대한진단검사의학회지 : 제 25 권제 3 호 2005 Korean J Lab Med 2005; 25: 진단유전학 방광암환자에서 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization 검사의임상적유용성 김명희 최은희 김정훈 강소영 장성구 1 유구한
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1 대한진단검사의학회지 : 제 25 권제 3 호 2005 Korean J Lab Med 2005; 25: 진단유전학 방광암환자에서 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization 검사의임상적유용성 김명희 최은희 김정훈 강소영 장성구 1 유구한 1 서진태 이우인 경희대학교의과대학진단검사의학과학교실, 비뇨기과학교실 1 Clinical Usefulness of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for the Detection of Bladder Cancer Myeong-Hee Kim, M.D., Eun-Hee Choi, M.D., Jeong-Hun Kim, M.D., So-Young Kang, M.D., Sung-Goo Chang, M.D. 1, Koo-Han Yoo, M.D. 1, Jin-Tae Suh, M.D., and Woo-In Lee, M.D. Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Urology 1, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background : Early detection of bladder cancer and its recurrence is the key to long term survival in patients. However, because of nonspecific symptoms, it is difficult to verify such assumption. The UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL, USA) is a new method to detect early bladder cancer. It can detect specific genetic alterations (aneuploidy of chromosome 3, 7, 17, and loss of 9p21) observed in bladder cancer. To investigate clinical usefulness, we evaluated UroVysion on bladder cancer patients with various status. Methods : A total of 56 patients were evaluated. Single voided urine specimens were obtained, and four types of probes (CEP3, CEP7, CEP17, and LSI9p21) were applied to each specimen according to the conventional FISH method. The results were interpreted according to the manufacturer s criteria. Results : Of the 56 cases evaluated, 33 were being followed after treatment, 8 were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer, 5 had recurred, and 10 had hematuria with no evidence of cancer. The overall sensitivity of FISH, BTA stat test, and urine cytology was 71.4%, 57.1%, and 57.1%, and the specificity was 94.3%, 97.3%, and 89.7%, respectively. Especially, the sensitivity of FISH was 75% (6/8) in the newly diagnosed patients and 60% (3/5) in recurrent cases. A false positivity in FISH was shown in patients with urinary stone. Conclusions : FISH assay is the most sensitive method in the detection of bladder cancer, and also shows a good specificity. If other tests are done simultaneously, FISH assay will be very useful in detecting bladder cancer. However, whether FISH can replace cystoscopy is yet to be assessed. (Korean J Lab Med 2005; 25: ) Key Words : FISH, BTA stat, Cytology, Bladder cancer 서 방광암은우리나라비뇨생식기에발생하는암중에서가장흔하며, 우리나라남자에서발생빈도가 3.3% 로 5위를차지하고있접수 : 2005년 1월 7일접수번호 : KJLM1828 수정본접수 : 2005년 3월 30일교신저자 : 이우인우 서울시동대문구회기동 1 경희의료원진단검사의학과전화 : , Fax: wileemd@hotmail.com 론 고, 점차증가하는추세를보인다 [1, 2]. 방광암중에서도표재성방광암이방광암의 70% 를차지하는데, 치료후 5년생존율이 90% 정도로높지만수술후 3개월부터재발이발견되고, 1년내 56%, 2년내 69% 의환자가재발하고, 침윤성암으로의진행은 15% 에서도나타나는것으로보고되고있다 [3]. 따라서방광암을치료후에추적관찰하여재발을조기에발견하는것이방광암환자의생존율을높이는데매우중요하다고할수있다. 그러나방광암의흔한증상은무통성혈뇨로서, 이는방광결석, 감염과같은다른양성질환에서도흔히나타나므로초기증상만으로는감별이쉽지 199
2 200 김명희 최은희 김정훈외 5 인 않다 [4]. 따라서방광암을진단하기위해서는정밀검사가필요한데일반적으로는혈뇨를보이거나원인을알수없는절박뇨를보이는환자의자연배설뇨나방광세척뇨에서비정상세포를관찰하는것이가장많이이용되고있다 [5]. 그러나이와같은요세포검사는민감도가떨어지고암세포의분화도와검사자에따라진단적예민도의차이를보이기도한다. 또한고분화방광암환자에서는종종정상으로판독되기도하고저, 중등도암에서도반응성의방광세포와구분하기힘든제한점이있다 [5, 6]. 이러한한계를극복하기위해개발된방법으로는소변내의종양연관단백을면역학적인방법으로검출하는방광암항원 (bladder tumor antigen, BTA) 검사, BTA stat 검사 (ALidex, Inc., USA), NMP22 (Matritech, Cambridge, MS, USA) 그리고 Immunocyt (DiagnoCure Inc., Saint-Foy, Quebec, Canada) 등이있다 [6-10]. 그러나이와같은방법들은요세포검사에비해민감도는개선이되었으나감염과같은양성질환에서항원이증가될수있어특이성은떨어지는단점이있어방광암재발을확진하는방광경검사를대신하지못하는한계가있다 [4, 6, 11, 12]. 최근, 방광암에서자주관찰되는염색체이상을형광동소교잡법 (fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH) 방법으로검출하는 Urovysion (UroVysion Bladder Cancer Recurrence Kit, Vysis, Downers Grove, IL, USA) 이개발되고있다. 이는염색체 3, 7, 17번의중심절에대한소식자와염색체 9번단완 21에대한소식자로구성되어, 소변검체에서방광암을발견하는데높은민감도와특이도를보인다고보고되고있다 [5, 13-15]. 특히요세포검사에서음성이나경계성으로결과가나온경우에 FISH 검사에서재발을진단한보고도있다 [5]. 이에저자들은방광암의초기진단과재발을예측하는데있어서 Urovysion 의임상적유용성을알아보기위해 BTA stat 검사와요세포검사를비교하여조사하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2004년 1월부터 5월까지비뇨기과에방문한 56명의환자를대상으로하였다. 환자는방광암치료후추적관찰중인환자 33명 (group I), 방광암을처음진단받은환자 8명 (group II), 방광암치료후추적중재발한환자 5명 (group III), 그리고혈뇨를보이나방광경검사상종양이발견되지않은환자 10명 (group IV) 으로분류하였다. 2. 방법 할때까지모두냉장보관하였으며 4시간이내에시행하였다. 실온에서 600 g, 10분간원심분리한후상층액은버리고 15 ml 튜브에옮겨담고, 10 ml의 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 를첨가하여 600 g, 10분간다시원심분리하여상층액을제거하였다. 검체가담긴튜브에 1-5 ml 의고정액 (Carnoy's fixative, 3:1 methanol:glacial acetic acid) 을섞은다음영하 20 에서최소 30 분간방치하였다. 600 g에서 10분간원심분리후상층액을제거하고 1-5 ml 고정액으로세척한후이과정을반복하여슬라이드를제작하였다. 슬라이드제작 : 하층액에남아있는세포를잘섞어서슬라이드의원안에각각 3 L, 10 L, 30 L를떨어뜨리고건조시킨후현미경하에서슬라이드를관찰하여세포의수가 개가보이는원에표시를하였다. 슬라이드를 2배의 saline/sodium citrate (SSC) 용액으로처리하여 73 에서 2분, 단백분해효소처리 하여 37 에서 10분간방치하였다. 실온에서 PBS, 1% formaldehyde 처리하여각각 5분간, 70%, 85%, 100% 에탄올에서각각 1분간방치하였다. 하이브리드형성 : UroVysion 의염색체 3번 (CEP3), 7번 (CEP7), 17 번 (CEP17) 의중심절과염색체 9 번단완 21 (LSI9p21) 에상보적인소식자를 3 L 떨어뜨렸다. 소식자를떨어뜨린후커버글라스를덮고, 가장자리를봉한후 37 에서하룻밤방치하였다. 다음날세척액 (SSC/0.3% NP-40) 으로 73 에서 2분간슬라이드를세척하고실온에서세척액에 1분간헹군후슬라이드를어두운곳에서건조시켜 DAPI 10 L로대조염색하고 30분후형광현미경으로관찰하였다. 결과판독 : 결과는 Vysis사에서제공한기준에따라판독하였는데, 주변의다른세포들에비하여세포의크기가 2배정도크거나세포의모양이불규칙한세포를비정형세포라하였다. 이런비정형세포를 25개이상찾은다음이세포에서 3번, 7번, 17번염색체중 2가지이상의비정상소견을보이는세포가 4개이상발견되는경우와 9번염색체단완 21소실이있는경우는 12개이상관찰될때양성으로판독하였다. 소식자 CEP3, CEP7, CEP17, 그리고 LSI 9p21이나타내는색깔은각각적색, 초록색, 파랑색, 그리고황금색인데, CEP3, CEP7, 그리고 CEP17의경우에는이들이나타내는신호가 3개이상을보이는경우, LSI 9p21의경우 에는신호의소실이있는경우양성으로판독하였다 (Fig. 1). 2) BTA stat 검사 1회자연배설뇨 2 ml 이상을받아 BTA stat kit (ALidex, Inc., Redmond, USA) 의검체투입구에두방울정도떨어뜨리면소변내에방광암항원이존재하는경우항원-항체복합체를형성하여분홍또는적갈색의띠를형성한다. 이띠가존재하는경우양성으로판독하였다. 1) FISH 검사검체준비 : 1 회자연배설뇨를약 50 ml 받은후검사를시작 3) 세포검사는세척뇨를받아 600 g, 5-10분원심분리후상층액은버리고다시한번 cytospin (Cytospin 2, Shandon, Run-
3 방광암환자에서 FISH 의임상적유용성 201 A B Fig. 1. (A) Normal FISH result. Each probe signal (CEP3-red, CEP7-green, CEP17-aqua, and LSI 9p21-gold) is shown in two copies. (B) Aneusomic interphase cells. The cell on the left shows three copies of CEP17 and a loss of LSI9p21, and the cell on the right shows four copies of CEP3 and CEP7, and a loss of LSI 9p21 ( 1,000). Table 1. Overall diagnostic characteristics of diagnostic tests for bladder cancer corn, UK) 하여파파니콜로염색후관찰하여판독하였다. 3. 통계 FISH (%) BTA stat (%) Cytology (%) Sensitivity 10/14 (71.4) 8/14 (57.1) 8/14 (57.1) Specificity 33/35 (94.3) 36/37 (97.3) 35/39 (89.7) PPV 10/12 (83.3) 8/9 (88.9) 9/13 (69.2) NPV 34/37 (91.9) 36/42 (85.7) 34/40 (85.0) Abbreviations: FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; BTA, bladder tumor antigen; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. 통계처리는 SPSS (version 11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 를이용하였다. 결 대상 56명의분포는방광암진단후추적관찰중인환자 33명 (group I), 처음으로방광암진단받은환자 8명 (group II), 추적중재발한환자 5명 (group III), 나머지 10명은혈뇨를보이나종양이발견되지않은환자 (group IV) 로, 유두종 2예, 아밀로이드증 1예, 염증 2예, 신장암 2예, 전립선비대 1예, 요로결석 2예였다. FISH의경우 7예에서검체부족또는부적합으로경계성으로판독되었고, BTA stat 검사와요세포검사의경우는각각 5예와 3예에서검사가시행되지않아통계에서제외되었다. FISH, BTA stat 검사, 그리고요세포검사의민감도는각각 71.4%, 57.1%, 그리고 57.1% 로나타났고특이도는 BTA stat 검사가 97.3% 로가장높게나타났다 (Table 1). 방광암치료후추적검사중인환자 (group I) 33명중 FISH 과 Table 2. Results of diagnostic tests for the detection of bladder cancer according to tumor stage and grade Stage Grade FISH BTA stat Cytology Group II pt pt pt pt pt pt pt pt Group III pta pt pt pt pt4 3 ± + - Abbreviations: Group II, newly diagnosed of bladder cancer; Group III, recurrance; pt, primary tumor; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; BTA, bladder tumor antigen. 검사 2예, 요세포검사 4예에서양성으로나타났고, BTA stat 검사에서양성을보인예는없었다. FISH 검사와요세포검사에서양성을보인환자들은앞으로추적검사를통해재발여부를잘관찰하여야할것이다. 방광암을처음진단받은환자 (group II) 와추적중재발한환자 (group III) 에서방광암의각병기에따른검사결과를 Table 2에요약하였다. Group II 환자군에서각검사별결과를살펴보면암의병기가 pt1, G1의경우 FISH와요세포검사에서양성, BTA stat 검사에서음성을보였고, pt1, G2의 2예중 1예에서 FISH는양성을보였지만 BTA stat 검사와요세포검사에서는 2 예모두에서음성을보여암의병기가낮고분화도가좋은경우다른두검사보다 FISH 의성적이좀더좋은것으로나타났다. Group III 환자군에서는 FISH의경우 5예중 1예에서음성, 1 예에서는경계성으로판독하였다. 2예모두 BTA stat 검사에서
4 202 김명희 최은희 김정훈외 5 인 Table 3. Comparision of the sensitivity between various tests and group II or III or both FISH (%) BTA stat (%) Cytology (%) Group II 6/8 (75.0) 3/8 (37.5) 4/8 (50.0) Group III 3/5 (60.0) 4/5 (80.0) 3/5 (60.0) Total 9/13 (69.2) 7/13 (53.8) 7/13 (53.8) Abbreviations: Group II, newly diagnosed of bladder cancer; Group III, recurrance; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; BTA, bladder tumor antigen. 는양성, 요세포검사에서는음성소견을보였다. 경계성으로판독한 1예는검체의양이부족하여관찰한세포의양이적은경우였다. 혈뇨를보이나방광암이발견되지않은환자 (group IV) 10예중 1예에서 FISH 검사양성을보여 10% 의위양성률을보였다. 판독소견은 26 개의비정상세포를관찰하였는데, 이중 2 개의세포 에서 CEP3, CEP7, 그리고 CEP 17 의증가가있었고, 2 개의세 포에서 CEP3와 CEP7의증가가관찰되어양성으로판독하였는데, 이환자는요로결석으로진단받았다. 이경우는 BTA stat 검사에서는음성이었지만요세포검사에서도양성으로판독하였다. FISH 검사는방광암을처음진단받은 8예중 6예에서양성으로 75% 의민감도를보였고, 방광암진단받고추적관찰중이던환자중재발한환자 5예중 3예에서양성소견을보였다 (Table 3). 고 방광경과세포학검사는암의재발과표재성방광세포암의진행을감시하는데표준검사로여겨지고있다 [15, 16]. 그러나많은연구들에서세포학적검사는특이도가높은반면민감도는낮은것으로알려져있다 [8, 13, 17-25]. 방광경검사는방광암을가장정확하게감시하는방법으로현재까지는이를대체할검사법은없으나 [24, 26] 침습적인방법이므로일반적으로환자의진단이나추적시에는요세포검사, BTA stat 검사등을일차적으로시행한다. 본연구에서요세포검사의민감도 57.1%, 특이도 89.7% 로기존의연구들과비슷한결과를보였다 [4, 27]. BTA stat 검사는방광경검사와함께방광암의추적검사로서미국 FDA 승인받은검사로소변내에서방광암과연관이있다고알려진인간보체인자 H (human complement factor H, hcfh) 또는인간보체인자 H 연관단백 (human complement factor H- related protein, hcfhrp) 을검출하는검사이다 [3, 4, 8, 15]. 이검사는외래에서빠르고간편하게결과를알수있는장점이있으나약양성으로결과가나올경우에는판독하기가쉽지않고기존의연구에서비뇨기계감염이나, 요결석과같은양성질환에서도양성으로나오는경우가많아위양성률이높다는단점이있다 [4, 15]. 이번연구에서 BTA stat 검사의민감도는 57.1%, 특이도 찰 는 97.3% 로나타나요세포검사보다특이도에서우수한결과를보여기존의연구결과와비슷한결과를보였다 [3, 4, 11]. FISH 검사는최근백혈병등의혈액암혹은고형암의진단이나치료후추적검사로많이이용되고있다 [27, 28]. 이번연구에서사용된 FISH probe set (Urovysion ) 은방광암을검출하는검사로 2001년미국 FDA 승인된방법이다 [5, 6, 15]. 이것은염색체 3번, 7번, 17번의중심절과염색체 9번단완 21에대한형광표지자를이용해염색체이상을찾아내는것으로방광암의진단과재발을발견하는데높은민감도와특이도를가진다고알려져있다 [5, 15, 26-28]. 특히 Ta와 T1 종양을구별할수있다는점과 BCG 치료를시행한뒤 FISH로방광암에서가장흔한유전자이상인염색체 9의소실이확인되면방광암의재발및 BCG의치료의실패가높다는점에서주목받고있다 [3]. 본연구에서는민감도 71.4%, 특이도 94.3% 로기존의연구들에서 95% 이상의높은민감도를보이는것에비해서는낮은민감도를보였지만, 다른두가지검사에비해서는비교적높은수치를보였다 (Table 1). 이번연구에서기존의연구들에비해민감도가낮게나타난원인으로는 FISH 검사를위해서소변검체의양이최소 30 ml는되어야하지만몇몇의환자에서필요한양의소변이얻어지지못했고, 따라서 25개이상의비정형세포를관찰하여판독해야하는데, 관찰한세포의수가이에미치지못해양성이예상되지만양성이라판단하지못하고경계성으로분류한경우가 6예가있었다. 또다른원인으로는검체가육안적으로혈뇨를보이는경우종종검체가응고되어있는경우가있어, 이런경우에는판독이불가하였다. 이러한경우들을제외하고본다면 FISH 검사의민감도는 90% 이상으로기존의연구에서와비슷한민감도를보일수있을것이라생각된다. 방광암을처음진단받은환자군 (group II) 과재발한환자군 (group III) 에서방광암의각병기에따른검사결과를보면, 낮은병기인경우 (pt1 G1/G2) 다른검사들에비해 FISH 검사가종양을발견하는경우가더높음을알수있다 (Table 2). 그러나대상환자수가적어통계학적인의미를부여하기는어려웠다. 방광암을진단받고재발한환자군의경우 pta, pt4병기인환자각 1예는 BTA stat 검사에서는양성이었으나 FISH 검사에서음성혹은경계성으로이는모두 25개의비정형세포수를판독하지못하여나타난결과로분석전변이에의한부정확한결과로생각된다. 환자군에따라방광암진단의민감도를분류하여보았는데방광암을처음진단받은환자군의경우민감도는 FISH 검사, BTA stat 검사, 요세포검사에서각각 75%, 37.5%, 50% 를보여 FISH 검사가나머지두검사에비해월등히높은민감도를보였으나방광암이재발한경우의환자군에서는 FISH, 요세포검사의민감도는 60%, BTA stat 검사는 80% 로차이를나타냈다. 이는방광암의병기나분화도에따른차이보다는암세포, 즉비정형세포가얼마나많이소변에서나타났는가에따라차이를보이는것으로생각된다. 그리고두환자군을합해서비교해본결과민감도에있어서 FISH 검사, BTA stat 검사, 요세포검사에서각각
5 방광암환자에서 FISH 의임상적유용성 %, 53.6%, 53.8% 로 FISH 검사의민감도가더높은것으로나타났다 (Table 3). FISH 검사상양성이었으나양성질환으로진단받은환자의경우앞으로방광암의발생되지않는지추적검사가필요할것으로생각된다. 또한마찬가지로이연구중재발하지않았으나 FISH 검사에서양성으로나온 Group I 환자들도추적검사가필요할것이다. 본연구는비뇨기과외래를방문한환자를대상으로한연구로모든환자에서 BTA stat 검사, 요세포학검사, 방광경검사가이루어진것이아니기때문에각검사간의통계학적인비교가힘들었고, 56명의환자중방광암을진단받은환자와재발한환자가 13명으로대상환자군의수가적다는제한점이있다. 따라서좀더많은대상환자를연구해보아야할것이다. 결론적으로방광암환자에있어서 FISH 검사는기존의 BTA stat 검사와요세포검사보다그민감도가높게나타났으며특이도는 BTA stat 검사보다는낮게나타났다. 방광암을진단하고추적하는데이용되는기존의검사들과 FISH 검사를병행하여시행할경우방광암의조기진단이나재발을초기에발견하는데임상적으로유용할것으로생각되나, 이러한비침습적인검사법이방광경검사를대신할수있을지에대해서는추가적인연구가행해져야할것같다. 요약배경 : 방광암의조기진단은장기생존율에가장큰영향을미치지만초기에방광암을진단하기는쉽지않다. 형광동소교잡법 (UroVysion ) 은방광암의조기진단과재발을초기에검출하는데도움을줄수있는새로운검사법으로방광암발생에관여한다고알려진염색체 3, 11, 17의이수성과염색체 9p21의소실을찾아내는검사법이다. 저자들은 FISH 검사의임상적유용성을알아보기위해여러가지상태의환자를대상으로기존의방광암진단방법인 BTA stat 검사와요세포검사를비교하여보았다. 방법 : 비뇨기과외래를방문한 56명의환자를대상으로검체는자연배설뇨를이용하였다. FISH는 CEP3, CEP7, CEP17, 그리고 LSI9p21의 4종류의표지자를사용하였다. 결과의판독은 Vysis 사에서제시한기준에따라시행하였다. 결과 : 전체환자 56명중방광암진단후추적관찰중인환자 33명, 처음으로방광암을진단받은환자 8명, 추적중재발한환자 5명과혈뇨를보이나종양이발견되지않은환자 10명이었다. FISH 검사, BTA stat 검사, 요세포검사의민감도는각각 71.4%, 57.1%, 57.1% 이며, 특이도는 94.3%, 97.3%, 89.7% 이었다. 특히 FISH 검사는방광암이처음발견된경우 75% 의민감도 (6/8) 를보였고, 방광암재발인경우는 60% 의민감도 (3/5) 를보였다. FISH 위양성을보인 1예는요로결석인것으로밝혀졌다. 결론 : 방광암환자의진단에있어서 FISH 검사는가장높은 민감도를보였으며특이도는 BTA stat 검사보다는낮게나타났지만좋은결과를보였다. 기존의방광암을진단하는검사들과 FISH 검사를병행하여시행할경우방광암의조기진단이나재발을초기에발견하는데임상적으로유용할것으로생각된다. 그러나이와같은비침습적인검사가방광경검사를대신할수있을지에대해서는추가연구가행해져야할것같다. 참고문헌 1. Yoon JH. Occurrence frequency and trend of bladder cancer. Korean J Urol Oncol 2003; 1: ( 윤진한. 방광암의발생빈도및추세. 대한비뇨기종양학회지 2003; 1: ) 2. Kim WJ, Chung JI, Hong JH, Kim CS, Jung SI, Yoon DK. Epidemidogical study for Urologic Cancer in Korea ( ). Korean J Urol 2004; 45: ( 김원재, 정재일, 홍준혁, 김청수, 정세일, 윤덕기. 한국의비뇨기종양에관한역학조사 ( ). 대한비뇨기학회지 2004; 45: ) 3. Lee ES, New diagrostic methods of bladder cancer. Korean J Urol Oncol 2003; 1: ( 이은식. 방광암의새로운진단방법. 대한비뇨기종양학회지 2003; 1: ) 4. Lokeshwar VB and Soloway MS. Current bladder tumor tests: does their projected utility fulfill clinical necessity? J Urol 2001; 165: Skacel M, Fahmy M, Brainard JA, Pettay JD, Biscotti CV, Liou LS, et al. Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patirnts with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology. J Urol 2003; 169: Sarosdy MF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G, Kahn P, Chao R, Yore L, et al. Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 168: Sarosdy MF, devere White RW, Soloway MS, Sheinfeld J, Hudson MA, Schellhammer PF, et al. Results of a multicenter trial using the BTA test to monitor for and diagnose recurrent bladder cancer. J Urol 1995; 154: Sarosdy MF, Hudson MA, Ellis WJ, Soloway MS, devere White R, Sheinfeld J, et al. Improved detection of recurrent bladder cancer using the Bard BTA Stat Test. Urology 1997; 50: Carpinito GA, Stadler WM, Briggman JV, Chodak GW, Church PA, Lamm DL, et al. Urinary nuclear matrix protein as a marker for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. J Urol 1996; 156: Fradet Y and Lockhard C. Performance characteristics of a new monoclonal antibody test for bladder cancer: ImmunoCyt trade mark. Can J Urol 1997; 4: Van der Poel HG, Van Balken MR, Schamhart DH, Peelen P, de Reijke T, Debruyne FM, et al. Bladder wash cytology, quantitative cytolo-
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