#00-본문외-앞(10-3)
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1 KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2OO8 Vol. 10 No 3, page 왈레스기념침례병원신경외과오현민 이동열 박화성 송준석 원 이창주 정세헌 Clinical Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage Hyun Min Oh, MD, Dong Youl Rhee, MD, Hwa Seung Park, MD, Joon Suk Song, MD Weon Heo, MD, Chang Joo Lee, MD, Se Hyun Joung, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, Busan, Korea ABSTRACT Objective : This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic factors of primary intraventricular hemorrhage. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients who suffered from primary intraventricular hemorrhage between 2003 and We analyzed the various factors that might influence the prognosis and these included the patient age, the disease etiology, the initial Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) score, the pupil reflex, Evan's ratio, Graeb s score, the ventriculocranial ratio (VCR) and dilatation of the fourth ventricle. The clinical outcomes were evaluated for each patient by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) three months after the hemorrhage. Results : The overall mortality rate was 38.5%. The factors correlated with a poor clinical outcome are an initial GCS score below 12 (p<0.05), the absence of a pupil reflex (p<0.05), a Graeb s score above 9 (p<0.05), a VCR above 0.23 (p<0.05) and the presence of obstructive hydrocephalus (p<0.05). The etiology didn t influence the clinical outcome (p>0.05). Dilatation of the fourth ventricle showed a poor outcome in 10 patients (83.3%), but this was without clinical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion : A low initial GCS score, a high Graeb's score, the absence of a pupil reflex, a high VCR and the presence of obstructive hydrocephalus are associated with a poor outcome in patients with primary intraventricular hemorrhage. (Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008) KEY WORDS : Fourth ventricle Hydrocephalus Glasgow Coma Scale Pupil reflex 서 뇌실내출혈은고혈압, 뇌동맥류, 동정맥기형, 외상, 종양, 혈액응고장애와관련되어발생하는질환으로대부분뇌실질의출혈을동반하여나타난다. 반면원발성뇌실내출혈 론 논문접수일 : 2008 년 07 월 17 일심사완료일 : 2008 년 08 월 12 일교신저자 : Dong-Youl Rhee, MD, Department of Neurosurgery, Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, Nam-san-dong, Gumjeong-gu, Busan, , Korea 전화 : (051) 전송 : (051) rdy@wmbh.co.kr (primary intraventricular hemorrhage) 은뇌실에만국한되어나타나는비외상성두개강내출혈로전체중추신경계출혈의 3.1% 의유병률을보이는드문질환이며, 뇌실주변에서발생한뇌실질내출혈의뇌실내파급으로발생한이차성뇌실내출혈 (secondary intraventricular hemorrhage) 과발생원인, 임상양상, 예후가서로다른것으로알려져있다. 3)11) 최근뇌전산화단층촬영등진단장치의발달로인해진단이용이해졌으나출혈양이나임상양상에따라예후가다양하며뇌실내출혈에대한대부분의연구에서외상성출혈및이차성출혈을포함하고있어원발성뇌실내출혈에대한분석과보고는많지않은실정이다. 6) 본논문에서는원발성뇌실내출혈환자에서의예후에영향을미치는인자를추정하고자연구를시행하였다. 419
2 대상및방법 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 5년간본원신경외과에입원하였던자발성두개강내출혈환자중뇌실내출혈만을보였던 26명의환자를대상으로하였으며, 뇌실질내출혈이소량이라도있는경우는제외하였다. 환자의의무기록을검토하여내원당시의연령및성별분포와원인질환, 내원당시의글라스고우혼수계수및동공반사의유무를조사하였다. 내원당시시행한뇌전산화단층촬영에서뇌실두개비율 (vetriculocranial ratio : VCR) 과뇌실확장지수 (Evan s ratio) 및혈종의뇌실내파급정도 (Graeb s score), 제 4뇌실의확장정도를측정하여예후에미치는영향을분석하였다. 수두증의유무는뇌실확장지수 (Evan s ratio) 를측정하여 0.3 이상인경우로진단하였으며뇌실두개비율 (vetriculocranial ratio : VCR) 은뇌전산화단층촬영에서몬로공 (Foramen Monro) 위치에서측뇌실의너비와두개골내간판층사이의비를측정하여세군으로구분하였다. 15) 출혈의뇌실내파급정도는 Graeb의등급체계에따라세군으로구 분하였다. 6) 뇌실확장정도는 Shapiro 등 19) 의연구에의거제 4뇌실의전후직경 12.5mm, 좌우직경 20mm를기준으로정의하였다. 출혈이발생한후 3개월에글라스고우결과계수를이용하여각환자의상태를평가하였으며, 글라스고우결과계수 4 와 5인경우좋은예후를보인환자군으로, 1에서 3인경우나쁜예후를보인환자군으로나누어판정하였다. 통계적분석은 SPSS for Windows 12.0을이용하여 Fisher exact test로분석하였고, 모든분석에서 p<0.05 인경우를통계적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 결과 1. 연령및성별분포전체 26명의환자에서남자는 15명 (57.7%), 여자는 11명 (42.3%) 이었고평균연령은 56.4세 (36세 ~82세 ) 였다. 통계적분석에서연령과성별은예후에영향을주지않는것으로나타났다 (p>0.05). Table1. Clinical characteristics of 26 patients with primary intraventricular hemorrhage Patient Gender Age Etiology Graeb's VCR Evans 4th Ap 4th Lat Pupil Initial number score ratio reflex GCS GOS 01 F 53 HT F 60 HT M 70 HT M 69 HT M 62 HT F 36 HT F 76 HT F 51 AN F 65 AN F 36 HT M 65 AVM F 69 HT F 46 AN M 67 HT M 40 AVM M 67 HT M 42 HT M 68 HT M 43 HT F 82 HT M 53 HT M 54 HT F 54 HT M 42 AN M 42 AVM M 54 HT AN: aneurysm, AVM: arteriovenous malformation, GCS: Glasgow coma scale, GOS: Glasgow outcome scale, HT:hypertension, VCR: ventriculocranial ratio, 4th Ap: fourth ventricle anteroposterior diameter, 4th Lat: fourth ventricle lateral diameter 420 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
3 오현민 이동열 박화성 송준석 원 이창주등 2. 원인질환과예후원인질환은고혈압이 19례 (73.1%) 로가장많았고, 동맥류가 4례 (12.4%), 동정맥기형이 3례 (11.5%) 였다. 동맥류 4례중 3례에서좋은예후를보였으며, 동정맥기형 3례중 2례에서좋은예후를보였으나통계적의의는보이지않았다 (p>0.05). 4. Graeb s score와예후 Graeb's score 1~4점인경우 7례 (26.9%), 5~8점인경우 6례 (23.1%), 9~12점인경우 13례 (50%) 였으며, 8점이하인경우 10례 (76.9%) 에서좋은예후를보였고, 9점이상인경우모두나쁜예후를보여 Graeb's score가높을수록예후가나쁜것으로나타났다. 3. 내원시의식수준과동공반사내원시글라스고우혼수계수가 3~8점은 15례 (57.7%), 9~12점은 5례 (19.2%), 13~15점은 6례 (23.1%) 였으며, 이중 12점이하인경우 4례 (20%) 에서좋은예후를보였으며, 12점이상에서는모두좋은예후를보여내원당시의식수준이높을수록예후가좋음을확인할수있었다 (p<0.05). 내원시동공반사는 15례 (57.7%) 에서관찰되었으며, 동공반사가없던 11례 (42.3%) 에서는모두나쁜예후를보여동공반사의유무가예후에영향을미치는요인임을알수있었다 (p<0.05). 5. 뇌실두개비율 (VCR) 및뇌수두증과예후뇌실두개비율 (vetriculocranial ratio : VCR) 이 0.15 미만인경우 3례 (11.5%), 0.15 이상 0.23 미만인경우 10례 (38.5%), 0.23 이상인경우 13례 (50%) 였으며, 뇌실두개비율이 0.23 미만인 69.2%(13례중 9례 ) 에서좋은예후를보여뇌실두개비율이예후에영향을미치는것으로나타났다 (p<0.05). 뇌실확장지수 (Evan s ratio) 는 0.3 미만인경우 69.2%(13 례중 9례 ), 0.3 이상인경우 7.7%(13례중 1례 ) 에서좋은예후를보여수두증의유무가예후에영향을미치는것으로나타났다 (p<0.05). Table2. Prognosis relation with variables Variables Good Prognosis(%) Poor Total(%) p value Gender Male 06(23.1) 09(34.6) 15(057.7) NS* Female 04(15.4) 07(26.9) 11(042.3) Age <50 04(15.4) 04(15.4) 08(030.8) NS* 50 06(23.1) 12(46.2) 18(069.2) 13~18 02(07.7) 13(50.0) 15(057.7) nitial GCS 19~12 02(07.7) 03(11.5) 05(149.2) p< ~15 06(23.1) 00(00.0) 06(023.1) (+) 10(38.5) 05(19.2) 15(057.7) Pupil Reflex (-) 00(00.0) 11(42.3) 11(042.3) p<0.05 1~4 06(23.1) 01(03.9) 07(026.9) Graeb's Score 5~18 04(15.4) 02(07.7) 06(023.1) 9~12 00(00.0) 13(50.0) 13(050.0) p<0.05 > (11.5) 00(00.0) 03(011.5) VCR 0.15~ (23.1) 04(15.4) 10(038.5) p<0.05 < (03.9) 12(46.2) 13(050.0) Evans Ratio (03.9) 12(46.2) 13(050.0) <0.3 09(34.6) 04(15.4) 13(050.0) p<0.05 4th Ap. 12.5mm 02(07.7) 10(38.5) 12(046.2) NS* <12.5mm 08(30.8) 06(23.1) 14(053.9) 4th Lat. 20mm 02(07.7) 10(38.5) 12(046.2) <20mm 08(30.8) 06(23.1) 14(053.9) NS* GCS: Glasgow coma scale, VCR: ventriculocranial ratio, 4th Ap: fourth ventricle anteroposterior diameter, 4th Lat: fourth ventricle lateral diameter *Not significant Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): ,
4 6. 제 4뇌실확장과예후제 4뇌실의전후직경이 12.5mm 이상인경우 83.3%(12 례중 10례 ) 에서나쁜예후를보였으며, 12.5mm 미만인경우 57.1%(14례중 8례 ) 에서좋은예후를보였다 (p>0.05). 제 4뇌실의좌우직경이 20mm 이상인경우 83.3%(12 례중 10례 ) 에서나쁜예후를보였으며, 20mm 미만인경우 57.1%(14례중 8례 ) 에서좋은예후를보였다 (p>0.05)(table 2). 고찰 성인에서의비외상성뇌실내출혈은대부분일차성뇌실내출혈의뇌실내파급으로인해이차적으로발생한다. 14) 하지만뇌실내에국한되어나타나는원발성뇌실내출혈은전체중추신경계출혈의 3.1% 의빈도를보이는비교적드문질환이다. 3)11) 뇌실내출혈의원인은대부분고혈압, 뇌동맥류, 동정맥기형으로알려져있다. 8)10) 드물게모야모야병, 출혈성질환, 뇌실주위종양, 출혈성열공경색, 맥락총낭미충증, 뇌하수체졸중, 중추성백혈병이나임파종등이있으며원인을규명하지못하는경우도있다. 14)16) 일반적인경우뇌전산화단층촬영으로진단이가능하지만출혈의원인을확인하기위해서는뇌자기공명촬영과뇌혈관조영술등이동반되어야하는것으로알려져있다. 5) 본원에서는내원당시의식수준이나빴던경우는응급뇌실외배액술이후추가검사를시행하였고, 의식수준이양호한경우에는일차적으로원인질환감별을위해뇌자기공명촬영및뇌혈관조영술을시행하였다. 그결과원인질환으로는고혈압이 19례 (73.1%) 로가장많았고, 동맥류가 4 례 (12.4%), 동정맥기형이 3례 (11.5%) 였다. 뇌실내출혈은대부분 50대이후에높은발병률을보이지만, 원발성뇌실내출혈의경우젊은연령층에서도발생할수있다. 7)9)12)13) 본연구에서도 50세이하 8례중 4례 (50%, 동맥류 2례, 동정맥기형 2례 ) 에서혈관기형을보였다. 따라서환자의연령이낮을경우혈관기형및기타원인질환의가능성을고려하여뇌자기공명촬영및뇌혈관조영술을시행할필요가있다. 증상으로는의식변화, 두통, 오심, 구토, 근수축, 경련등으로알려져있다. 1)3) 본연구에서도갑작스런의식변화, 두통, 구토, 경련등이흔하게나타났으며, 국소적운동부전, 경부강직및반사항진등은흔하게관찰되지않았다. 뇌실내출혈의사망률에대해서는차이가있지만 40~60% 로보고되고있으며, 본연구에서는 38.5%(10 례 ) 의사망률을보였다. 8)14)16) Jayakumar등 10) 은모든뇌실에출혈이있는경우 70% 의사망률을보이고, 하나의뇌실에만출혈이있을경우사망률은 0% 를보인다고보고하였고, 예후에연관되는요인으로임상적으로는고혈압, 내원시의식저하, 뇌간기능 이상방사선소견으로는혈종의양및뇌실분포, 뇌실확장등을제시하였다. 내원시의식수준과동공반사와예후와의관계에대해서는많은저자들이밀접한관계가있는것으로보고하였다. 1)7)10) 본연구에서도내원당시글라스고우혼수계수 12점이하인경우 80%(20례중 16례 ) 에서나쁜예후를보였으며, 동공반사가소실된환자에서 72.7%(11례중 8례 ) 의사망률을보여내원시의식수준및동공반사의소실유무가예후와밀접한관련이있음을알수있었다. 의식수준이나쁘거나동공반사가소실된환자대부분에서출혈양이많았고, 제 4뇌실의확 장소견을보였던것으로미루어볼때뇌간의직접적손상이 나, 뇌실확장으로인한뇌간압박에의한영향으로생각된다. 뇌실내혈종의파급정도를나타내기위해출혈이분포하는 뇌실의수와의관계로측정하거나출혈양을계산하는등의 방법이사용되었다. 2)19) 하지만 Graeb 등 6) 은뇌전산화단층촬영 상의각뇌실내의혈종의양과뇌실확장정도를수치화하여 등급체계를고안하였으며 9 점이상인경우 90% 의사망률을 보인다고보고하였다. 이번연구에서는 9 점이상인경우 61.5%(13 례중 8 례 ) 의 사망률을보였으며, 8 점이하인경우 76.9%(13 례중 10 례 ) 에 서좋은예후를보여혈종의뇌실파급정도가예후에영향을 미치는요인임을확인할수있었다. 뇌실두개비율의증가및뇌수두증은제 4 뇌실의출혈로인 한뇌척수액로의차단및뇌실내의다량출혈로인한뇌실의 확장을나타내며, 여러문헌에따르면뇌실의확장으로인해 뇌압의상승이발생하며이는환자의의식에영향을미친다고 한다. 15)17) 이번연구에서뇌실두개비율이 0.23 이상인경우와 뇌수두증이있는경우각각 92.3%(13 례중 12 례 ) 에서나쁜 예후를보여예후와의연관성이있음을알수있다. 뇌실내의혈종의분포및파급정도외에도제 4 뇌실의확장 이예후와관련이있는것으로보고되고있으며, Shapiro 등 18) 은제 4 뇌실의전후직경 12.5mm 이상과좌우직경 20mm 이상의뇌실확장의경우예후에악영향을미쳐제 4 뇌실의확 장이예후와관련있음을제시하였다. 본연구에서는제 4 뇌실 의전후직경이 12.5mm 이상인경우 83.3%(12 례중 10 례 ) 에 서나쁜예후를보였으며 (p>0.05), 제 4 뇌실의좌우직경이 20mm 이상인경우 83.3%(12 례중 10 례 ) 에서나쁜예후를 보여 (p>0.05) 통계적유의수준에는미치지못하였지만제 4 뇌실의확장이어느정도예후에영향을준다고할수있었다. 제 4 뇌실이확장된환자에서 56% 의사망률을보고한 Shapiro 등 18) 은사망원인에대해 3 례의부검을통하여연수 및뇌교의연화및뇌교의다발성미세경색을확인하였으며, 이는뇌압상승으로인한뇌간의관류장애로설명하였다. 뇌실내출혈의일반적인치료는일반적으로뇌실외배액술, 422 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
5 오현민 이동열 박화성 송준석 원 이창주등 스테로이드, 항고혈압제, 보존적치료등이시행되고있으며, 본원에서도내원당시의식수준이낮거나뇌실확장이있는경우뇌실외배액술및뇌압감시를시행하였다. 뇌실내섬유소용해제의주입을통하여혈종을제거함으로서뇌조직의압박을감소시키고뇌척수액의순환및뇌실주위조직의혈류개선을통해예후의호전을보였다는보고가많다. 4)16) 제 4뇌실의확장의경우단순뇌실외배액술은효과가없다는보고도있어향후이에대한추가적인연구가필요할것이다. 18) 결 지난 5년간본원에입원한원발성뇌실내출혈환자 26명을대상으로예후지표에대해분석한결과성별및연령은예후에영향을미치지않았으며, 내원당시동공반사가없는경우, 글라스고우혼수계수가낮은경우, Graeb's score가높은경우, 뇌실두개비율이높은경우, 뇌수두증이있는경우예후에나쁜영향을미치는것으로나타났으며이들은원발성뇌실내출혈환자에서중요한예후지표로활용할수있을것이다. 출혈로인한제 4뇌실의확장의경우본자료에서통계적유의성은없었지만예후와무관하다고할수는없을것이다. 많은환자에대한통계적분석이시행되지않은것이본연구의제한점이지만, 본연구가원발성뇌실내출혈환자에서예후판정및나쁜예후가예측되는환자에서적극적인치료의근거로활용될수있을것이다. 론 중심단어 : 제 4뇌실 뇌수두증 글라스고우혼수계수동공반사. REFERENCES 11) Angelopoulos M, Gupta SR, Azat Kia B. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: clinical features, risk factors, and outcome. Surg Neurol 44:433-6, ) Choi SK, Bae HG, Lee IS. CT evaluation in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 12:353-62, ) Darby DG, Donnan GA, Saling MA, Walsh KW, Bladin PF. Primary inraventricular hemorrhage: clinical and neuropsychological findings in a prospective stroke series. Neurology 38:68-75, ) Findlay JM, Grace MG, Weir BK. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with tissue plasminogen activator. Neurosurgery 32:941-7, ) Gates PC, Barnett HJ, Vinters HV, Simonsen RL, Siu K. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. Stroke 17:872-7, ) Graeb DA, Robertson WD, Lapointe JS, Nugent RA, Harrison PB. Computed tomographic diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage. Radiology 143:91-6, ) Ha CK, Kim JI, Jung JM. Spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage: etiology and clinical analysis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 21: , ) Han DH, Oh CW, Lee SH, Choi KS, Sim BS. Clinical analysis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 18: , ) Hwang SC, Kim BT, Chang JH, Joo KS, Shin WH, Choi SK, et al. Clinical-computed tomographic correlation of spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage patients. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 27:784-91, ) Jayakumar PN, Taly AB, Bhavani UR, Arya BY, Nagaraja D. Prognosis in solitary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical and computed tomographic observations. Acta Neurol Scand 80:1-5, ) Marti-Fabregas J, Piles S, Guardia E, Marti-Vilalta JL. Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical data, etiology and outcome. J Neurol 246:287-91, ) Kim SH, Song SH, Youm JY, Kim KT, Kim Y. The analysis of prognostic factors of IVH with EVD treatment. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 25:381-7, ) Lee JG, Choi JH, Lee SB, Lee IC, Bae SD. Clinical analysis of hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 22:484-92, ) Little JR, Blomquist GA Jr, Ethier R. Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. Surg Neurol 8:143-9, ) Mohr G, Ferguson G, Khan M, Malloy D, Watts R, Benoit B, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm. J Neurosurg 58:482-7, ) Ruscalleda J, Peiro A. Prognostic factors in intraparenchymatous hematoma with ventricular hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 28:34-7, ) Seok WS, Lee SR, Kang DG, Kim SC. Prognostic effects of 4th ventricular hemorrhage in intraventricular hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 25:1614-9, ) Shapiro SA, Campbeli RI, Scully T. Hemorrhagic dilation of fourth ventricle: an ominous predictor. J Neurosurg 80:805-9, ) Young WB, Lee KP, Pessin MS, Kwan ES, Rand WM, Caplan LR. Prognostic significance of ventricular blood in supratentorial hemorrhage. Neurology 40:616-9, 1990 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): ,
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