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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 10 pp , ISSN / eissn 손봉국 1,2, 정연홍 3, 조재흥 1* 1 한남대학교공과대학광. 센서공학과 2 한국기계연구원광응용기계연구실 3 국제대학교안경광학과 Measurement of minimum line width of an object fabricated by metal 3D printer using powder bed fusion type with stainless steal powder BongKuk Son 1,2, Youn Hong Jeong 3, Jae Heung Jo 1* 1 Department of Photonics and Sensors, Hannam University, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Laser & Electron-Beam Application, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Optometry, Kookje University 요약금속 3D 프린팅기술은레이저빔의초점에금속분말을주입하는방식에따라대표적으로 PBF(Powder Bed Fusion) 방식과 DED(Direct Energy Deposition) 방식으로나뉜다. DED 방식은금속분말도포와동시에레이저를조사하여 3 차원구조물을제작하는금속 3D 프린팅기술이고, PBF 방식은일정높이로 3 차원그래픽을슬라이싱한후한층씩금속분말을적층하여레이저를이용해 3 차원구조물을제조하는방식이다. DED 방식을사용하면레이저클래딩, 금속용접등에는강점을가지지만 3D 형상을제작할경우밀도가낮아지는문제점이발생한다. DED 방식에서의구조체밀도문제를해결하기위해 PBF 방식을도입하면상대적으로밀도가높은 3 차원구조물을제작하는데용이하다. 본논문에서는갈바노스캐너와광섬유로전송되는 Nd:YAG 레이저빔을이용한약 30 μm크기의스테인리스강분말을이용하는 PBF 방식의 3 차원프린터를제작하고, 이를이용하여얇은금속구조물을제작하였다. 또한레이저의조사횟수, 출력, 초점크기, 스캐닝속도에따른선폭의최적조건을찾았으며, 그결과최적조건은레이저조사횟수 2 회, 출력 30 W, 초점크기 28.7 μm, 스캐닝속도 200 mm/s 에서최소선폭은약 85.3 μm로측정되었다. Abstract Metal three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are mainly classified as powder bed fusion (PBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) methods according to the method of application of a laser beam to metallic powder. The DED method can be used to fabricate fine and hard 3D metallic structures by applying a strong laser beam to a thin layer of metallic powder. The PBF method involves slicing 3D graphics to be a certain height, laminating metal powders, and making a 3D structure using a laser. While the DED method has advantages such as laser cladding and metallic welding, it causes problems with low density when 3D shapes are created. The PBF method was introduced to address the structural density issues in the DED method and makes it easier to produce relatively dense 3D structures. In this paper, thin lines were produced by using PBF 3D printers with stainless-steel powder of roughly 30 μm in diameter with a galvano scanner and fiber-transferred Nd:YAG laser beam. Experiments were carried out to find the optimal conditions for the width of a line depending on the processing times, laser power, spot size, and scan speed. The optimal conditions were two scanning processes in one line structure with a laser power of 30 W, spot size of 28.7 μm, and scan speed of 200 mm/s. With these conditions, a minimum width of about 85.3 μm was obtained. Keywords : Additive manufacturing, Galvano scanner, Line width, wall thickness, Metal 3D printing, Powder bed fusion * Corresponding Author : Jae Heung Jo(Hannam Univ.) Tel: jhjo@hnu.kr Received July 24, 2018 Revised August 28, 2018 Accepted October 5, 2018 Published October 31,
2 1. 서론 3D 프린팅기술은복잡한 3차원형상제작에용이하고다품종소량생산환경에적합하여산업분야에서수요가지속적으로증가하고있다 [1-2]. 금속분말을이용한 3차원형상적층공정방식에는대표적으로 DED (directenergy deposition), PBF (powder bed fusion) 방식이개발되어있다 [2-8]. DED 방식은고분자, 세라믹, 금속매트릭스복합재료등에주로사용되는방식으로분말을도포함과동시에레이저를갈바노미터나폴리곤미러로스캐닝하면서용융시키는방법으로구조및제작조건이쉽지않다 [3,8]. 이에반하여 PBF 방식은평평한바닥에금속분말을한층씩적층한후레이저로녹여서구조물을제작하는방법으로 DED 방식보다는제작과조작이상대적으로간편하다 [4,8]. DED 방식을사용하면레이저클래딩, 금속용접등에는강점을가지지만 3 차원형상을제작할경우밀도가낮아지는문제점이발생한다. DED 방식에서의이러한문제점을해결하기위해 PBF 방식을도입하였는데, 이는상대적으로밀도가높은 3차원구조물을제작하기에용이하다 [2]. PBF 방식에서선폭이굵은경우구조물의중간에기공이발생하여밀도가낮아지게된다 [9-10]. 앞의 2가지방식모두선폭을최소화시키면즉, 3차원구조물의밀도를높이게되면보다정밀한가공을수행할수있으며, 의료분야에서인공관절, 두개골, 임플란트등고밀도를필요로하는 구조물을생산하는데유용하게사용할수있다 [1,9,10]. 본논문에서는스테인리스강분말을적층한후, 레이저다이오드펌핑한파장 1.06 μm의 Nd:YAG 레이저빔을갈바노스캐너로 2차원주사하면서용융시킨분말을순차적으로적층해가는 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터를제작하고, 이를이용하여얇은벽 ( 선 ) 을제작하고자한다. 그리고이벽에대한선폭을측정하고분석함으로써레이저조사횟수, 레이저출력, 초점크기, 스캐닝속도등에대한최적화된실험적조건을찾고자한다. 2. PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터구조및제작 Fig. 1은본논문에서설계하고제작한 PBF 시스템의간단한모식도이다. 그림에서보듯이 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터는다음과같이크게 3 부분으로구성하였다. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of metal 3D printer with powder bed fusion system 첫번째부분은가공에필요한금속분말을저장해두는금속분말통과이통속의금속분말을이송하고이를작업대로공급해주기위한와이퍼블레이드 (wiper blade) 및 3차원금속구조물이만드는최대폭 250 mm 길이 250 mm 높이 100 mm의크기로적층이가능한작업대 (build specimen), 그리고가공후남은분말과가공시발생한금속입자들모아두는유휴금속분말저장홀 (powder overflow dumping hole) 과같이적층에필요한모든장치및장비를포함하는적층부의챔버 (chamber) 이다. 이챔버는진공펌프 (becker, VASF L50) 로내부를진공으로만드는후불활성기체인아르곤가스로내부를채우며작업후발생하는배기가스는다른출구로배출한다. 두번째부분은레이저및주사부로적층부에레이저다이오드로펌핑하는파장 1.06 μm, 최대출력 500 W인 Nd:YAG 레이저 (Raycus Co., RFL-C500) 와이레이저빔을전송하는길이 10 m인광섬유, 그리고이광섬유에서나오는레이저빔을금속분말의적층부에집속하여 2차원으로주사하는갈바노스캐너 (galvano scanner) (scanlab, hurryscan ii 14) 및 F-θ lens로구성된다. 마지막부분은적층부와레이저및주사부를통제하고실험과정및시스템을제어하는 PC 기반의통합제어부컴퓨터 (main control) 이다. 그리고챔버 (chamber) 내에는가공중금속분말의산화를최소화하기위해산소의양을측정하고조절에필요한산소센서 (Roscid +Becker Co., VASF L50) 를설치하였다. Fig. 2는 Fig. 1에따라제작된 PBF 방식의금속분말 3D 프린터의사진이다. 이사진에서보듯이적색사각형은왼쪽부터 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터의광원인파장 1.06 μm인 Nd:YAG 레이저, 이레이저빔을 2차원으로스테인리스강파우더에조사하는갈바노스캐너와 F- θ lens. 2 차원스테인리스강분말의높이를미세하게깔 347
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 10 호, 2018 Fig. 2. Photo of the metal 3D printer with powder bed fusion system 면서높여가는와이퍼가들어간챔버, 레이저용융이잘일어나도록챔버안을진공으로만든후에아르곤가스를주입하는가스컨트롤러, 이 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터의각부분을제어하는메인컨트롤러이다. 3. 선폭측정을위한실험장치및방법 Fig. 3은실험에사용한 AMA사의 AM 316L cle (sus316l) 를 32 μm크기의망으로거른후이를 10배율현미경 (Nikon, MM-800) 으로찍은사진이다. 1) 기계설계프로그램인 Solid works를이용하여제작하고자하는 3D 구조물을설계한다. 2) 설계한 3차원구조물을 metarialize사의 magics 프로그램에연동하여제작하고자하는구조물을일정한미소높이로나눈다. 3) Fig. 1과같이챔버내에설치한고무재질의와이퍼블레이드 (wiper blade) 를이용하여금속분말을제작시편 (build specimen) 에깊이 40 μm의층으로평평하게도포한다. 4) 높이별로얇게나뉘어진 3차원그래픽파일의한층을레이저로조사하여한층의형상을가공한다. 5) 제작시편을 40 μm (1 layer) 아래로내리고금속분말을제작시편위로쌓는다. 6) 와이퍼블레이드로금속분말을제작시편에평평하게도포한다. 7) 1) 에서설계한높이까지가다시 4) 에서 6) 의과정을거쳐서마지막층의가공까지이를반복한다. 본실험에서는레이저초점거리등을포함한여러가지실험변수들에따른 3차원구조물의선폭을측정하기위하여 Fig. 4와같은한맨위쪽면이개방된속이빈 2 x 4 형태의육면체를높이가각각다르게 3 x 3의 9개입방체를설계하고이를 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터로제작하고자한다. 이구조물의높이는각각 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9mm인데, 한번에설계및제작된서로다른높이의구조물에서 9가지실험변수를바꾸어측정할수가있다. Fig. 3. Microscopic photo of stainless steel powder (AM 316L cl E) with the diameter size of more than 32 μm 실험에들어가기앞선준비단계로써실험시 sus316l 의산화를막기위해 Chamber 안의산소농도가 1% 이하로떨어지게끔비활성기체인아르곤가스를주입한다. 실험과정은다음과같다. Fig. 4. 3D structure model designed by using Solid Works 4. 실험결과및분석 Fig. 1 과 Fig. 2 에서제작한스테인리스강분말을사 348
4 용한 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터로제작한 Fig. 4의 3D 구조물의벽두께, 즉선폭에영향을미치는변수로는스테인리스강분말과레이저의상호작용이강하게작용하는벽을만들기위한선의가공반복횟수, 레이저의출력, 초점크기, 스캔속도를집중적으로살펴보았다. 선폭에대한측정은십자모양의 3차원구조체를배율 10 배의 hyrox 현미경으로위에서촬영한후, 촬영한사진 ( 흰선으로표시됨 ) 의십자선에서등간격인여덟곳을측정하였다. 측정시위성분말을모두포함하는전체폭을측정하였으며, 최소선폭일때의표준편차는 6.750이였다. Fig. 6. A Photo of metal cross line at the instant of separation of lines with laser power of 19.7W (a) (b) (c) Fig. 5. Photos of the meral cross lines accoding to the number of processing of 3D printer : (a) 1 time (b) 2 times (c) 3 times (a) (b) (c) Fig. 7. Photos of metalic cross lines as a funtion of various laser powers : (a) 30 W (b) 48.7 W (c) 70 W Fig. 5는레이저출력이 30 W, 초점크기가 28.7 μm, 스캔속도 200 mm/s일때벽을제작하는선을한번두번, 세번을각각반복하여가공한결과물을현미경 (Nikon, LV-UEPI) 으로쵤영한사진이다. Fig. 5 (a) 에서선을한번가공할경우, 스테인리스강분말이용융되지않아서선형성이제대로이루어지지않았고, 이로인하여일부녹은선주변에일부녹지않은스테인리스강위성분말이붙어서울퉁불퉁하고일부의선이끊어진상태로형성되는것을확인할수있다. Fig. 5 (b) 에서선을두번가공할경우, 선의형태는제대로형성되고한번위성분말이한번가공했을때보다적게나타나는것을확인하였다. Fig. 5 (c) 에서선을 3세번가공하였을경우, 두번가공했을때보다선이굵어지는것을확인하였다. 이러한결과에따라선이제대로형성되는최적의가공횟수는두번으로선정하였으며, 앞으로의스테인리스강분말을사용하는선가공에서변수변화에서모든가공횟수는두번가공하는것으로하였다. 레이저의출력을최대 70 W부터시작하여점차줄여가며두번가공했을때의선을확인하였는데, Fig. 6에서보듯이 19.7 W일때부터선이제대로형성되지않고끊어지는현상 (Fig. 6의적색직사각형안의선 ) 을확인하였다. Fig. 7은레이저출력이각각 (a) 30 W, (b) 48.7 W, (c) 70 W일때제작된벽의선폭을비교한결과로출력이높아질수록선폭이굵어지기때문에레이저출력에대한최소한계점을 19.7 W로선정하고실험을통하여정한최적출력을 30 W로선정하였다. Table 1. Laser sopt sizes according to the variation (focus) of focal length of the focusing lens and its degree of defocus Focus (mm) Spot size ( μm ) defocus (mm) Table 1. 에서보듯이스테인리스강분말의맨위층에서레이저의초점크기 (spot size) 는갈바노스캐너의위치를조정하여변화시켰다. 갈바노스캐너의위치에따른초점크기는초점의위치를바꾸면서스테인리스강분말의맨위층이놓인부분까지의디포커스 (defocus) 에따라변하는초점의크기를레이저빔의가우스광학을이용하여구하였다. Table 1에서보듯이초점크기는 349
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 10 호, μm가최소크기이고, 작은선폭을얻기위해최소크기부터점차키워가며실험을진행하였다. 초점크기를 28.7 μm, 32.5 μm, 92.6 μm으로설정하여선폭실험을진행한결과를 Fig. 8에그래프로정리하였다. 이결과레이저빔의초점크기가작을수록선폭이작아지는것을확인하였다. 앞서구한가공반복횟수 2회, 레이저출력 30 W, 초점크기 28.7 μm를고정변수로설정하고스캔속도를 40 mm/s부터 500mm/s 까지변화시키며스테인리스강분말로제작한벽의선폭을측정하는실험을진행한결과를 Fig. 9에정리하였다. Fig, 9로부터스캔속도는 200 mm/s 근처일때가장작은선폭이되는것을알수있다. 스캔속도가너무낮으면스테인리스강분말과레이저의상호작용시간이길어지면서많은분말이녹음으로인하여선이두꺼워지고, 스캔속도가너무크면분말이제대로녹지않고위성분말이많이생기기때문에선폭이약간증가하는현상이생긴다. Fig. 8. Graph of line width vs. san speed according to various laser focusing spot size (black square : 28.7 μm, red circle : μm, blue triangle : 92.6 μm ) Fig. 9. Graph of line width vs. scan speed at the optimal condition of 2 times processing, laser output 30 W and spot size 28.7 μm 5. 결론본논문에서는스테인리스강분말을적층한후, 레이저다이오드를펌핑한파장 1.06 μm의 Nd:YAG 레이저빔을갈바노스캐너로 2차원주사하면서용융하여이분말을순차적으로적층해가는 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터를제작하고, 이를이용하여얇은벽 ( 선 ) 을제작하였다. 선폭이가장작게나오는조건은스테인리스강분말을녹이는레이저조명을한층마다 2회반복하였을때, 그리고이경우레이저출력은 30 W로, 초점크기는 28.7 μm로, 스캔속도는 200 mm/s일때선폭이최소가되었으며, 이값은 μm이다. 선폭에대한측정은십자모양의 3차원구조체를위에서배율 10배의 hyrox 현미경으로촬영한후, 촬영한사진을등간격으로나누어여덟곳을측정하였다. 측정시위성분말을모두포함하는전체폭을측정하였으며, 최소선폭일때의표준편차는 6.750이다. 스캔속도가 200 mm/s 보다빨라지거나느려지면선폭이증가하게되는데, 빨라질경우에는분말에레이저에너지가제대로전달되지않아용융이일어나지않고, 반대로느려질경우에는분말에전달되는레이저에너지가높아져서분산된열에너지에의해선폭이커진다. 그리고레이저의초점크기가커지게되면일반적으로분말에레이저에너지가전달되는면적이커지기때문에선폭이증가하게된다. 레이저출력은 30W 일때가장얇은선폭을보였는데, 출력이높아지면스캔속도와비슷한이유로분말에전달되는레이저에너지가많아져서선폭이증가하게된다. 레이저출력이 30 W보다작을경우는가공된선에서끊어지는부분을다수발견할수있다. 30 W 일때에도선이끊어지는부분을간혹발견하였는데, 이를보완하기위하여선의같은부분을 1, 2, 3번가공후비교결과 2번이가장안정적인선의형태를보이고선폭도얇게나오는것을확인하였다. 이러한자체제작한 PBF 방식의금속 3D 프린터의선폭이가장작은최적가동조건을사용할경우선폭이 85 μm인벽이나구조물의 3D 물체를가공할수있음을알수있고, 레이저출력을보다크게할경우초점크기를작게할수있어서더욱더선폭을줄일수있음을알수있다. 350
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