능의 normative data 는뇌장애를선별하는데활용될수있다. 본연구의 normative data 는통계적으로분류된 3 가지연령대 (2~3 대, 4~6 대, 그리고 7 대 ) 와성별 ( 남성, 여성 ) 에대한힘추적성능의정확도 () 와오차 () 에대하여평균, 표준편차, 95 분위, 그리고 99 분위정보를제공한다. 힘추적성능의 normative data 는운동능력의평가기준으로활용될수있어뇌장애환자를변별하는데활용될수있을것으로기대되나추후검증이필요하다. 추후힘추적을통해뇌장애를선별하기위해서는뇌장애환자가충분히실험할수있도록복합적사인곡선파형의최적기준힘과복잡도를결정하는연구가필요하다. 추가적으로, 힘추적평가에재미요소를추가하여힘추적게임으로개발되면남녀노소가보다효과적으로운동능력을평가할수있을것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 Barnett, V. and Lewis, T. (994), Outliers in statistical data : John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2. Choi, Y., Park, J., Lee, B., Jung, K., Sah, S., and You, H. (23), A classification of sitting strategies based on seating pressure distribution, Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 39(2), 5-
7 정상인힘추적능력분석 Crucian, G. P., Heilman, K. M., Junco, E., Maraist, M., Owens, W. E., Foote, K. D., and Okun, M. S. (27), The crossed response inhibition task in Parkinson s disease : Disinhibition hyperkinesia, Neurocase, 3(3), Chin, J., Seo, S. W., Kim, S. H., Park, A., Ahn, H. J., Lee, B. H., Kang, S. J., and Na, D. L. (22), Neurobehavioral dysfunction in patients with subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment and subcortical vascular dementia, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(2), Heilman, K. M. and Valenstein E. (23), Clinical neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 4, Heilman, K. M. (24), Intentional neglect, Front Biosci, 9, Hong, W., Lee, W., Jung, K., Lee, B., Park, J., Park, S., Park, Y., Son, J., Park, S., and You, H. (24), Development of an evaluation method for a driver s cognitive workload using ECG signal, Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 4(3), Kim, B., Kim, T., Lim, Y., and Jung, E. (22), Usability evaluation of the size of small touch keys for the smart phone, Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 38(2), Lee, B. and You, H. (24), A case study of eco-design for a small-size electric heater by performance, usability, and life-cycle assessments, Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 4(2), Lee, W., Lee, B., Kim, E., and You, H. (24), Design ideation and evaluation process for E3 (ecology, ergonomics, economy)-friendly product development, Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 4(3), Lindberg, P. G., Roche, N., Robertson, J., Roby-Brami, A., Bussel, B., and Maier, M. A. (22), Affected and unaffected quantitative aspects of grip control in hemiparetic patients after stroke, Brain Research, 452, Luria, A. R. (965), L. S. Vygotsky and the problem of localization of functions. Neuropsychologia, 3, Nagasawa, Y., Demura, S., and Takahashi, K. (23), Age differences between the controlled exertion measured by a computer-generated sinusoidal and a bar chart display, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 57, Pincus, S. M., Gladstone, I. M., and Ehrenkranz, R. A. (99), A regularity statistic for medical data analysis, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 7(4), Ruff, R. M. and Parker, S. B. (993), - and age-specific changes in motor speed and eye-hand coordination in adults : normative values for the finger tapping and grooved pegboard tests, Percept Motor Skills, 76, Sander, R. D. (2), Motor examinations in psychiatry, Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(), Seo, S. W., Jung, K., You, H., Kim, E. J., Lee, B. H., Adiar, J. C., and Na, D. L. (27), Dominant limb motor impersistence associated with callosal disconnection, Neurology, 68, Seo, S. W., Jung, K., You, H., Lee, B. H., Kim, G. M., Chung, C. S., Lee, K. H., and Na, D. L. (29), Motor intentional disorders in right hemisphere stroke, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 22(4), Shimoyama, I., Ninchoji, T., and Uemura, K. (99), The finger-tapping test. A quantitative analysis, Arch Neurol, 47, Voelcker-Rehage, C. and Alberts, J. L. (25), Age-related changes in grasping modulation, Exp Brain Res, 66, 6-7. Vieluf, S., Godde, B., Reuter, E.-M., and Voelcker-Rehage, C. (23), Age-related differences in finger control are characterized by reduced production, Exp Brain Res, 224, 7-7. Ward, A., Arrighi, H. M., Michels, S., and Cedarbaum, J. M. (22), Mild cognitive impaiment : Disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates, Journal of the Alzheimer s Association, 8(), 4-2. Yoon, D. S., Jung, K., Kim, G. H., Kim, S. H., Lee, B. H., Seo, S. W., You, H., and Na, D. L. (24), Motor intentional disorders in vascular mild cognitive impairment and vascular dementia of subcortical type, Neurocase, 2(), 53-6.
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운동의지장애의조기선별을위한정상인손가락힘특성분석 Analysis of Motor Performance in Normal Finger Force Control Capabilities for Motor Intentional Disorder (MID) 12 12 1 1 8 8 Force (N) 6 Force (N) 6 4 4 2 2 Signal Signal Signal
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