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1 대한안과학회지 2018 년제 59 권제 1 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2018;59(1):31-36 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 미숙아망막병증에서스마트폰카메라를이용한안저사진촬영의유용성 Smartphone Fundoscopy to Detect Retinopathy of Prematurity 이새미 안성현 박우찬 권윤형 Sae Mi Lee, MD, Seoung Hyun An, MD, Woo Chan Park, MD, PhD, Yoon Hyung Kwon, MD 동아대학교의과대학안과학교실 Department of Ophthalmology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of fundus images captured with a smartphone camera in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: We took fundoscopic photographs of 13 premature infants (26 eyes) using a smartphone (an I-phone 5) camera fitted with a 30 D lens (Volk Optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA) from March 2014 to September 2017 in the neonatal intensive care units of Dong-A University Hospital. A hand-held smartphone camera with a 30 D lens was used to record the fundus in video mode. Fundus photographs were then captured from the video film. Results: Four premature infants were diagnosed with ROP and were successfully photographed via smartphone fundoscopy. The photographs showed the optic disc, retinal arteries and veins, and the posterior pole of the retina. The photographs were simply saved as image files and uploaded to our electronic medical record system. Conclusions: Smartphone fundoscopy to document ROP does not capture the peripheral retina but can be useful in hospitals lacking expensive imaging equipment. The technique may be useful in terms of documentation, education, and telemedicine. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2018;59(1):31-36 Keywords: Fundus photography, Retinopathy of prematurity, Smartphone 스마트폰의사진촬영및전송기술의발전은안과영역에서스마트폰의사용을증가시켰다. 소아환자들을대상으로한검사시스마트폰영상의동적이고, 밝은특징을 Received: Revised: Accepted: Address reprint requests to Yoon Hyung Kwon, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Dong-A University Hospital, #26 Daesingongwon-ro Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Korea Tel: , Fax: yhkwon@dau.ac.kr * This study was presented as a e-poster at the 114th Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society * This work was supported by the Dong-A University Research Fund, Busan, Korea. * Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts to disclose. 이용해소아환자의주시를이끌어내는목표물로사용할수있으며, 근거리시력표, 암슬러격자등의간단한검사뿐만아니라전안부및안저사진의촬영에이용할수있다. 1 이러한진단적도구로서의역할뿐만아니라환자교육, 안과질환의진단및치료의내용을담은핸드북어플리케이션증가로인해진단, 교육, 정보전달의분야에서도그적용영역이증가하고있다. 2 미숙아망막병증은전세계적으로소아실명의중요한원인이되는질환이다. 현재시행되고있는미숙아망막병증의고전적인치료법으로주변부의레이져광응고술이있으며, 신속한치료는예후에중요한영향을미치는것으로알려져있다. 3 미숙아망막병증의적절한치료시기를놓치지않기위해서는경과에따라주기적인안저검사시행이필수적이다. 또한간접검안경을통한안저검사뿐 c2018 The Korean Ophthalmological Society This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 31
2 - 대한안과학회지 2018 년제 59 권제 1 호 - 만아니라안저사진촬영을통해의무기록을남기는것이필요하다. 다른의료진과의협진, 의료진및학생의교육, 추후법적인문제에서증거자료로서사진자료는중요하지만, 현재미숙아의안저사진촬영에주로사용되는 RetCam (Massie Research Laboratories Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) 장비는고가의가격으로인해몇몇병원을제외하고는대부분이용하지못하고있다. 4 Oluleye et al 5 은미숙아망막병증의선별검사시스마트폰으로촬영한안저사진을이용할수있으며, 고가의촬 영장비가없는상황에서스마트폰을이용한안저사진촬영이유용하다고주장하였다. 현재우리나라의경우출산연령의증가등의사회적인원인으로인해해마다미숙아출생률이증가하고있는추세이며, 6 미숙아망막병증의선별검사의수요또한증가할것으로예상된다. 이에저자들은스마트폰을이용하여미숙아망막병증환아의안저사진을촬영하여그유용성을평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 Figure 1. Smartphone fundoscopy technique to detect retinopathy of prematurity. A hand-held smartphone and a 30 D lens were used to take the fundus photograph. 2014년 3월 1일부터 2017년 9월 30일까지본원신생아집중치료실에입원하여미숙아망막병증을진단받은환아 13명, 26안을대상으로하였다. 본연구는동아대학교병원생명윤리심의위원회의승인을받아시행하였다. 환아들은전신마취없이깨어있는상태를유지하였으며, 안저사진촬영 20-30분전 tropicamide와 Phenylephrine 점안제 (Mydrin -P, Taejoon pharm Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) 로동공을산대시켰고, 0.5% Proparacaine hydrochloride (Paracaine, Hanmi pharm Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) 로점안마취를시행하였다. 검사자외보조인력 1명이개검기를이용하여환아의위아래눈꺼풀을벌린상태로유지하였으며, 보조간호사가환아의머리를양손으로잡은채고정하였다. 이후검사자 1명이스마트폰 (iphone 5, Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) 과 30D 렌즈 (Volk optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA) 를이용하여플래시를지속적으로켜놓은상태에서동영상촬영모드로안저를촬영하였다. 검사자는한손에스마트폰과다른한손에 30D 렌즈를든채검사를시행하였다 (Fig. 1). 촬영시환아의각막으로부터렌즈를 3-5 cm에위치시켰으며, 렌즈와스마트폰사이거리는 cm로위치한후검사자가거리와각도를미 Table 1. Demographic features of cases Case No. Gestational age (wks) Weight at birth (g) Sex Mode of delivery ROP stage Plus LIO Case ,414 F C-sec Zone II, stage III + + Case F C-sec Zone III, stage I - - Case F C-sec Zone II, stage I - - Case ,030 F C-sec Zone II, stage II + + Case ,020 F C-sec Zone II, stage I - - Case F C-sec Zone III, stage I - - Case ,002 F C-sec Zone II, stage III + + Case ,080 M C-sec Zone II, stage Case ,170 M C-sec Zone III, stage Case ,050 M C-sec Zone II, stage Case ,630 F C-sec Zone III, stage Case F C-sec Zone II, stage II + + Case M C-sec Zone II, stage LIO '+' means performed treatment, and '-' means not performed treatment. wks = weeks; ROP = retinopathy of prematurity; LIO = laser indirect ophthalmoscope; F = female; M = male. 32
3 - 이새미외 : 미숙아망막병증의스마트폰안저촬영 - 세하게조정하여스마트폰의동영상촬영화면에안저가최대한선명하게확인되면녹화를진행하였다. 스마트폰을잡은손의엄지손가락을이용하여화면을터치하면서스마트폰에내장된자동초점기능을활용하여좀더선명한영상을얻고자하였다. 플래시는일정한세기로고정하였으며광량을줄이기위한조치는따로시행하지않았다. 30디옵터렌즈를이용한촬영범위가좁으므로눈과렌즈, 그리고스마트폰의위치와촬영각도를조정해가며최대한넓은영역을촬영하고자하였다. 촬영중환아의각막이마르지않도록인공눈물안약을추가적으로점안하였으며, 인공눈물안약과눈물이각막표면과안검사이에너무많을경우빛반사가일어날수있으므로안검을당겨제거하거나면봉을이용하여닦아주었다. 주변부촬영을위해보조자가공막누르개를눌러촬영하려하였으나, 미숙아의눈이작아서시행하기가쉽지않고적절한사진을얻기까지시간이오래걸려환아의전신상태가나빠질가능성이많아공막누르기없이촬영각도조절을통해최대한넓게촬영하고자하였다. 비디오모드에서환아안저촬영전환아의병록번호를먼저촬영하여여러환아를동시에촬영하는경우안저가구분되게하였다. 안저사진은촬영된동영상을재생한후스크린샷기능을이용하여캡쳐함으로써얻을수있었으며, 얻은이미지는환아의병록번호를함께기록하여병원전산의무기록시스템에저장하였다. 결과 본연구에서미숙아망막병증선별검사의대상이된 13 명환아의전신상태는 Table 1과같으며환아의평균출생주수는 27주 3일, 출생시평균몸무게는 1,041 g, 모두제왕절개술로출생하였다. 13명의환아중 4명, 8안이미숙아망막병증으로진단되었으며간접검안경을이용한레이저광응고술을시행받았다. 스마트폰 (iphone 5) 과 30D 렌즈를이용하여성공적으로환아들의안저를촬영할수있었다. 총 13명의환아중레이저광응고술을시행한환아는 Table 1의 case 1, case 4, case 7, case 12와같으며스마트폰과 30D 렌즈를이용하여촬영된안저사진은 Fig.2-5와같다. 촬영된안저사진은시신경유두와황반을포함한망막후극부가잘나타나있으며, 후극부혈관의확장과구부러짐을보이는추가징후가잘촬영되었다 (Fig. 2-5). 공막누르개를이용한공막누르기없이 posterior zone II에존재하는망막외섬유혈관증식까지확인할수있었다. 레이저광응고술시행후같은방식으로촬영된안저사진을통하여추가징후가호전된것과레이저반흔을확인할수있었으며, 치료후안저상태를사진으로기록할수있었다 (Fig. 2-5). 미숙아망막병증진단후주변부레이저광응고술을시행하기전후의안저사진을촬영하여치료의경과를객관적자료로보관하였으며, 이를통하여치료후경과를비교할수있었다. 안저사진촬영후결막하출혈등의눈부작용과전신상태저하를비롯한심각한전신합병증을보인환아는없었다. 스마트폰과렌즈를여러각도로촬영하여얻은후극부와주변부안저사진여러장을이용하여적절히검사자가조합하여투박하지만좀더넓은안저이미지를얻을수있었다. A B C D E F G H I J K L Figure 2. Smartphone fundus photographs of case 1 (29 weeks 6 days, 1,414 g birth weight), the right eye (A-F) and the left eye (G-L). (B, G) Posterior pole of both eyes, and (A, H) posterior zone II area of retina before laser treatment. (C, D, I, J) Posterior pole and posterior zone II area at 2 weeks after treatment. (E, F, K, L) 10 weeks after treatment. Photos show regression of extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation (E, L) and laser scars on the left eye (L). In case of the right eye, we couldn`t take photo showing regression of extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation and laser scars (E). 33
4 - 대한안과학회지 2018년 제 59 권 제 1 호 - A B C D E F G H I J K L Figure 3. Smartphone fundus photographs of case 4 (26 weeks 5 days, 1,030 g birth weight), the right eye (A-F), and the left eye (G-L). (B, G) Posterior pole of prematurity, and (A, H) posterior zone II area of the both eyes before laser treatment. (C, I) Posterior pole of prematurity at 6 weeks after treatment. Photos of 4 months after treatment (D, E, J, K) show improvement of plus sign. Photos of 6 months after treatment (F, L) show laser scars. A B C E F G D H Figure 4. Smartphone fundus photographs of case 7 (27 weeks 6 days, 1,002 g birth weight), the right eye (A-D), and the left eye (E-H). (A, E) Posterior pole of the both eyes before laser treatment. (B, F) Posterior pole at 1 week after treatment. (C, D, G, H) Posterior pole and posterior zone II area at 10 weeks after treatment. (H) Laser scars on the left eye at 10 weeks after laser treatment. In case of the right eye, we couldn t take photo showing laser scars (D). 고 찰 다 빛을 안저에 잘 비출 수 있어 사진을 찍기에 용이하다. 그리고 스마트폰의 카메라는 자동 초점 기능이 있어 비교 안저사진 촬영은 안과 검사의 필수적인 부분으로 고해 7 적 수월하게 망막에 초점을 맞출 수 있다. 상도의 안저사진은 적합한 렌즈와 동축 광원의 적절한 조 스마트폰을 활용한 안저 촬영은 고가인 RetCam과 같은 합으로 얻을 수 있다. 스마트폰에 탑재된 플래시와 카메라 특수 안저 촬영장비 대신에 대부분의 의료진들이 갖고 있 는 안저사진을 촬영할 수 있을 정도의 충분한 광량과 높 는 스마트폰을 이용하면 되므로 추가 비용이 들지 않으며, 은 해상도의 센서를 갖고 있으며 가볍고 크기가 작아 휴 간접 검안경을 볼 때 사용하는 렌즈만 있으면 되므로 추 대가 편해 한 손으로 들고 찍기에 충분하다. 또한 카메라 가적인 장비가 필요하지 않고 이동이 용이한 장점이 있다. 와 플래시가 동축에 위치하고 있어 다른 디지털 카메라보 또한 촬영된 사진은 스마트폰의 다양한 사진 관련 어플리 34
5 - 이새미외 : 미숙아망막병증의스마트폰안저촬영 - A B C D E F G H Figure 5. Smartphone fundus photographs of case 12 (28 weeks, 790 g birth weight), the right eye (A-D), and the left eye (E-H). (B, E) Posterior pole and (A, F) posterior zone II area and ridge. (C, G) Posterior pole 4 days after treatment, and show decreased vessel tortuosity. (D, H) Posterior pole at 1 week after treatment. Treatment after 4 days and 1 week, we couldn't take photo showing regression of retinopathy of prematurity stage and laser scars (C, D, G, H). 케이션을이용하여편집하기에용이하며촬영된사진은그림파일로의보관이가능하고병원의전산의무기록시스템에업로드시켜보관할수있다. 전신마취와공막누르기를시행하지않고안구를평균 1분이내로단시간에검사할수있었으며, 신생아집중치료실에서여러명의환아를검사할경우에도스마트폰, 렌즈, 개검기등의크기가작고, 가벼운장비들만이동하면되므로검사준비시간도평균적으로 3분이내였다. 전신상태가불량한환아들의경우공막누르기를하였을때, 동공심장반사, 호흡저하로인한산소포화도저하등의전신부작용발생가능성이있어공막누르개는사용하지않았으나, 비교적양질의안저사진을얻을수있었다. 하지만스마트폰을이용한안저사진촬영에는몇가지제한점이있다. 스마트폰의플래시는양안도상검안경의불빛에비하여목표지점에집중되지않고퍼지는형태이고세기를조절할수없어, 촬영각도에따라각막에불빛이과도하게반사가되는부위가발생한다. 검사자가렌즈각도를적절히조정하는것이필요하며적절한각도조절에도빛반사는발생할수밖에없으므로동영상으로촬영하여적절한이미지를추출하는것이필수적이다. 한번에중간주변부 (mid periphery) 까지촬영할수있는 Retcam 장비와달리스마트폰을활용한안저사진은촬영범위가좁아각도를바꿔가며촬영한여러부위의안저사진을모 아합친다하더라도 Retcam의촬영범위보다는훨씬좁다. 또한 RetCam의경우안과전문의, 전공의가아니더라도촬영이가능하지만, 스마트폰을이용한안저촬영은망막의사가아니라면적당한수준의이미지를얻기위해서는어느정도의훈련과노력이필요한단점이있다. 촬영에사용된카메라플래시빛세기에대한안전성은이전의연구에서논의가된바가있다. Kim et al 8 은 iphone 4의빛세기가국제기구의표준기준보다 thermal hazard limit의 150배이하이며, photochemical hazard limit의 240배이하로사람의안구에안전기준을충족한다고하였으며, Haddock et al 7 은 iphone 5의빛의세기가 iphone 4보다는높으나안전성에는크게문제가없다고주장하였다. 우리나라는전체신생아출생률이감소하는것과는대조적으로저체중출생아와미숙아출생률은증가추세에있으며, 이는결혼및출산연령의고령화, 10대임신, 임신중약물복용, 다태아증가, 산과적합병증의진단과치료기술의발달이원인으로생각된다. 미숙아출생률증가와더불어이와관련한의료비용도증가하고있다. 6. 미숙아망막병증의안저사진촬영에용이한 RetCam의경우고가의비용으로개인병원이나중소병원은물론이고대학병원의경우에도우리나라의의료시스템상장비보유가쉽지않은것이현실이다. 본연구에소개된스마트폰을 35
6 - 대한안과학회지 2018 년제 59 권제 1 호 - 활용한안저촬영은추가적비용없이양질의안저사진을얻을수있어가격대성능의비가훨씬우수하다고볼수있다. 스마트폰을활용한안저사진촬영이전에는환아의안저상태를검사자가직접그려서기록하였으나, 스마트폰을활용해촬영한안저사진을의무기록에남김으로써그림보다훨씬정확하고객관적인형태로안저를기록할수있으므로, 법적인문제가발생한경우에도증거로사용될수있을것으로생각된다. 결론적으로스마트폰을이용한안저촬영은질병의경과기록및치료전후의안저상태를객관적으로기록할수있고, 병원전산의무기록에저장할수있으며, 추가비용이들지않는다는장점이있으므로미숙아망막병증의의무기록에보조적으로사용할수있을것으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1) Lord RK, Shah VA, San Filippo AN, Krishna R. Novel uses of smartphones in ophthalmology. Ophthalmol 2010;117: ) Zvornicanin E, Zvornicanin J, Hadziefendic B. The use of smart phones in ophthalmol. Acta Inform Med 2014;22: ) Good WV; Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Final results of the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) randomized trial. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2004;102:233-48; discussion ) Ells AL, Holmes JM, Astle WF, et al. Telemedicine approach to screening for severe retinopathy of prematurity: a pilot study. Ophthalmol 2003;110: ) Oluleye TS, Rotimi-Samuel A, Adenekan A. Mobile phone for retinopathy of prematurity screening in Lagos, Nigeria, sub-saharan Africa. Eur J Ophthalmol 2016;26: ) Yoon HS. Statisticcs and medical cost of preterm in Korea. Hanyang Medical Reviews 2009:29: ) Haddock LJ, Kim DY, Mukai S. Simple, expensive techinique for high-quality smartphone fundus photography in human and animal eyes. J Ophthalmol 2013;2013: ) Kim DY, Delori F, Mukai S. Smartphone photography safety. Ophthalmology 2012;119:2200-1; author reply = 국문초록 = 미숙아망막병증에서스마트폰카메라를이용한안저사진촬영의유용성 목적 : 스마트폰을이용하여미숙아망막병증환자의안저사진을촬영하여그유용성을평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 2014 년 3 월부터 2017 년 9 월까지동아대학교병원신생아집중치료실에서미숙아망막병증선별검사를시행한 13 명, 26 안을대상으로스마트폰 (i-phone 5) 과 30 디옵터렌즈 (Volk optical Inc., Mentor, OH, USA) 를이용하여안저촬영을시행하였다. 결과 : 13 명의환아에서성공적으로스마트폰을이용한안저촬영을시행할수있었다. 시신경유두, 동맥, 정맥을비롯한망막후극부를촬영하였으며, 4 명의환아들에서는레이저치료전의추가징후 (Plus sign) 와치료후의호전정도를구분, 기록할수있을정도의이미지를얻을수있었다. 또한촬영된이미지는그림파일로저장이간편하여병원전산의무기록시스템에쉽게저장할수있었다. 결론 : 스마트폰을이용한미숙아망막병증환아의안저촬영은망막주변부를기록하기힘든단점이있으나, 고가의촬영장비가없는대다수의병원에서큰추가비용없이미숙아망막병증의상태와치료전후의안저상태를기록하는데유용하여미숙아망막병증의의무기록에보조적으로사용될수있을것으로생각된다. < 대한안과학회지 2018;59(1):31-36> 36
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대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
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