DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 한국소음진동공학회논문집제28 권제6 호, pp. 752~758, ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) 균일미립화응용을위한압전초음파진동자의성능고찰 Performance Investigation of Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Vibrator for Uniform Atomization Application 한영민 최승복 * Young-Min Han and Seung-Bok Choi * (Received September 30, 2018 ; Revised November 26, 2018 ; Accepted November 26, 2018) Key Words : Piezoelectric Actuator( 압전작동기 ), Ultrasonic Vibrator( 초음파진동자 ), Uniform Atomization( 균일 미립화 ), Conformal Coating( 보호막코팅 ), Wall-wetting( 월웨팅 ) ABSTRACT This study presents the performance evaluation of an ultrasonic vibrator for uniform atomization that can be applicable to conformal coating control in the light-emitting diode manufacturing process or wall-wetting control in fuel injection of vehicle engines. To achieve this goal, an ultrasonic vibrator was devised utilizing piezoelectric actuators to have longitudinal motion. After analytically analyzing the standing waves of the proposed ultrasonic vibrator, the concentrator horn of the vibrator was designed, and its design parameters were finally determined by a modal analysis through the finite element method. The uniform atomization properties of the sprayed droplets from the vibrator were evaluated by a fluid dynamics analysis using ANSYS FLUENT. To evaluate the effectiveness, the designed vibrator was manufactured, and the generated sound pressure level was measured. Subsequently, uniform atomization performances were experimentally demonstrated using the vibrator to uniformly conformal coat a light-emitting diode. 1) 1. 서론 최근다양한산업분야에서지능재료를활용한작동 기와센서가적용되고있다 (1). 특히압전재료는가장 활발하게산업에서활용되고있는지능재료로서이를 이용한작동기는고속동작이가능한빠른응답성과미 세제어가가능한높은분해능을갖는장점이있기때 문에자동차, 반도체, 의료장비등의다양한산업분야 에서응용장치의구동메커니즘으로활용되고있다. 현 재이러한압전작동기는고주파음향을발생시키는초 음파진동자의구동요소로서도다양하게활용되고있 Corresponding Author ; Member, Ajou Motor College ymhan@motor.ac.kr * Fellow Member, Inha University 다. 초음파진동자는음파를발생시키는구동요소에따라서압전형, 자왜형, 전왜형등다양하게나뉘고있으며현재산업에서가장많이활용되고있는초음파진동자는압전효과를이용하는것이다. 이는압전작동기의고속응답성이초음파진동자의구동요소로서많은장점을제공하고있기때문이다. 이러한압전초음파진동자는오랫동안음파탐지기에서수중음파를생성하는장치로서활용되어왔다. 하지만초음파의특징은진동수가크고파장이짧기때문에강도가보통음파보다뚜렷하게크다는특징을갖고있다. 이를이용하면응결, 분산, 파괴등의물리적및화학적변화를일으키는작용이가능하기때문에최근 Recommended by Editor Jae Hung Han The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 752

2 세척, 가습뿐만아니라유화, 세포파쇄, 연료분사, 분사코팅등의새로운분야로응용이확대되고있다 (2,3). 일반적으로 20 khz ~ 200 khz에서작동하는초음파진동자는큰진폭과파워를동시에갖기유리한종방향모드 (longitudinal mode) 의진동을이용한다. 대표적으로 Langevin이제안한볼트체결형진동자가있으며, 가장일반적인구조로서진폭을증대시키기위해혼과연결되는방식을사용한다 (4). 이러한초음파진동자는기계적, 전기적, 열적요소에의해성능이제한되지만압전작동기의고속응답성과철이나티타늄등을이용한다양한형태의혼에의한높은파워밀도에의해다양한분야에서의응용이가능하다 (5). 이러한초음파진동자는현재세계여러곳에서개발이되어초음파유화기, 세포파쇄기, 초음파세척기등으로그응용분야가점차확대되고있다. 특히압전작동기갖고있는동적응답성과파워는이러한초음파응용분야의경계를넓힐수있는새로운응용가능성과잠재성을제공한다. 따라서이연구에서는이러한초음파진동자의응용을새로운분야로확대하고자한다. 특히초음파레벨의고주파로음압가진이가능한압전진동자는미세입자의분사뿐만아니라분사된입자의균일한무화에기여할수있으며대표적으로미세분무가필요한발광다이오드제조공정의보호막코팅이나엔진연료분사시스템의월웨팅제어등으로의응용가능성이매우크다. 이연구에는이러한분야로의압전진동자응용가능성을실험적으로고찰하기위해 2개의압전세라믹링으로도입한초음파진동자를설계하였으며, 혼을이용하여그변위를증폭하도록하였다. 그리고 FLUENT를이용하여진동자로부터분사된액체입자의특성에대하여고찰한후초음파압전진동자를실제제작하여 LED 코팅에적용함으로써미세분무및무화특성을실험적으로고찰하였다. 2.1 진동자구조 2. 초음파진동자 Fig. 1 은압전작동기를이용한초음파진동자를보 여준다. 제안된진동자는고주파로가진하기위한작 동기와변위를증폭하기위한혼으로이루어져있다. 작동기에는 2 개의링타입압전세라믹이적층되어적 용되었으며그앞과뒤에위치한스테인레스블록으로 체결되어있다. 따라서종 (longitudinal) 방향의가진에 의해혼에서초음파의음압이가진된다. 빠른응답성 과높은분해능의특성을갖는압전작동기의변위는 상당히작기때문에여러층으로적층된형태가장장 일반적이다. 이러한압전작동기의거동은일반적으로 다음과같이표현된다 (6). 여기서 D 는압전변위텐서, S 는스트레인텐서, d 는압 전재료상수, ε T 는유전율, c 는컴플라이언스, T 는스 트레스텐서, E 는전기장이다. 이로부터압전작동기의 힘은입력전압에대해다음과같이표현된다 (1). (1) (2) 여기서 k p 는스프링상수, α 는비례상수, f ex 는프리로 드이며, A 는작동기단면적, l 은작동기길이이다. 이 연구에서사용된링타입압전작동기는 PI 사의압전 세라믹소자인 c181 세라믹이적용되었으며외경이 30 mm 이다. 이연구에서사용된압전작동기의주요 사양은 Table 1 에나타내었다. Fig. 2 는이연구에서제안한초음파진동자의구조 Table 1 The mechanical specifications of the piezoelectric actuator Fig. 1 The piezoelectric actuator Specifications Value Thickness of a layer 3 mm # of layers 2 Inner diameter 10 mm Outer diameter 30 mm 753

3 를보여주고있다. 볼트체결형란쥬반진동자 (bolt- clamped Langevin transducer) 의구조를채택하였으 며, 링타입의압전소자 2 개를서로마주보도록설치 한후전기적으로병렬로연결하였고상단및하단에 금속블럭을부착하여전체를볼트로조인구조를갖 는다. 이때압전소자는구동신호를기계적인진동으 로변환시켜주는역할을하며조립된상태에서의공 진주파수로인가된다. 2.2 진동자모델링 Fig. 3 은진동자에의한액체입자의무화과정을보 여주고있다. 이러한초음파가진에따른액체의무화 과정은유막패턴 (liquid film pattern) 이론으로설명할 수있다. 즉고주파로가진되는진동자의표면위에형 성된액체필름막이미세한액체입자단위로쪼개져 서분사된다는것이다. 따라서표면장력파 (capillary wave) 에서파장을다음과같이정의할수있다 (7). tanh (3) 여기서 f 는주파수, λ 는파장, g 는중력가속도, σ 는표 면장력, ρ 는액체밀도, h 는유막두께이다. 또한유막 이매우얇으며, 중력의영향이매우적으므로다음과 같은가정의도입이가능하다. tanh (4) 이로부터식 (3) 은다음과같이간략하게표현할수 있다 (8). 여기서 K 는오차를보완하기위해적용되었으며약 1.26 의값을갖는다. 그리고유막에서액체가분리되 어입자로서생성되는현상에서파의에너지는표면 장력에너지로전환되므로다음과같은관계식을정 의할수있다. 여기서 m 은유막의질량이며, V 는액체입자의평균체 적이다. 그리고 A 는파의진폭, ω 는파의각주파수, N 은액체입자수, S 는액체입자의평균표면장력이다. 이때액체필름과분사된입자의질량은동일하고, 파장 과진폭이비례한다고가정할수있다. 따라서식 (5) 와 (6) 으로부터분사입자의평균직경을정의할수있다. 여기서표면장력에영향을미치는것과관련된무차원 수인웨버수 (Weber number) 를도입하면입자직경은 다음과같이표현된다. (5) (6) (7) WeP (8) 여기서 We P 는웨버수이며약 0.1 의값을갖는다. v P 는파의진행속도이며, v P = f λ 로주어진다. 따라서식 Fig. 2 Configuration of proposed ultrasonic vibrator Fig. 3 Atomization process 754

4 (8) 을식 (5) 에대입하면입자의평균직경은다음과 같이결정된다. 발광다이오드의코팅이나엔진의연료분사에서입자의 평균직경은일반적으로 20 mm 보다작으므로식 (10) 로부터압전진동자의가진주파수는 40 khz 이상으로 결정된다. (9) 제안된초음파진동자의동적거동은종방향진동으 로표현할수있으며다음과같이수학적으로표현된다. (10) 여기서 v(x,t) 는변위, A (x) 는단면적, ρ 는밀도, E 는영의계수이다. 여기서 v(x,t) = V (x)t (t) 로가정 하고 homogeneous 경계조건하에서다음과같은간 단한상미분방정식과그해가도출된다 (9). 3. 압전진동자의무화성능제안된진동자를제작하기에앞서이연구에서는초음파진동자에의해분사및미세화되는입자의특성을수치해석적으로분석하였다. 이를위해상용해석프로그램인 ANSYS FLUENT를이용하였다. 초음파분사에의한무화현상은진동자의끝단에서부터이후공기중 (air zone) 에서발생하게되므로대기압하에서해석이수행되었으며, 유막의파동으로부터입자의표면장력으로전달되는에너지에근거하여입자의속도와직경등을 FLUENT를이용하여유체동력학적해석을통해고찰하였다. Fig. 5는분사입자의동적해석을위한격자모델을보여준다. 여기에사용된격자는 hexahedral과 tetra- sin cos (11) (a) Mode shape 여기서 k = ω r /c 는파수 (circular wave number) 이며, ω r 는각주파수, 는종파의전파속도이다. 따라서일정한속도 c 로진행하는파형의파장 λ r 는 다음과같이주어진다. (12) (a) Harmonic response Fig. 4 Modal analysis 이로부터이연구에서제안된초음파의진동자의길이를결정할수있다. 이때최대진폭을얻기위해서혼의길이는음파의절반이되도록하였다. 이연구에서혼을포함한음파집중기의총길이 72.5 mm로설정되었으며, Fig. 4는 ANSYS에의한압전진동자의유한요소모달해석결과로서모드형상과선단변위를고찰하였다. 결과로부터종방향모드에서공진주파수는 19.4 khz, 최대선단변위는 mm 로나타났다. Fig. 5 Grid system for FLUENT analysis 755

5 (a) Velocity (b) Diameter (c) Mass (d) Reynolds number Fig. 6 Analysis results by FLUENT Table 2 Analysis results of droplets properties Properties Value Droplets velocity 0.26 m/s Flow rate kg/s Mean diameter mm Fig. 7 Manufactured vibrator hedral이며격자의최소크기는 0.5 mm이다. 분사액체로서실리콘이적용되었다. 이때도입된실리콘의점도는 7000 cp, 밀도는 2000 kg/m 3 이다. Fig. 6과 Table 2 는해석결과를나타내고있다. 결과로부터실리콘입자의평균분사속도와직경은각각 0.26 m/s, mm 로나타났다. 이는식 (7) 의진동자설계에서목표로한입자직경 mm와잘일치함을알수있다. 또한입자질량의분포는최대 1.05 mg에서최소 mg이며, 이때최대레이놀즈수는 6.86으로매우낮은값을유지하고있으므로안정적으로분사됨을알수있다. Fig. 7은이연구에서실제제작된초음파진동자를보여주고있다. 좌측및우측의금속블록사이에압전소자 2개를서로마주보도록설치한후전체를볼트로체결한란쥬반진동자의구조를갖고있다. 이연구에서는미세입자로서 20 μm와 40 μm 입자크기를형성할수있도록각각 19 khz ( 길이 88.5 mm) 와 41 khz ( 길이 62.3 mm) 의공진주파수를갖는 2개의진동자가제작되었다. 이때제작된압전링좌우측의금속블럭은스테인레스강 (S45C) 의재질로이루어져있으며, 우측의금속블럭은질량으로서압전소자에서두께방향으로발생하는진동의진폭을증폭시키는역할과진동자에서발생하는열을흡수및냉각시키는역할을한다. 압전소자좌측의금속블럭은하방의파를반사하는역할을하며압전소자에비해현저히낮은음향임피던스를갖는다. 그리고혼은압전작동기에발생한진동을진폭을증폭시키는역할을한다. Fig. 8은실제제작된시작품의고주파음향특성을시험하기위해고전압앰프 (NF사의 HSA4012) 와음압센서 (PCB Piezotronics사의 378B02 마이크로폰 ) 를설치하여구축한음압테스트환경을나타내고있다. 음압시험에서발진자에인가되는입력전압은사인파형으로진폭은 70 V(0 V ~ 140 V) 이며, 주파수는 0.1 Hz 에서 20 khz까지범위에서가진하였다. 발생한음압은 756

6 (a) Coated wafer Fig. 8 Experimental setup sound level test (b) Light distribution Fig. 10 Measured sound pressure (a) Time domain 화가가능함을입증하기위해제작된압전진동자를이용하여웨이퍼에실리콘을코팅하였으며이로부터제작된발광다이오드를이용하여조사된빛의분포결과를 Fig. 10에나타내었다. 결과에나타난바와같이빛의조사가고른것을알수있으며조사각 70 이내에서빛의중심부와주변부의색온도차이가 9 % 이내로나타났다. 이로부터압전작동기를이용한초음파분사장치가미세입자의균일한무화를만들어낼수있음을알수있다. (b) Frequency domain Fig. 9 Measured sound pressure 마이크로폰으로측정하였으며그결과는 Fig. 9와같다. 결과에나타낸바와같이공진주파수는 18.2 khz이며해석결과와의오차는 6.2 % 이하로서서로잘일치함을알수있다. 그리고이때발생하는최대음압은 13.8 Pa로서항공기이륙시음압 (20 Pa) 과비교하면매우높은음압이형성되었음을알수있다. 제안된압전진동자가미세입자의균일한분사와무 4. 결론이연구에서는초음파음압에의한액체의미립화와미세입자의균일한분산에따른새로운응용가능성을제시하기위해초음파무화및응용특성을실험적으로고찰하였다. 이를위해링타입의압전작동기를이용한초음파진동자를고안하고동적모델링과해석을수행하였다. 해석결과로부터진동자의공진주파수와최대진폭을도출하기위한진동자길이를결정하였다. 또한압전 757

7 진동자를실제제작하여음압특성을실험적으로고찰하였고, 입자분사특성을수치해석적으로분석하였다. 결과로부터실리콘입자의평균분사직경은 mm 이며, 안정적으로분사됨을알수있었다. 나아가실제응용장치인발광다이오드표면의실리콘도포에적용하여조사된빛의분포가 9 % 이내로나타남을고찰함으로써압전초음파진동자에의한미세입자의균일무화특성을실험적으로입증하였다. 이연구에서제작된압전진동자는다음연구단계에서엔진의연료분사장치에적용하여분사된입자의무화와월웨팅저감특성을고찰하는연구로확대하고자한다. 후기이논문은 2017년대한민국과학기술정보통신부와한국연구재단의기초연구사업 ( 중견연구 ) 의지원을받아수행된연구임 (NRF-2017R1A2B ). References 1289~1295. (4) Medis, P. S. and Henderson, H. T., 2005, Micromachining Using Ultrasonic Impact Grinding, J. Micromech. Microeng., Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1556~1559. (5) Muhlen, S. S., 1990, Design of an Optimized High- Power Ultrasonic Transducer, Proceedings of IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. pp. 1631~1634. (6) Cady, W. G., 1964, Piezoelectricity, an Introduction to the Theory and Applications of Electro-mechanical Phenomena in Crystals, Dover, NY, USA. (7) Lang, R. J., 1962, Ultrasonic Atomization of Liquids, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 34, pp. 6~8. (8) Dobre, M. and Bolle, L., 1999, Visualization and Analysis of Liquid Film Surface Patterns Formed on Ultrasonic Atomisers, Paper presented at ILASS-Europe, Tousouse, France. (9) Meirovitch, M., 1967, Analytical Methods in Vibrations (Chapter 2), Macmillan, New York, USA. (1) Choi, S. B. and Han, Y. M., 2010, Piezoelectric Actuators: Control Applications of Smart Materials (Chapter 3~8), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (2) Dobre, M. and Bolle, L., 2002, Practical Design of Ultrasonic Spray Devices: Experimental Testing of Several Atomizer Geometries, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 26, No. 2-4, pp. 205~211. (3) Son, B. H. and Choi, S. B., 2009, Design and Analysis of Ultrasonic Vibrator for Conformal Coating in LED Packaging, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. Young-Min Han received the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Inha University, Incheon, Korea in Since 2011, he has been a Professor at Ajou Motor College, Chungman, Korea. His current research interest includes design and control of functional mechanisms utilizing smart materials such as active mounts, semi-active shock absorbers, hydraulic valve systems, robotic manipulators and human-machine interfaces. 758

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