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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2018; 13(4): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 박세진 김선엽 1 대전대학교대학원물리치료학과, 1 대전대학교물리치료학과 The Effect of Scapular Dynamic Taping on Pain, Disability, Upper Body Posture and Range of Motion in the Postoperative Shoulder Se-Jin Park, PT Suhn-Yeop Kim, PT, PhD 1 Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Daejeon University 1 Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University Received: October 24, 2018 / Revised: October 27, 2018 / Accepted: November 7, 2018 c 2018 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract 1) PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scapular dynamic taping on pain, disability, upper body posture, and range of motion (ROM) in the postoperative shoulder. METHODS: Twenty-two patients who underwent acromioplasty and rotator cuff repair surgery volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n=11) and a control group (CG, n=11). For the EG, exercise therapy, manual therapy, and scapular dynamic taping were applied for 6 weeks; for the CG, only exercise therapy and manual therapy were applied for 6 weeks. Shoulder pain, disability, upper body posture, and Corresponding Author : Suhn-Yeop Kim kimsy@dju.kr, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ROM were evaluated at baseline, after 3 weeks of intervention, and after 6 weeks of intervention. Assessment tools included quadruple visual analog scale (QVAS) for level of pain; shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) for functional disability level; forward head angle (FHA), forward shoulder angle (FSA), and pectoralis minor index (PMI) for upper body posture; and ROM testing. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the EG and CG in SPADI total scores; internal rotation and external rotation ROM of the glenohumeral joint ; FSA ; and PMI. All groups showed statistically significant improvement in QVAS; SPADI; flexion; abduction; external rotation and internal rotation ROM of the glenohumeral joint; FSA; and PMI. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, for patients who have undergone acromioplasty and rotator cuff repair surgery, the addition of scapular dynamic taping during therapy is effective for improvement of shoulder disability level, ROM, and upper body posture.
2 150 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 Key Words: Disability, Dynamic tape, Posture, Range of motion, Shoulder Ⅰ. 서론어깨병변은사람들에게자주발생하며 (Bot et al., 2005), 최근 7년간의한국건강보험심사평가원자료를분석한결과에따르면 2017년어깨병변에대한진료인원은 217만명 (Kim and Kim, 2017) 으로 2010년에비하여 53만명 (32.8%) 이증가하였다. 여성이남성보다약 1.3배많았으며, 2017년어깨환자들이가장많이받는수술은 봉우리성형술 과 어깨둘레근봉합술 로약 2 만 2천회가실시된것으로나타났다 (Kim and Kim, 2017). 어깨통증이있는환자들에게앞쪽머리자세 (forward head posture; FHP) 와둥근어깨 (rounded shoulder; RS), 어깨뼈운동학및근육활동변화같은내적위험요소가보고되었다 (Thigpen et al., 2010). FHP 는목내밈자세로위쪽목뼈의폄과아래쪽목뼈의굽힘이나타나고 (Singla and Veqar, 2017) 위등세모근, 목폄근, 목빗근, 어깨올림근의단축과관련이있다 (Lynch et al., 2010). RS는 7번째목뼈의가시돌기를기준으로봉우리의앞쪽변위를말하며어깨각도를측정할수있고, 이는흔하게어깨뼈의내밈, 앞기울임, 안쪽돌림과작은가슴근의팽팸함과관련이있다 (Wang et al., 1999). 어깨통증없이 FHP 와 RS를가지고사람들의경우어깨뼈의앞기울임과안쪽돌림이크게나타나고, 굽힘의위쪽범위에서어깨뼈의위쪽돌림이크게나타나며부하를받는앞쪽굽힘시앞톱니근의낮은활성화를보인다 (Thigpen et al., 2010). 어깨뼈의뒤기울임및위쪽돌림의감소는봉우리뼈와위팔뼈사이의거리를감소시키고, 이는봉우리밑충돌증후군 (subacromial impingement syndrome; SIS) 의한요인으로간주된다 (Hebert et al., 2002). 대부분의환자들은비수술적인방법인비스테로이드성항염증약물, 코르티코스테로이드주사또는운동이포함된물리치료방법으로치료할수있지만지속된증상의경우봉우리성형술 (acromioplasty) 을시행하는 경우가많다 (Chaudhury et al., 2010). 어깨둘레근이부분또는완전히찢어질경우에는어깨둘레근봉합술이필요할수있으며, 많은전문의들은어깨둘레근봉합술을시행하면서봉우리성형술등과같은여러수술을동시에하는경우가많다 (Lee, 2014). 어깨둘레근봉합술후재활치료의목적은봉합된어깨둘레근의조직학적치유를얻으면서, 통증없는관절가동범위와어깨관절기능을회복시키는것이다 (Ghodadra et al., 2009). Millett 등 (2006) 은어깨둘레근봉합술후 5단계의 26주간의재활프로그램을제시하였다. 정상적인어깨뼈움직임을유지하기위한전략중하나는치료적테이핑을사용하는것이다 (Kneeshaw, 2002). 테이핑은고유감각피드백을자극하고, 어깨위팔리듬과관절위치를개선하는데도움이되며 (Hume and Gerrard, 1998; Morrissey, 2000), 근육의길이-긴장관계를변화시킴으로써힘생산을향상시킨다. 초음파를통한테이핑적용연구에서는어깨뼈뒤기울임및위쪽돌림을증가시키는기능적테이핑은봉우리뼈와위팔뼈사이의거리에영향을줄수있으며, 봉우리밑충돌증후군환자의재활에유용하다고하였다 (Bdaiwi et al., 2017). 어깨재활에사용되는치료적테이프의종류는탄력성에따라비탄력테이프 (rigid athletic tape) 와탄력테이프 (elastic tape) 로나눌수있다 (Shaheen et al., 2015). 현재물리치료중재로사용되는테이프는비탄력테이프인 McConell 테이프그리고탄력테이프인키네지오테이프 (Kinesio tape) 와다이나믹테이프 (dynamic tape) 가있다 (Torres et al., 2016). 비탄력테이프는늘어나지않는성질을가지고있으며, 중립자세나교정후또는조직의단축자세에서적용한다. 이중재의일차적인적용목적은움직임에제한을주는것이고 (Hume and Gerrard, 1998), 이차적인적용목적은신경생리학적효과를이끌어내는것이다 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016). 키네지오테이프는 140~180% 까지의신장성을가진다. 끝지점에서는늘어나지않고, 탄성회복력이약한편이다. 수직방향으로만늘어날수있으며, 일차적인적용목적은신경생리학적효과를이끌어내는것이고 (Kuni et al., 2016), 이차적인적용목적은약한반동
3 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 151 제한과끝지점에서늘어나지않도록하는것이다 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016). 다이나믹테이프는신축성이좋아 200% 이상늘어날수있고, 저항성과반동성이강하다. 수직방향과횡방향으로늘어날수있으며, 일차적인적용목적은감속작용, 부하흡수및움직임을보조하는것이고, 이차적인적용목적은신경생리학적효과를이끌어내는것이다 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016). 다이나믹테이프는키네지오테이프와는아주다른방식으로신체에적용된다. 키네지오테이프는조직을들어올리는효과를극대화하기위해 (Kuni et al., 2016) 신체부위를늘린상태에서테이프를적용하며, 신체가원래상태로돌아오게되면이론상피부를조금들어올리게된다. 다이나믹테이프는신체부위를짧게한상태에서적용을하는데이는기능적으로사용하는경우테이프가미리늘어나있는상태이며, 근-힘줄단위가늘어나자마자지지를제공할준비가된다는것을의미한다. 또한근육이편심성으로작용되기시작할때테이프의긴장이시작되며, 편심성움직임이끝나고돌아오는동심성운동이시작되면테이프에저장되어있던탄성력이움직임을만들어내기위해필요한근육의부하를줄여주는데기여를한다 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016). 어깨관절환자를대상으로한기능적테이핑연구 (Han and Kim, 2011; Leong et al., 2017) 는많이이루어져왔으나, 봉우리성형술및어깨둘레근봉합술후다이나믹테이프를적용한연구는거의없었다. 이에따라본연구에서는 Millett 등 (2006) 과 McCormick 등 (2015) 이제시한어깨둘레근봉합술후재활프로그램을따라도수치료및운동치료를실시하고, 추가적으로다이나믹테이프를이용하여어깨뼈뒤기울임테이핑적용시어깨통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위정도를중재전후평가를해보고자하였다. 연구의구체적인가설은다음과같다. 첫째, 도수치료와운동치료에어깨뼈뒤기울임다이나믹테이핑을추가한군 ( 실험군 ) 과도수치료와운동치료만실시한군 ( 대조군 ) 간에중재전후의어깨통증수준, 어깨기능장애수준은유의한차이가있을것이다. 둘째, 실험군과대조군간에중재전후의어깨관절가동범위는유의 한차이가있을것이다. 셋째, 실험군과대조군간에중재전후의상지자세는유의한차이가있을것이다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상자본연구는 D시에위치한 G병원에서치료를받고있는봉우리성형술및어깨둘레근봉합술을한환자 22명을대상으로시행하였다. 본연구의대상자수는 G*Power (G*Power ver , University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany) 프로그램을이용하여산출하였다. Cohen의표본추출공식에의한표본수를산출하였으며, 검정력을유지하기위하여효과크기는.4, 유의수준는.05으로하였고, Power 값은.95, 측정수는 3으로설정한후표본크기를산출하였다. 그결과총표본의최소크기는 18명이었다. 실제연구대상자의탈락율을 10~20% 로감안하여각군당 11씩총 22명을모집하였다. 모든연구대상자에게본연구의목적과절차에대해구두로설명을시행한후사전동의를구하고동의를한대상자만실험에참여하였다. 대상자의선정조건은 1) 봉우리성형술및어깨둘레근봉합술을받고 6주후인자, 2) 앞쪽어깨각도가 52도이상인자 (Thigpen et al., 2010), 3) 연구내용과목적을충분히이해하고자발적으로참여에동의한자, 4) 중추신경계의손상이나전정계의손상등신경학적문제가없는자, 5) 골절이나골관절염등정형외과적문제가없는자를대상으로하였다. 제외조건은 1) 피로에의한알수없는어깨관절부위에민감한통증을호소하는자, 2) 적용테이프에대한피부과민반응이있는자로하였다. 2. 연구절차본연구는선정조건과제외조건을충족시킨환자 22명을대상으로시행하였다. 선정된대상자중다이나믹테이핑을적용할실험군과적용하지않을대조군에각 11명씩무작위로배정하였다. 무작위배정은무작위배정도구 (Research randomizer; 를이용하였다. 중재전에두군모두어깨통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위를평가하였다.
4 152 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 Fig. 1. Study design. EG: experimental group, CG: control group, ROM: range of motion 중재방법은도수치료, 운동치료, 다이나믹테이핑으로구성되어있다. 도수치료와운동치료는환자의상태및주차별에따라강도, 단계를설정하고각 15분, 일 1회, 주2회 6주간 12회를실시하였다. 실험군에는추가적으로어깨뼈뒤기울임다이나믹테이핑을실시하고, 3주후중재전, 6주후중재전에두군어깨통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위를재평가하였다. 본연구에서적용한도수치료와운동치료프로토콜은 Millett 등 (2006) 과 McCormick 등 (2015) 의연구에서어깨둘레근봉합술재활을위해제시된프로토콜을참고하여재구성하였고, 도수치료는어깨복합체, 오목위팔관절에대한가동술을실시하고운동치료는어깨복합체, 오목위팔관절에대한근력강화운동및스트레칭운동을실시하였다. 각 15분씩, 일 1회, 주 2회, 6주간총 12회를실시하였다. 도수치료와운동치료는실험군과대조군에동일하게적용하였으며, 실험군에는추가적으로어깨뼈뒤기울임다이나믹테이핑을실시하였다. 본연구의설계는 Fig. 1과같다. 본연구의설계단계에서대전대학교기관생명윤리위원회의승인을받은후에연구가진행되었다 (Approval number : HR ). 3. 측정도구및평가방법 1) 어깨통증평가어깨통증은 4항목시각적상사척도 (quadruple visual analogue scale; QVAS) 를이용하여중재전과 3주후중재전, 6주후중재전에평가하였다. 통증수준을 현재의통증, 평소에경험하는평균적인통증, 가장경미할때의통증, 가장심할때의통증 4항목으로분류하고, mm의눈금이그려진 10 cm 길이의눈금자에 1 cm 간격으로통증의정도를표시하여환자가경험하고있는통증의범위를시각적인형태로표시하는방법으로질문마다 0에서 10 cm 사이의수평선에 V 표시를하도록하였다. 통증이없는상태를 0으로하였고, 매우극심한통증을 10으로정의하였다. 4항목의수를합산하여평균을낸뒤 10을곱해최종점수를계산하였다 (Von Korff et al., 1993). 2) 어깨관절가동범위평가어깨관절의굽힘, 벌림, 가쪽돌림, 안쪽돌림에대한능동관절가동범위를중재전과 3주후, 6주후에각각 2회씩측정하여그평균값을통계분석에사용하였다
5 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 153 Fig. 2. Measurement for shoulder range of motion. A: flexion, B: abduction, C: external rotation, D: internal rotation. (Fig. 2). 어깨관절가동범위는스마트폰경사계응용소프트웨어 Clinometer+bubble (Clinometer+bubble, Plaincode Software Solutions, Germany) 어플리케이션을사용하여측정하였다. 뇌졸중환자의수동적어깨관절가동범위측정 (Park et al., 2014) 시측정자간신뢰도가높았으며 (ICC=75~.93), 어깨에증상이있는사람에게각도기와스마트폰경사계응용소프트웨어를비교하였을때의측정자간신뢰도 (ICC=.98) 또한높았다 (Werner et al., 2014). 3) 어깨기능장애수준평가어깨기능장애수준은 SPADI (Shoulder Pain And Disability Index) 를이용하여평가하였다. 이평가지는어깨에관련된통증평가 5문항과장애평가 8문항등총 13개의평가항목을가지고있다. 0점은 통증없음, 힘이들지않음 을뜻하며, 10점은 심한통증, 도움없이할수없음 을의미하며, 이를종합통증점수, 종합장애점수, 총합점수로계산하였다 (Roach et al., 1991). 한국판 SPADI의급간내상관계수는.99로매운높은신뢰도를보였다 (Seo et al., 2012). 4) 머리및어깨자세평가머리와어깨의자세를평가하기위해환자의측면사진을촬영하였고, 그영상자료를 ImageJ 소프트웨어 (National Institutes of Health, USA) 를이용하여 (Kim et al., 2016) 앞쪽머리각도 (forward head angle; FHA) 와앞쪽어깨각도 (forward shoulder angle; FSA) 를평가하였다 (Thigpen et al., 2010)(Fig. 3-A). FHA는제7목뼈가시돌기와귀구슬, 제7목뼈가시돌기를지나는수직선이이루는각을말하며, FSA는제7목뼈가시돌기와봉우리, 제7목뼈가시돌기를지나는수직선이이루는각을뜻한다. 대상자는편하게서있고자연스러운머리자세를유지하게하며, 양팔을이완하여몸옆에놓게하였다. 이때시각에의해자세가변경되는것을방지하기위해정면을주시하도록하였다 (Yip et al., 2008). 카메라는시차를최소하기위해대상자의어깨측면에렌즈를직접향하게한후 80 cm 떨어진곳에서지상과수직이되도록설치를하였다 (Kim et al., 2016). 5) 어깨뼈경사평가어깨뼈경사를평가하기위해작은가슴근지표 (pectoralis minor index; PMI) 를이용하였다. 먼저작은가슴근의길이 (pectoralis minor length; PML) 를측정 (ICC=.83~.87) 하기위하여대상자는정면을응시하고양팔을이완하여몸옆에놓게하였다 (Fig. 3-B). 부리돌기아래안쪽면, 4번째갈비뼈와복장뼈가만나는부위를캘리퍼를사용하여측정하였다 (Borstad, 2008). PML 을일반화시키기위해대상자의키로 PML 값을나누고 100을곱하였다 (Borstad and Ludewig, 2005). 4. 중재방법 1) 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑환자는의자에앉아양발을지면의안정된곳에놓고골반과허리부위를중립위치로오게하였다. 양팔은몸통의옆에편안하게붙인후테이핑을적용할수술측어깨를 30 벌리고아랫팔아래에베개로넣어받쳐주었다. 그리고어깨가편안한중립위치를취하도록하였다. 본연구에서는다이나믹테이프의직접기법 (direct
6 154 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 한관절가동술로구성되어있으며 15 분씩실시하였다. 일 1 회, 주 2 회, 6 주간총 12 회를실시하였다. Fig. 3. Measurement for upper body posture. A: forward head angle (FHA), forward shoulder angle (FSA), B: PMI. Fig. 4. Scapular posterior tilt Dynamic taping. techniques) 을이용하여 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016) 어깨뼈를뒤쪽과아래쪽으로약간움직여어깨뼈가중립위치에오도록하였다 (Mottram, 1997). 이자세에서어깨의뒤쪽근육들이짧아진자세를유지한상태로다이나믹테이프를어깨관절의앞쪽에부리돌기의약 2 cm 아래부위에서시작하여, 빗장뼈위, 어깨뼈의안쪽면을지나등뼈 10번지점까지붙여어깨뼈가뒤기울임상태로유지되도록하였다 (Leong et al., 2017)(Fig. 4). 테이핑적용전에 20분간다이나믹테이프를윗팔의내측부피부에부착하여알러지반응이발생여부를확인한후반응이없는대상자에게만적용하였다. 테이프부착시에는과도하게당겨지지않도록하였다. 환자에게테이프제거방법을교육하였고, 적용한테이프는 1일간유지후에환자가스스로제거하도록하였다. 2) 도수치료도수치료는실험군과대조군에동일하게적용하였다. 도수치료프로토콜은 Millett 등 (2006) 과 McCormick 등 (2015) 의연구에서어깨둘레근봉합술재활을위해제시된프로토콜을참고하여재구성하였다. 본연구의도수치료프로토콜은어깨복합체, 오목위팔관절에대 3) 운동치료운동치료는실험군과대조군에동일하게적용하였다. 운동치료프로토콜은 Millett 등 (2006) 과 McCormick 등 (2015) 의연구에서어깨둘레근봉합술재활을위해제시된프로토콜을참고하여재구성하였다. 본연구의운동치료프로토콜은어깨복합체, 오목위팔관절에대한근력강화운동및스트레칭운동으로구성되어있으며 15분씩실시하였다. 일 1회, 주 2회, 6주간총 12회를실시하였다. 주차별로강도를조절할것이며, 대상자가수행하기어려울경우그동작을실시하지않고, 강도가낮은동작을실시하도록하였다 (Table 1). 시계추운동은선자세에서대상자는상체를숙여팔을늘어트리고몸을이용하여초기움직임을만들고, 팔을앞, 뒤, 원을그리며천천히흔드는동작을 30초 4회실시하였다 (Table 1-A). 어깨뼈뒤기울임운동은선자세에서대상자는어깨뼈를위쪽으로올리고뒤쪽으로보내도록하고, 10초 5회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-B). 누운자세에서팔올리기동작은바로누운자세에서대상자는반대측손으로환측팔을잡은뒤, 천천히들어머리위쪽까지어깨굽힘을실시하고, 천천히돌아오게하였다. 근력이생기면수동, 보조, 능동으로실시할것이며, 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-C). 누운자세에서어깨관절가쪽돌림동작은바로누운자세에서대상자는팔꿈치를 90 구부려몸통옆에두고, 양손으로막대기를잡은뒤반대측손으로막대기를밀며환측의어깨관절을가쪽돌림시키도록하였다. 근력이생기면수동, 보조, 능동및다각도로실시하였으며, 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-D). 어깨관절안쪽돌림동작은선자세에서대상자는팔을편하게둔상태에서반대측손으로환측가슴을촉진하게하였다. 대상자는천천히팔을안쪽돌림시키고돌아오게하였다. 반대측손은가슴근육이쓰이지않도록확인하였으며, 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-E). 선자세에서어깨관절가쪽돌림동작은선자세에서대상자는수건을옆구리에끼우고팔꿈치를 90 굽힘상태로둔상태에서수건이떨어지지않게천천히가쪽돌림
7 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 155 Table 1. Exercise Program 1 st week 2 nd week 3 rd week 4 th week 5 th week 6 th week A. Pendulum exercise B. Scapular posterior tilt exercise C. Supine arm elevation D. Supine shoulder ER a E. Standing shoulder IR b F. Standing shoulder ER G. Sling-sidelying shoulder flexion H. Sling-supine abduction in the scapular plane I. Shoulder horizontal adduction after lean against the wall J. Behind the back internal rotation K. Supine arm elevation a external rotation, b internal rotation 을 10초 5회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-F). 슬링을이용한어깨관절굽힘은옆으로누운자세에서대상자는손잡이를잡고천천히어깨관절굽힘을실시후천천히돌아오도록하였다. 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-G). 슬링을이용한어깨관절어깨면에서의벌림동작은바로누운자세에서대상자는손을편상태로손잡이위에올려놓고, 검사자는어깨면에서실시할수있도록조절하였다. 대상자는어깨면에서벌림실시후천천히돌아오는동작을 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-H). 어깨관절수평모음동작은선자세에서대상자는환측어깨뼈를벽에밀착시키고반대측손으로환측팔을지지하였다. 반대측손으로환측팔을몸쪽으로당기기실시후천천히돌아오게하였다. 15초 5회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-I). 등뒤에서손잡고당기기동작은선자세에서대상자는반대측손으로뒤쪽에서환측손을잡고, 처음에는반대측엉덩이쪽으로가져가도록하고, 그후에허리위쪽으로가져가도록 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-J). 선자세에서팔올리기동작은선자세에서대상자는반대측손으로환측팔을잡은뒤, 천천히들어머리위쪽까지어깨굽힘을실시한뒤, 천천히돌아 오게하였다. 근력이생기면수동, 보조, 능동으로실시하였으며, 10회 3세트실시하였다 (Table 1-K). 5. 분석방법수집된모든자료의통계처리는윈도우용 SPSS version 20.0 프로그램 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, 미국 ) 을이용하였다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성은기술통계를이용하여분석하였으며, 측정된모든변수의평균과표준편차를산출하였다. 측정된변수들의정규성검정을위하여샤피로-윌크검정 (Shapiro-Wilk test) 을시하였다. 대조군과실험군의중재전후에측정변수의변화양상에비교를위해개체간요인이있는반복측정분산분석 (repeated measure analysis of variance) 을시행하였으며, 유의한차이가있을경우사후검정을실시하였다. 통계학적유의수준 α는.05로하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성연구대상자의일반적인특성은 Table 2에제시하였
8 156 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 Table 2. General Characteristics of Subjects Variables EG a (n 1=11) CG b (n 2=11) t/χ2 Age (year) ±5.68 c ± Gender (Male/Female) 3/8 d 4/7.210 Operation side (Rt/Lt) 8/3 6/5.786 Onset time (Month) ± ± Operation time (week) 6.91 ± ± * Height (cm) ± ± Weight (kg) ± ± BMI e (kg/m 2 ) ± ± a experimental group, b control group, c mean±standard deviation, d numbers, e body mass index, *p<.05. Table 3. Comparison of Changes in Pain and Dysfunction between the Groups at the Time of Measurement EG a (n 1=11) CG b (n 2=11) t F c Baseline 46.00±14.58 d 56.55± QVAS e 3 week 31.18± ± **.33 6 week 14.64±5.80, 29.64±12.16, -3.69** F 30.60** 20.75** Baseline 64.45± ± SPADI f (total) 3 week 38.00± ± * 6 week 17.00±5.33, 30.64±10.85, -3.74** F 82.79** 23.39** Baseline 58.55± ± SPADI (pain) 3 week 36.73± ± *.97 6 week 18.73±4.41, 35.64±12.96, -4.10** F 32.24** 18.70** Baseline 67.82± ± SPADI (disability) 3 week 38.64± ± * 6 week 15.82±7.18, 27.27±11.77, -2.76* F 83.54** 23.64** a experimental group, b control group, c group x time, d mean±standard deviation, e quadruple visual analogue scale (range: 0~100), f shoulder pain and disability index, There is a significant difference from baseline (p<.05), There is a significant difference from 3 week (p<.05), *p<.05, **p<.01. 다. 평균연령과성별, 수술측, 발병시기, 신장, BMI 는두군간에유의한차이가없었고, 수술을받은시기는실험군이 6.91주전이었고, 대조군은 8.45주로차이가있었다 (p<.05). 2. 측정시점에따른두군간에통증과기능장애의변화양상비교측정시점에따른두군간에통증과기능장애의변화양상을 Table 3에제시하였다. 두군에측정시점별 QVAS 통증수준의변화양상은상호작용이없었다.
9 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 157 Table 4. Comparison of Changes in Shoulder Range of Motion between the Groups at the Time of Measurement Shoulder EG a (n 1=11) CG b (n 2=11) t F c Baseline ±25.99 d ± week ± ± ,39 Flexion ( ) week ±7.32, ±10.73, 3.07** F 38.06** 32.32** Baseline ± ± Abduction ( ) 3 week ± ± week ±12.36, ±14.36, 3.06** F 75.69** 32.93** Baseline ± ± week ± ± External rotation ( ) 4.88* 6 week ±8.57, ±13.60, 2.10* F ** ** Baseline ± ± Internal rotation ( ) 3 week ± ± ** 6 week ±8.23, ±12.09, 2.37* F ** ** a experimental group, b control group, c group x time, d mean±standard deviation, There is a significant difference from baseline (p<.05), There is a significant difference from 3 week (p<.05), *p<.05, **p<.01. 그러나실험군과대조군의 QVAS 통증수준은측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의 QVAS 통증수준은각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 두군에기능장애수준을알아보기위해 SPADI 평가를실시하였다. SPADI 는크게통증과기능장애의세부항목으로구분하여평가하였다. 두군에측정시점별 SPADI 총점 (total) 의변화양상은상호작용이있었으며 (p<.05), 실험군과대조군의 SPADI 총점수는측정시점에따라각각유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의수준은각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 두군에측정시점별 SPADI 통증 (pain) 수준의변화양상은상호작용이없었다. 그러나두군간에측정시점 별 SPADI 기능장애 (disability) 수준의변화양상은상호작용이있었으며 (p<.05), 실험군과대조군의 SPADI 기능장애수준은모두측정시점에따라유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의 SPADI 기능장애수준은각각기초선에비해유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 또한 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 6주후에실험군과대조군에유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 3. 측정시점에따른두군간에어깨관절가동범위의변화양상비교측정시점에따른두군간에어깨관절가동범위의변화양상을 Table 4에제시하였다. 두군에측정시점별어깨관절굽힘과벌림의관절가동범위에변화양상은모두유의한상호작용이없었다. 그러나두군에측정시점별어깨관절가쪽돌림의변화양상은상호작용이
10 158 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 Table 5. Comparison of changes in upper body posture between the groups at the time of measurement EG a (n1=11) CG b (n2=11) t F c Baseline ±7.19 d ± FHA e ( ) FSA f ( ) PMI g (%) 3 week ± ± week ± ± F Baseline ± ± week ± ± week ±4.85, ±3.47, -2.12* F 78.22** 58.06** Baseline 8.71 ± ± week 9.63 ± ± * 6 week ±.40, 9.61 ±.53, 1.99 F 88.49** 29.40** ** 3.658* a experimental group, b control group, c group x time, d mean±standard deviation, e forward head angle, f forward shoulder angle, g pectoralis minor index, There is a significant difference from baseline (p<.05), There is a significant difference from 3 week (p<.05), *p<.05, **p<.01. 있었으며 (p<.05), 실험군과대조군의어깨관절가쪽돌림은측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의어깨관절가쪽돌림은각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 두군에측정시점별어깨관절안쪽돌림의변화양상은상호작용이있었으며 (p<.01), 실험군과대조군의어깨관절안쪽돌림은측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의어깨관절안쪽돌림은각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 4. 측정시점에따른두군간에상지자세의변화양상비교측정시점에따른두군간에상지자세의변화양상을 Table 5에제시하였다. 두군에측정시점별 FHA의변화양상은상호작용이없었다. 그러나두군에측정시점별 FSA의변화양상은상호작용이있었다 (p<.01). 실험군과대조군의 FSA은측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를 보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의 FSA은각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 두군에측정시점별 PMI 의변화양상은모두상호작용이있었으며 (p<.05), 실험군과대조군의 PMI는측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다 (p<.01). 사후검정결과, 두군모두 3주후와 6주후의 PMI는각각기초선과유의한차이가있었고 (p<.05), 3주후와 6주후간에도유의한차이가있었다. Ⅳ. 고찰다이나믹테이핑기법은직접기법과간접기법 (indirect techniques) 이있으며, 직접기법은근-힘줄단위에직접적인영향을주고, 근육길이가짧은상태에서적용을한다. 간접기법은특정근-힘줄단위에상관없이운동패턴을수정하고자할때적용한다 (McNeill and Pedersen, 2016). 본연구에서는어깨뼈중립위치자세 (Mottram, 1997) 에서 Leong 등 (2017) 이제시한비탄력테이프견갑골뒤기울임테이핑을다이나믹테이프
11 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향 159 를사용하여직접기법으로적용하였다. 비탄력테이프로적용하였을경우에는어깨뼈앞기울임을제한하기위한일차적인목적을달성하기위함이며, 본연구에서는다이나믹테이프를직접기법으로적용하여아래등세모근에직접적인영향을줘서움직임을보조하고, 부하흡수및감속작용에대한목적을두었다. 본연구는어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이어깨수술환자의통증과기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에미치는영향을알아보고자하였다. 환자의일반적인특성에서실험군과대조군의수술을받은시기에대해유의한차이가있었다. 시간에따른치유효과를생각해볼경우대조군은실험군보다더좋은결과가있을것이라생각이들수있었으나실험군이 SPADI, 어깨관절가쪽돌림및안쪽돌림, FSA, PMI 에대하여유의한개선을보였다. 이는시간에따른치유, 운동치료및도수치료만적용을할것이아니라추가적으로어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을적용할경우통증, 기능장애수준, 상지자세와관절가동범위에더좋은결과를보여줄수있을것으로사료된다. SIS 환자 (Han and Kim, 2011) 와어깨둘레근수술환자 (Mun and Kim, 2017) 에게어깨세모근기능적테이핑이어깨통증에즉각적인영향을주며, 유의한차이가있다고하였다. 본연구에서는두군모두측정시점에따라 QVAS 통증수준이모두유의한감소를보였으나실험군과대조군의 3주후, 6주후측정시점별 QVAS 통증수준의변화양상은상호작용이없었다. Turgut 등 (2017) 에따르면 SIS 환자에게스트레칭및어깨둘레근강화운동을시킨군과추가적으로어깨뼈안정화운동을적용한군의 6주, 12주후에비교를해본결과통증수준의변화양상에는상호작용이없었다. SPADI는근골격계어깨통증에대한치료효과를측정하는데가장자주사용되는도구중하나이다 (Chester et al., 2017). Roy 등 (2009) 의체계적문헌고찰에따르면 SPADI 의임상적으로중요한최소한의차이 (minimal clinically important difference; MCID) 가 8점에서 13점사이라고하였으며, 본연구에서 3주후실험군는 38.00±15.21, 대조군은 44.09±10.22이었으며, 6주후실험군은 17.00±5.33, 대조군은 30.64±10.85으로두군모두 MCID값이상으로감소하였다. Miller 와 Osmotherly (2009), Turgut 등 (2017) 의연구에서는 SPADI 총수준에서실험군과대조군의변화양상은상호작용이없다고하였으나본연구에서 SPADI 통증수준에서는상호작용이없었고, 6주후기능장애수준, 총수준에서는상호작용이있었다. 이는어깨뼈뒤기울임다이나믹테이핑이 6주후에어깨의기능장애수준에영향을줄수있다는것을의미한다. Miller와 Osmotherly (2009) 의연구에서 SIS 환자에게어깨뼈테이핑중재 2주후, 6주후추적검사시실험군과대조군의어깨관절굽힘, 벌림의변화양상은상호작용이없었다. 본연구에서도두군에측정시점별어깨관절굽힘및벌림의변화양상은상호작용이없었다. 그러나실험군과대조군의어깨관절굽힘및벌림은측정시점에따라모두유의한증가를보였으며, 6주후에실험군과대조군에유의한차이가있었다. 본연구에서는주 2회, 6주간어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을적용하였고, 선행연구에서는주 3회, 2주간어깨뼈테이핑을적용하였으며, 중간평가 2주후부터 6주까지는테이핑중재가이루어지지않아본연구와다른결과가나온것으로사료된다. Ebaugh 등 (2006) 은위팔뼈가쪽돌림의피로가어깨가슴관절및오목위팔관절운동학의변화를초래한다고하였으며, 이는근육역학, 봉우리아래공간의크기, 오목위팔관절운동학에잠재적인영향을줄수있다고하였다. Borich 등 (2006) 의연구에서는위팔의 90도굽힘또는 90도벌림시어깨관절안쪽돌림끝범위에서어깨뼈앞기울임의유의한증가를보였으며, 어깨관절의안쪽돌림결손과비정상적인어깨뼈위치는양의상관관계를보였다. 본연구에서안쪽돌림및가쪽돌림모두측정시점별변화양상은상호작용이있었으며, 실험군과대조군모두측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다. 중재방법에위팔뼈의가쪽돌림및안쪽돌림운동이실험군과대조군에모두포함되었다. 이는어깨가슴관절및오목위팔관절운동학을유지시켰다고볼수있으며, 실험군에추가적용한다이나믹어깨뼈테이핑이어깨뼈를재위치에있게함으로써실험군과대조군의측정시점별변화양상에유의한차이가있는것으로사료된다.
12 160 J Korean Soc Phys Med Vol. 13, No. 4 FHP와 RS를가지고있는청소년을대상으로목및어깨의치료적운동을적용한 Ruivo 등 (2017) 의연구에서 16주추적검사결과 FSA 및 RSA에서실험군은전후유의한차이가있었으며, 실험군과대조군의유의한차이가있었다. 본연구에서두군에측정시점별 FHA 의변화양상은상호작용이없는것으로나타났는데, 본연구의중재방법에서는목에대한중재가없었고, 단지어깨뼈뒤기울임테이핑이 FHA에영향을미치는가를알아보고자하였는데, 어깨뼈뒤기울임테이핑만으로는 FHA에영향을주지않는것으로보인다. Lee 등 (2015) 의연구에서 RS를대상으로어깨뼈뒤기울임운동, 작은가슴근스트레칭, 어깨보조기를적용하였을때 PMI의변화와근활성도를확인하였다. 어깨뼈뒤기울임운동만하는것보다작은가슴근스트레칭과어깨뼈뒤기울임운동, 어깨뼈뒤기울임운동과어깨보조기를같이사용하는것이 RS감소, 작은가슴근길이의회복에도움이된다고하였다. 또한작은가슴근스트레칭과어깨뼈뒤기울임운동을같이적용했을때가아래등세모근의활성도가더높게나타났다. Leong 등 (2017) 은어깨뼈테이핑이팔을벌리는동안어깨뼈근육의초기활성화및신경운동조절을이끌어낼수있다고하였다. Bdaiwi 등 (2017) 은 SIS 환자에게어깨뼈뒤기울임테이핑, 어깨뼈위쪽돌림테이핑, 혼합테이핑을적용하여봉우리뼈와위팔뼈사이의거리를확인하였는데모두유의하게커진것으로나타났다. 본연구에서 FSA, PMI 모두측정시점별변화양상은상호작용이있었으며, 실험군과대조군모두측정시점에따라모두유의한감소를보였다. 이는어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑이상지자세에긍정적인영향을줄수있다는것을보여주었다. 본연구에서어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을근육이짧아진위치에서적용하여근육의부하를줄이고, 아래등세모근의움직임을보조한것이기능장애수준, 상지자세, 관절가동범위에긍정적인영향을미친것으로사료된다. 본연구에서는몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 대상자의평균연령이 56세로모든연령대에일반화하기어렵다. 둘째, 중재직후변화의정도를확인하지못하였다. 셋째, 환자의심리적인상태를고려하지못 하였다. 넷째, 어깨둘레근손상크기정도를평가하지못하였다. 향후연구에서는이러한문제점들을보완하여다양한부위및질환에서다이나믹테이프를이용한연구가이루어지길기대한다. 본연구는어깨수술환자에게어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을적용한연구로장기간의효과를볼수있었으며다이나믹테이핑적용및효과에대한기초자료로의미가있을것으로판단된다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는봉우리성형술및어깨둘레근봉합술을시행한환자 22명을대상으로운동치료와도수치료그리고어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을추가한실험군 (n=11) 과운동치료와도수치료만을적용한대조군 (n=11) 에무작위배정하였다. 두군은각중재전후어깨통증수준및기능장애수준, 관절가동범위, 상지자세를평가하였고중재전후차이를분석하였다. 측정자료를분석한결과, 어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑을적용한실험군이대조군에비해 SPADI 점수와어깨관절가쪽돌림및안쪽돌림의관절가동범위그리고 FSA, PMI 점수가유의한향상을보였다. 이러한결과를통해봉우리성형술및어깨둘레근봉합술을한환자에게어깨뼈다이나믹테이핑적용이어깨통증수준과기능장애수준, 어깨관절의관절가동범위, 상지의자세에효과가있음을확인하였다. References Bdaiwi AH, Mackenzie TA, Herrington L, et al. The effects of rigid scapular taping on acromiohumeral distance in healthy shoulders: An observational study. J Sport Rehabil. 2017;26(1):51-6. Borich MR, Bright JM, Lorello DJ, et al. Scapular angular positioning at end range internal rotation in cases of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2006;36(12): Borstad JD, Ludewig PM. The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics
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CASE STUDY
Biomechanics GACHON UNVERSITY Dept, of Physical Therapy Choi Won Ho Chapter3. Shoulder complex 학습목표 Q. 근육과관절의상호작용에대하여알아본다. 어깨근육들의작용 어깨가슴관절의근육들 팔을올림시키는근육들 어깨관절을모음시키고폄시키는근육들 어깨관절을안쪽돌림시키는근육들과가쪽돌림시키는근육들 3
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