17-12이정아(전화교정_수정)
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1 대한응급의학회지제 19 권제 5 호 Volume 19, Number 5, October, 2008 원 저 팔꿈치부분탈구환자에서두가지방법에따른도수정복시통증비교 아주대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 을지대학교보건과학대학응급구조학과 1 이정아 최상천 권정훈 김기운 민영기 안정환 정윤석 조준필 조영신 최혜경 1 Comparison of Pain Scale on Two Different Manual Reduction Technique in Patients with Elbow Subluxation Choung Ah Lee, M.D., Sang Cheon Choi, M.D., Jung Hun Kwon, M.D., Gi Woon Kim, M.D., Young Gi Min, M.D., Jung Hwan Ahn, M.D., Yoon Seok Jung, M.D., Joon Pil Cho, M.D., Young Shin Cho, M.D., Hea Kyung Choi 1 Purpose: This research was done to assess the effectiveness of two manual reduction techniques for elbow subluxation and to determine which technique was less painful during trial of manual reduction. Methods: A prospective, controlled, randomized survey was conducted on children who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) of an inner-city university hospital with clinical features and physical findings suggestive of an elbow subluxation between Mar 1, 2007 and February 28, We evaluated the success rate of each reduction technique and the pain scale during trial of manual reduction. We classified each group into 2 subgroups (under 3 years of age and over 3 years of age) for evaluating the pain score. The degree of pain was determined using the FLACC scale (under 3 years of age) and faces pain scale (over 3 years of age). Results: One hundred and four children were enrolled in our study and they were equally divided into a supination group (SG) and a pronation group (PG). There was no statistically significant difference with regards to the demographic data between the two groups. The success rate for 책임저자 : 김기운경기도수원시영통구원천동산 5 아주대학교의과대학응급의학교실 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) flyingguy@paran.com 접수일 : 2008년 5월 6일, 1차교정일 : 2008년 6월 3일게재승인일 : 2008년 8월 8일 569 the SG was 85.7% and for PG was 91.7% (p=0.32). For patients under 3 years of age, the FLACC scale for the SG was 5.14 and for PG was 3.82 (p=0.01). For patients over 3 years of age, the face pain scale for the SG was 5.5 and for PG was 5.54 (p=0.83). Conclusion: Both reduction techniques are useful for reducing elbow subluxations. In case of children under 3 years old, we believe that the pronation technique is a better option due to lesser pain produced compared to the supination technique. Key Words: Dislocations, Elbow Joint, Pain measurement Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea, Department of Emergency Medical Service, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea 1 서 팔꿈치부분탈구는소아기에발생하는가장흔한상지손상으로 pulled elbow, nursemaid elbow, 등자돌림인대전위 (annular ligament displacement), 요골두부분탈구 (radial head subluxation) 등다양한용어로표현된다 1). 주로 1~4세사이에발생하며, 보통환자의병력및임상양상으로쉽게진단이가능하다 2-4). 간단한도수정복방법을이용하여신속히치료가가능하지만, 도수정복과정에서흔히통증이수반된다. 대표적인도수정복방법으로회외 (supination) 정복법과회내 (pronation) 정복법이있다 4). 대부분의환자들이통증을잘표현하지못하는연령대에속하기때문에환자들의통증을의료진들이경시할수있는가능성이높다. 소아에서의통증은성인과마찬가지로참기힘든고통과함께정서적으로불안, 공포를야기할수있어치료과정중에정서적안정감을주는것과동시에통증을최소화하는술기를시행하는것이중요하겠다. 저자들은현재까지의연구가주로성공률차이를밝혀냈을뿐통증의차이를연구한경우가적어두가지도수정 론
2 570 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 19 권제 5 호 2008 복법에따른성공률뿐만아니라동시에정복시유발되는통증정도의차이를알아보기위해본연구를시행하였다. 대상과방법본연구는 2007년 3월 1일부터 2008년 2월 28일까지일개권역응급의료센터에서전향적, 무작위추출로서팔꿈치부분탈구로최종진단한 15세이하의소아를대상으로하였다. 팔꿈치부분탈구가의심되는경우는주요한외상의증거없이팔을움직이지않으려고하거나통증을호소하는경우로정의하였다. 정복방법에따라서회내군과회외군으로분류하여두군사이의연령, 성별, 수상기전, 수상후응급실방문시간, 재원시간및성공률을비교하였고특히정복시유발되는통증의정도는척도를이용하여평가하였다. 통증의평가는 3세미만의 FLACC 척도 (Table 1) 를, 3세이상에서는 Wong-Baker Faces Painrevised 척도 (Fig. 1) 를이용하였다. FLACC 척도는자신의통증정도를직접표현하기힘든연령대에대하여관찰자가소아의얼굴, 다리의움직임, 활동도, 울음, 진정되는정도의 5가지평가항목에각각점수를매겨합산하여통증정도를평가하는방식이다. Wong-Baker Faces Painrevised 척도는환자가직접통증이표현된얼굴그림을가리켜자신의통증정도를표현하는방식이다. 두가지도수정복방법의적용은연구의유사무작위성 을위해홀수날에는회외방법, 짝수날에는회내방법을우선으로시도하였다. 대상환자의도수정복은해당일에근무중인응급의학과 2년차전공의가실시하였고, 통증의평가는 3년차이상의전공의가미리만들어놓은프로토콜에따라서기입하였다. 술기를시행한전공의는정복방법에대해충분한경험을가지고있었으나, 연구를위해다시정확한술기방법에대해서강의와실습을시행하였다. 또한통증의평가자에게도통증척도검사에대한교육및평가를시행하였다. 도수정복의성공은정복후통증이소실되고외부저항에대해운동제한없이활동할경우로정의하였으며, 첫번째도수정복시도후 20분이경과한뒤에도증상의호전이없을경우방법을바꾸어재시도하였다. 도수정복실패는두번째시도후에도증상이계속될경우로정의하였다. 도수정복에실패한경우골절과같은다른질환과의감별을위해단순 X-선촬영을시행하고, 특이소견이없는경우부목으로고정후정형외과외래로추적관찰하였다 (Fig. 2). 통증평가의정확성을위해환자의표정이나행동에영향을줄수있는환경을최소화시키기위한노력을하였다. 보채거나우는환아의경우보호자로하여금 5분간달래도록한후도수정복을시행하기로하였으며, 환자달래기를시도하였으나계속보채고우는경우에는대상에서제외하였다. 수집한자료를부호화하여 SPSS 11.5 통계 package로 Table 1. FLACC scale Categories Scoring Face No particular expression Occasional grimace or frown, Frequent to constant quivering chin, or smile withdrawn, disinterested clenched jaw Legs Normal position or relaxed Uneasy, restless, tense Kicking, or legs drawn up Activity Lying quietly, normal position Squirming, shifting back and Arched, rigid or jerking moves easily forth, tense Cry No cry (awake or asleep) Moans or whimpers; Crying steadily, screams or sobs, occasional complaint frequent complaints Consolability Content, relaxed Reassured by occasional touching Difficulty to console or comfort hugging or being talked to, distractable Fig. 1. Faces pain scale-revised
3 이정아외 : 팔꿈치부분탈구환자에서두가지방법에따른도수정복시통증비교 / 571 분석하였다. 환자의일반적특성은기술통계를이용하였고, 술기에따른 3세미만의성공률비교는 χ 2 -test로, 통증점수비교는t-test를이용하였다. 3세이상의경우는비모수검정으로성공률은 Fisher s exact test으로검정하였고, 통증점수는 Mann-Whitney U test를이용해검정하였다. 모든경우에있어 p값이 0.05보다적을경우통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로판정하였다. 결과 1. 환자의일반적특성연구기간중에외상으로응급실에내원한 15세미만의소아환자는 6,599명이었고, 이들중팔꿈치부분탈구로진단된환자는 243명이었으나연구프로토콜기록이미비했던 78명과정복전달래기를실패한 61명을제외한 104 명이최종연구대상이되었다. 연구대상환자의특성은 Table 2와같다. 전체대상의평균나이는 27.7±18.1개 Table 2. Characteristics of patients with pulled elbow Characteristic No. of patients (%) Sex Male 55 (52.9%) Female 49 (47.1%) Mechanism of injury Pull 58 (51.9%) Fall down 04 (03.8%) Slip down 13 (12.5%) Twist 15 (14.4%) Other 03 (02.9%) Unknown 11 (10.6%) Time of injury 00~8 hours 16 (15.4%) 08~16 hours 29 (27.9%) 16~24 hours 59 (56.7%) Arm injured Right 61 (58.7%) Left 43 (41.3%) Fig. 2. Protocol of management for patients with elbow subluxation.
4 572 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 19 권제 5 호 2008 월이었으며, 3세미만의소아는 75명 (72.1%), 3세이상의소아는 29명 (27.9%) 였다. 수상후병원에오기까지걸리는평균시간은 152±24분으로 3세이하의환자군에서 53±32분, 3세이상의환자군에서 407±351분이었으며, 두군간의차이는통계학적으로유의했다 (p<0.001). 평균응급실재원시간은 44분 ( 최소 2분, 최대 648분 ) 이었으며, 3세이하의환자군에서 37분 ( 최소 2분, 최대 648분 ), 3세이상의환자군에서 60분 ( 최소 2분, 최대 556분 ) 이었다. 그러나두군간의차이는통계적으로유의하지않았다 (p=0.24)(table 3). 2. 정복성공률과두가지방법의차이연구대상이되었던 104명중회외군이 52명회내군이 52명이었으며, 각환자군의연령과성별, 손상기전에유의한차이는없었다 (Table 4). 첫정복시도에서성공한전체환자는 92명 (88.5%) 이었다. 그중회외방법으로정복에성공한환자는 44명 (84.6%) 이었고, 회내방법으로정복에성공한환자는 48명 (92.3%) 이었으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.32). 3세미만의환자는전체 75명으로, 회외방법을시도한 36명중 29명에서성공하였고 (80.6%) 회내방법을시도한 39명중 35명에서성공 (89.7%) 하였다 (p=0.26). 3세이상의환자는 29명으로회외방법으로는 16명중 15명에서성공하였고회내방법은 13명모두성공하였다 (p=0.55). 첫시도에서실패한후방법을달리하여재시도한환자에서회외와회내방법으로성공한환자는각각 4명, 7명으로 100%, 87.5% 의성공률을보였다. 전체성 Table 3. Characteristics of two patient groups according to the age Comparison of patient groups p-value < 3 years of age 3 years of age No. of patients 75 (72.1%) 29 (27.9%) Average time from injury to visiting ED (minutes) 53±32 407±351 <0.001 Average time from visiting to discharge (minutes) <0.24< Table 4. Characteristics of patients who had treated by two different methods Supination (n=52) Pronation (n=52) p-value Age 29.4±19.1 months 26.0±17.0 months 0.35 Sex Male 27 (51.9%) 28 (53.8%) 0.24 Female 25 (48.1%) 24 (46.2%) Mechanism Pull 28 (53.8%) 30 (57.7%) Twist 07 (13.5%) 08 (15.4%) Slip down 07 (13.5%) 06 (11.5%) Fall down 03 (05.8%) 01 (01.9%) Other 01 (01.9%) 02 (03.8%) Unknown 06 (11.5%) 05 (09.6%) Table 5. Success rate of two different methods Supination (n=52) Pronation (n=52) p-value First attempt 44/52 (84.6%) 48/52 (92.3%) ~3 years (n=75) 29/36 (80.6%) 35/39 (89.7%) 0.26 >3 years (n=29) 15/16 (93.8%) 13/13 (100%) Second attempt 0~3 years (n=12) 4/4 (100%) 7/8 (87.5%) 0.93 Total 48/56 (85.7%) 55/60 (91.7%) ~3 years (n=87) 33/40 (82.5%) 42/47 (89.4%) 0.34 >3 years (n=29) 15/16 (93.8%) 13/13 (100%) 0.38
5 이정아외 : 팔꿈치부분탈구환자에서두가지방법에따른도수정복시통증비교 / 573 공률은회외방법이 85.7% 이었고 (56회시도 48회성공 ) 회내방법이 92.7% 였으나 (60회시도 55회성공 ) 두군간의차이는통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p=0.32) (Table 5). 대상환자의최종성공률은 99.0% 였다. 회외와회내방법모두도수정복에실패한환자는 1명이었으며단순촬영상특이소견보이지않아부목고정후다음날정형외과외래로추적관찰한결과증상이호전되었다. 3. 도수정복방법에따른통증정도의차이 FLACC 척도를이용한 3세미만환자군의통증의평균값은 5.25점으로, 회외방법이 5.14점, 회내방법이 3.82 점으로두군간의차이는통계학적으로유의했다 (p<0.001). 얼굴통증평가척도를이용한 3세이상환자군의통증의평균값은 4.25점이였고, 회외방법이 5.50점, 회내방법이 5.54점으로두군간의차이는없었다 (p=0.83) (Table 6). 고찰팔꿈치부분탈구는응급실에내원하는 6세미만의소아에서가장흔한상지손상이다 2,6). 일반적으로전완이회내상태에서장축방향으로당겨질때요골두가등자돌림인대의원위부로끼어들어가며발생한다 7,8). 진단은환자의병력과임상양상및간단한이학적검사를통해비교적쉽게이루어지기때문에대부분의경우방사선학적검사는필요하지않다. 전술한바와같이대표적인두가지의도수정복방법으로는우선고전적인방법인수상당한쪽의전완을회외시키고팔꿈치에서팔꿈치를굴곡시키는방법과, 대체방법으로수상당한쪽의팔꿈치를신전시킨상태에서전완을회내시키는방법이있다 (Fig. 3) 3,9). 두가지정복법을비교한다른연구결과들을살펴보면두정복방법의성공률에는크게차이가없다는보고가많으며, 저자들의연구에서또한성공률에는차이가없었다. 그러나 McDonald 등 10) 은회내방법의성공률이더높다고보고하였다. 수상후응급실에내원하기까지걸린시간은 3세미만에서유의하게짧았는데이는 3세미만소아가부모와같이있는시간이많고이로인해부모의관찰이더세심하며, Table 6. Pain scale of two differrent methods during reduction Supination Pronation p-value Age 0~3 years >3 years A B Fig. 3. Two reduction technique. (A) Supination technique (B) Pronation technique
6 574 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 19 권제 5 호 2008 반응이보채거나우는등의형태로나타나기때문에응급실방문시간이더빠른것으로생각된다. 통증은미국의 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations (JCAHO) 에서제 5의생체징후라고언급할정도로환자를평가하는데있어중요한요소이다 11). 이는소아환자들에게있어서도마찬가지이며, 통증의평가는환자의상태를파악하고향후통증조절을위한지침을마련하는데매우중요하다. 이미여러연구에서발표된바와같이대부분의팔꿈치부분탈구의호발연령은 3세미만이다. 그러나, 3세미만의소아들은자신의통증이나감정을명확하게표현하지못한다. 도수정복이소아환자에게어느정도의통증을주는지에관해서 Green 등 12) 이제 3자에의해통증을평가한바있으나, 소아가직접통증을표현한결과에대해서는보고된바가없다. 통증을주변인의관찰로만평가된다면실제소아가겪는통증보다경시될가능성이충분히높다 13,14). 본연구는팔꿈치부분탈구에대한도수정복치료시의료진에의해경시될수있는소아의통증을검증된척도에의해평가하는데의의를두었다. 통증을평가하는척도는크게두가지로나눌수있다. 첫번째는자가보고 (self-report) 방식을평가한척도이다. 통증은주관적경험인만큼객관적으로측정할수없기때문에통증평가시객관적인관찰자에의존하는관찰자보고방법보다는환자에의한주관적인자가보고형식의평가가더선호된다. 그러나이방법은자신의통증의정도를표현할수있는 3세이상의소아에서만사용될수있는제한점이있다. 자가보고방식으로현재많이사용되는방법에는 VAS (Visual Analogue Scale), 얼굴통증척도 (Faces pain scale), Poker chip tool 등이있다. VAS는 100 mm의수평선위에왼쪽끝을 통증없음 (No pain), 오른쪽끝을 가장심한통증 (Worst pain) 이라고설명하고환자로하여금얼마나아픈지를표시하도록하는방법이다 15). 얼굴통증척도는급성통증평가에유용한방법으로 6단계로통증의정도를표현하는얼굴표정그림이나사진중자신의통증과비슷한형태를선택하도록하여표현하게하는방법이다. 얼굴통증척도중에서대표적인것으로 Wong-Baker 얼굴통증척도가있다. 고통의정도를순차적인 6단계로통증이표현된얼굴그림중에환자가자신의통증을가장잘표현한그림을선택하도록하는방법으로각각의그림에 0점에서 5점까지점수가주어져있어그림을통해통증을점수화할수있다. 확장된의미의 Faces pain scale-revised에서는각각의그림에 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10점으로점수를정해놓고통증의정도를 0점에서 10점까지표시하기도한다 16). 두번째척도는행동을평가한행동관찰척도 (Behavioral observational scale) 이다. 보통자기표현이불가능한 3세미만의영유아와발달장애가있는환자에서일차적통증 평가를위해사용되는방법으로 Neonatal/Infants Pain Scale (NIPS, 이하 NIPS), Children s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS, 이하 CHEOPS), FLACC behavioral tool 등이있다 17). NIPS는 1세미만의영아에서보통사용되며얼굴표정, 울음, 호흡양상, 사지의움직임, 의식상태를평가하는방법이다. NIPS가 3점이상인경우통증이있다고평가한다. CHEOPS는 1세에서 7세사이의수술후환자에서주로사용되는 NIPS와유사한방법으로울음, 얼굴표정, 언어, 몸통의자세, 촉진, 다리의자세등 6가지항목에각각 0점부터 3점까지점수를부여하고환자를평가한뒤점수를합산하는방법으로 4점이상인경우통증이있다고평가한다. FLACC 척도는 3세미만의영유아나인지장애가있는환자에서주로사용되는방법으로통증평가를위해얼굴표정 (Face), 하지위치 (Legs), 활동 (Activity), 울음 (Cry), 진정이되는정도 (Consolability) 의 5개항목을평가하며, 평가항목의첫글자를따서 FLACC 척도라부른다 17). 각각의항목에 0 점에서 2점까지점수를부여하고환자를평가한뒤점수를합산하여통증평가점수를얻는다. 본연구에서는모든연령군에같은통증평가척도를적용할수없기때문에 3세미만과 3세이상으로대상군을분류하였고각각 FLACC 척도와얼굴통증척도를적용하였다. 얼굴통증척도를사용한이유는 VAS, Oucher법등에비해평가자간의상관관계 (inter-rater correlation) 와동시타당도 (concurrent validity) 가높기때문이다 18). 또한 FLACC 척도를사용한이유는 NIPS와 CHEOPS가각각 1세미만, 1세에서 7세를대상으로하고있어추가적인통증척도가필요한것과달리모든 3세미만의소아에적용할수있기때문이다. 연구의결과는 3세이상에서는두가지도수정복법에따른통증정도에차이가없었으나, 3세미만에서는회내방법을이용한군이더적은통증점수를나타냈다. 다시말해 3세미만에서회내방법을이용한경우더적게통증을유발하며정복을시행하였다고해석할수있다. 두정복방법의성공률에차이가없다면 3세미만의경우환자의통증을고려할때회내방법이처음시도해볼수있는도수정복방법으로생각된다. 본연구의제한점은우선필요대상수 (enrolled patients) 가적어연구의결과를일반화할수없다는것이다. 또한도수정복중에발생하는통증정도를측정하였기때문에이중맹검법을적용할수없었다. 그리고통증척도로이용한 FLACC 척도의평가항목인얼굴표정, 다리의움직임, 활동도등에관한점수가평가자의주관적따라결정되기때문에평가자간의차이 (inter-rater difference) 가있을수있다는것이다.
7 이정아외 : 팔꿈치부분탈구환자에서두가지방법에따른도수정복시통증비교 / 575 결 팔꿈치부분탈구의도수정복시두가지도수정복법의 성공률에는차이가없으나, 3세미만의환자들의경우회내방법이적은통증을유발하므로더욱적절한도수정복방법으로생각된다. 론 참고문헌 01. Kaplan RE, Lillis KA. Recurrent nursemaid's elbow (annular ligament displacement) treatment via telephone. Pediatrics 2002;110: Teach SJ, Schutzman SA. Prospective study of recurrent radial head subluxation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150: Schunk JE. Radial head subluxation: epidemiology and treatment of 87 episodes. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19: Jongschaap HC, Young GG, Beattie TF. The epidemiology of radial head subluxation ( pulled elbow ) in the Aberdeen city area. Health Bull 1990;48: Macias CG, Bothner J, Wiebe R. A comparison of supination/flexion to hyperpronation in the reduction of radial head subluxations. Pediatrics 1998;102:e Schutzman SA, Teach S. Upper-extremity impairment in young children. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26: Illingworth CM. Pulled elbow: a study of 100 patients. Br Med J 1975;2: Quan L, Marcuse EK. The epidemiology and treatment of radial head subluxation. Am J Dis Child 1985;139: Nichols J. Nursemaid s elbow: reducing it to simple terms. Contemp Pediatr 1988;5: McDonald J, Whitelaw C, Goldsmith LJ. Radial head subluxation: comparing two methods reduction. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6: Berde CB, Sethna NF. Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. N Engl J Med 2002;347: Green DA, Linares M, Garcia Peiia BM, Greenberg B, Baker RL. Randomized comparison of pain perception during radial head subluxation reduction using supinationflexion or forced pronation. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006; 22: Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce. The Journal of the American Medical Association(->JAMA) 2003;290: Schechter NL, Allen DA, Hanson K. Status of pediatric pain control: a comparison of hospital analgesic usage in children and adults. Pediatrics 1986;77: Luffy R, Grove SK. Examining the validity, reliability, and preference of three pediatric pain measurement tools in African-American children. Pediatr Nurs 2003;29: Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford P, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale - revised: toward a common metric inpediatric pain measurement. Pain 2001;93: Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs 1997; 23: Cohen LL, Lemanek K, Blount RL, Dahlquist LM, Lim CS, Palermo TM, et al. Evidence-based assessment of pediatric pain. J Pediatr Psychol 2008;33:
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