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1 J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 한국식품영양과학회지 43(9), 462~466(204) 연구노트 반응표면분석법을이용한쌀귀리단백질의알칼리추출공정최적화 정용선 김정원 이의석 길나영 김산성 홍순택 충남대학교식품공학과 Optimization of Alkali Extraction for Preparing Oat Protein Concentrates from Oat Groat by Response Surface Methodology Yong-Seon Jeong, Jeong-Won Kim, Eui-Seok Lee, Na-Young Gil, San-Seong Kim, and Soon-Taek Hong Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University ABSTRACT In this study, an attempt was made to produce oat protein concentrates from defatted oat groat by alkali extraction. Independent variables formulated by D-optimal design were NaOH concentration (X, ~ N) for extraction and precipitation ph (X2, ph ~), and the dependent variable was extraction yield (Y, %). Experimental results were analyzed by response surface methodology to determine optimized extraction conditions. Extraction yield increased both with an increase in NaOH concentration of the extraction solution and when approaching a precipitation ph of 4.9, and NaOH concentrations were a major influencing parameter. Solubility of oat protein concentrates showed a minimum value (i.e., 0.%) at ph 5 and increased substantially at ph values in the range of ph 3 or ph 7, reaching a maximum value at ph (i.e., 76%). Regression equation coincided well with the results of the experiment. Optimized extraction conditions to maximize extraction yield were N NaOH (X) for extraction and ph 4.7 (X2) for precipitation. Key words: oat protein concentrates, alkali extraction, optimization, nitrogen solubility index 서 귀리 (Avena sativa L.) 는벼과 (Gramineae) 에속하며일반적으로냉습한지역에서생산되는대표적인곡류로서 (), 주로러시아와미국에서생산되고있다. 귀리의소비현황을보면생산된귀리의대부분인약 75% 가가축의사료로소비되고있으며식용및종자용으로는약 22% 만이이용되고있지만 (2), 근래에는귀리에함유되어있는 β-glucan의혈중콜레스테롤강하, 당뇨병예방, 변비치료등의다양한생리활성기능이알려지면서건강식, 균형식으로가치가재인식되고있는작물이다 (3). 귀리는다른곡류보다많은양의단백질 (3 20%) 을함유하고있으며, 다른곡류에서는단백질함량이높으면 lysine 함량은떨어지는경향을보이는반면귀리의경우는 lysine 함량이총단백질함량에관계없이일정하다. 이처럼귀리단백질의아미노산조성은 lysine 등 8개로구성되어필수아미노산이균형있게포함되어있기때문에채식을위 Received 29 April 204; Accepted 7 June 204 Corresponding author: Soon-Taek Hong, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon , Korea hongst@cnu.ac.kr, Phone: 론 주로하는사람들을위한단백질공급원으로써그가치가높다. 또한귀리단백질의유화기능성은밀글루텐, 대두단백질등과비슷한수준으로우수한것으로알려져있어 (4) 천연유화소재로이용될여지가충분하다. 뿐만아니라귀리단백질에는감칠맛을발현하는것으로알려진 glutamic acid의함량이약 23% 로다른곡류에비해많이함유되어있으며 (5,6), 타천연조미료의원료인버섯류, 어류등에비해상대적으로값이저렴하기때문에향후천연조미료관련산업의소재로응용될가능성이높다. 이처럼귀리단백질이곡류단백질공급원혹은산업용식품소재로써높은가치를지니고있음에도불구하고산업적으로귀리단백질의추출기술은아직부족한실정이다. 알칼리추출법은귀리단백질을추출하기위해사용되는방법중하나로알칼리조건에서단백질을용출시킨후용출된단백질을산성조건의 ph에서침전시켜분획 획득하는방법을말한다 (7-9). 알칼리추출법은효소를이용하여세포벽에존재하는다당류를분해하여추출하는효소처리법 (0-2) 또는다른물리적, 화학적방법에비하여추출수율이낮지만 (3) 방법이간단하고추출비용이저렴하기때문에시간적, 비용적인면에서경제적인장점을가지고있어알칼리추출법은귀리에서단백질을추출하기위한주된방법으로이용되어왔다. 그러나추출수율및이의개선에대
2 반응표면분석법을이용한쌀귀리단백질의알칼리추출공정최적화 463 한연구는매우제한적으로수행된것으로조사되었는데, 특히단백질추출수율에직접적인영향을미치는추출용액의알칼리농도와침전 ph 조건은연구자에따라다르게보고되어 (4,7-9,4), 이의최적화는귀리단백질이용의극대화측면에서매우중요한문제이다. 실험계획법중하나인반응표면분석법 (response surface methodology, RSM) 은두개이상이되는독립변수 (X, X 2,, X n) 들이종속변수 (Y, Y 2,, Y n) 에복합적인작용을하여영향을미치고있을때종속변수 ( 반응변수 ) 가이루는반응표면에대한통계적인분석법을뜻한다 (5). 이러한반응표면분석법은독립변수와종속변수간의함수관계를실험값으로부터추정하여독립변수의변화에따른반응량 ( 반응변수의값 ) 을예측함과동시에반응량이최소또는최대가되는최적값을예측할수있는장점이있기때문에최소한의비용과시간으로적합한실험계획법을찾기위한방법으로널리이용되어왔다 (6,7). 이에본연구는귀리단백질의알칼리추출공정시추출에큰영향을미칠것으로예상되는알칼리농도, 침전 ph를독립변수로설정하여통계적실험방법중하나인반응표면분석법을이용해최적조건을규명하고자하였으며, 최종적으로식품산업에서알칼리추출법의적용여부를평가하기위한기초자료를확보하는데그목적이있다. 재료및방법실험재료본실험에사용된귀리는쌀귀리 (Avena nuda L.) 로품종은 조양귀리 이며, 정읍영농귀리법인에서 200년에생산된것으로도정된귀리를 ball mixer로분쇄한다음표준체 (32 mesh) 를통과시킨후 -70 C의 deep freezer(df854, Ilshin, Daejeon, Korea) 에보관하면서시료로사용하였다. 실험에사용된모든시약은일급이상의등급을사용하였다. 단백질추출을위한탈지귀리제조분말귀리시료와 n-hexane을 :5(w/w) 비율로혼합한뒤균질기 (Omni mixer macro homogenizer, Omni International, Kennesaw, GA, USA) 를이용해 setting 값 2.7에서한시간동안교반한후감압여과과정을통해헥산층을제거하였다. 헥산층이제거된분말귀리와 n-hexane을 :4 (w/w) 비율로재혼합한다음위와같은조건에서교반한후다시감압여과과정을통해헥산층을제거하고이과정을총 3회반복하였다. 탈지과정을진행한분말귀리시료는상온에서 48시간동안방치하여탈지귀리에잔존하는헥산을제거하였다. 귀리단백질농축물제조공정귀리단백질농축물제조공정은 Cluskey 등 (7) 의방법을변형하여이용하였고, 이를 Fig. 에나타내었다. 즉탈지귀 Fig.. Contour plot for the extraction yield of oat protein with respect to the extraction condition. 리 50 g을 Table 의 NaOH 노르말 (N) 농도를독립변수 (X ) 로하여 :50(w/w) 비율로혼합한후균질기 (Omni mixer macro homogenizer, Omni International) 를이용해 setting 값 2.7에서 시간동안교반하여단백질을용출시켰다. 이후혼합물을 4,000 g, 4 C의조건에서 20분간원심분리하여상등액을수집하고 450 mesh의표준체를통과시키는과정을 2회반복하여침전물을완전히제거하였다. 그리고 Table 의침전 ph를독립변수 (X 2) 로하여상등액의 ph를조절하여단백질을침전시킨후 0,000 g, 4 C의조건에서 30분간원심분리하여침전된단백질을회수하였다. 회수한단백질은 5배 (w/w) 의 차증류수를가하고 ph 7로조절하여 -70 C의 deep freezer(df854, Ilshin) 에서 24 시간동안급속동결시키고, 동결건조기 (Clean vac 8B, Biotron, Bucheon, Korea) 를이용해서건조시켜최종적으 Table. Experimental combinations according to codes of experimental design at various extraction conditions of NaOH concentration for extraction and precipitation ph S (N) P Actual parameters Treatment NaOH Precipitation X X 2 concentration (N) ph
3 464 정용선 김정원 이의석 길나영 김산성 홍순택 Table 2. Proximate composition of full fat oat and defatted oat Sample Moisture (%) Crude protein (%) Crude fat (%) Crude ash (%) Carbohydrate (%) Full fat oat Defatted oat.55±0.37 a.77±0.22 a.25±0.03 b 3.40±0.0 a 9.66± a 0.89± b.39± b.8± a 66.4±0.48 b 74.46±0.36 a Values are mean±sd (n=3). a,b Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (P<0.05). 로귀리단백질농축물을획득하였다. 알칼리추출공정의최적화탈지귀리로부터알칼리를이용한단백질추출의최적조건을도출하기위하여반응표면분석에적합한 D-optimal design에따라실험을설계하였다 (Table ). 독립변수 (X n) 로는추출공정에영향을미칠것으로예상되는 NaOH의노르말 (N) 농도 (X ) 와침전 ph(x 2) 를설정했으며, 반응변수 (Y n) 는추출수율 (Y ) 로하였다. 추출수율은다음공식을이용하여계산하였으며모든실험값들은 MODDE version 5.0 software(umetrics, Umea, Sweden) 를사용하여분석하였다. 추출수율 (%)=[( 추출된단백질의건물량 (g) 추출된단백질의함량 )/ ( 탈지귀리의건물량 (g) 탈지귀리의단백질함량 )] 00 질소용해지수측정귀리단백질의질소용해지수 (nitrogen solubility index) 는 Bera와 Mukherjee(8) 의방법을변형하여측정하였다. 먼저알칼리추출법으로얻은귀리단백질 2.5 g을 00 g의증류수에용해시킨후 0. N HCl과 0. N NaOH를이용하여각각을 ph 3, 5, 7, 9, 로조절하였다. 이를 30 C의 shaking water bath(hb-205sw, Hanbaek Scientific Co., Bucheon, Korea) 에서 20 rpm으로 시간동안교반하여용해시킨후 4,000 g, 4 C의조건에서 20분간원심분리하여상등액중의단백질함량을 Lowry 등 (9) 의방법으로 750 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 측정된흡광도는 BSA(bovine serum albumin) 시약을 0 00 μg/ml까지희석하여표준곡선을작성하고, 다음공식을이용하여질소용해지수를구하였다. 흡광도 (ppm) 희석배수질소용해지수 (%)= 00 시료의농도 (ppm) 단백질함량일반성분분석일반성분으로수분, 조회분, 조지방그리고조단백질을 AOAC(20) 방법에따라분석하였다. 시료에대한수분함량은 05 C 상압가열건조법에의해분석하였으며, 조회분은 550 C에서직접회화법으로, 조지방은 Soxhlet 방법으로측정하였고, 조단백질함량은 Micro-Kjeldahl법을이용하여측정하였다. 탄수화물은전체에서수분, 조회분, 조단백질, 조지방을뺀값으로나타내었다. 통계처리모든실험결과들은 3회이상반복측정하여평균치와표준편차로나타내었으며, 각처리별평균치간의유의성검정은 SAS(Statistical Analysis System, version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) 를이용하여 ANOVA 분석후 P<0.05에서 Duncan's multiple range test를이용하여유의성검증을하였다. Table 3. Extraction yield in the oat protein concentrates with alkali extraction method according to the D-optimal design No Extraction conditions NaOH concentration (N) 결과및고찰 일반성분분석탈지하지않은귀리와탈지귀리의일반성분을분석한결과를 Table 2에나타내었다. 탈지하지않은귀리는수분함량.55%, 조단백질.25%, 조지방 9.66%, 조회분.39 %, 탄수화물 66.3% 를함유하였으며, 탈지귀리는수분함량.77%, 조단백질 3.40%, 조지방 0.89%, 조회분.8 %, 탄수화물 74.46% 로측정되었다. 따라서탈지공정을통해귀리에함유되어있던조단백질의함량은증가하였으며조지방은거의제거된것을확인할수있었다. 추출조건에따른수율의변화각추출조건에따른추출수율을 Table 3에나타내었다. 추출수율의경우알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 5 조건 (No. Precipitation ph 5.0 Variables Yield (%) 4±0.05 l) 48.73±0.0 k2) 76.80±0.4 d 76.33±0.38 d 55.8±.6 h 77.60± c 86.60±0.58 a 62.94±0.4 e 78.78±0.05 b 53.8±0.05 i 56.±0.03 g 50.25±0.02 j 55.20±0.44 h 58.2±0.05 f ) Values are mean±sd (n=3). 2) Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (P<0.05).
4 반응표면분석법을이용한쌀귀리단백질의알칼리추출공정최적화 실험구 ) 에서 86.60% 로가장높았으며, 알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 4 조건 (No. 실험구 ) 에서 4% 로가장낮아최고수율보다약 40.6% 수율차이를보였다. 각독립변수값의변화에따른반응변수값을등고선분석을통해 Fig. 에나타내었다. 눈에띄는변화로는전반적으로독립변수인알칼리농도가증가할수록그리고침전 ph 5 부근에서수율은증가하는경향을나타내었다. 가장높은수율을유도한조건 (No. 7 실험구 ) 을기준으로각독립변수값의변화에따른수율의변화를분석한결과, 알칼리농도 N에서최저수율 65.00%, N에서최대수율 84.20% 로알칼리농도가증가할수록수율이증가하는경향을나타내었다. 이는고농도의알칼리조건에서단백질수소결합의붕괴로인한수소원자의해리가증가하게되고이로인해단백질의표면전하량이증가하여용해도가증가하였기때문인것으로사료된다 (2). 침전 ph에따른추출수율의변화는침전 ph 4.9에서최대수율 8.80% 로관찰되었으며, 이를기준으로하여침전 ph 4에서추출수율 68.70%, 침전 ph 6에서 58.00% 로좌우로감소하는경향을나타내었다. 이는귀리단백질의주요구성단백질인 globulin(38%), prolamin(4%), glutelin(4%), albumin (2%) 의등전점이 albumin을제외하고 ph 4 6의범위이므로 (4) 용출된단백질이 ph 4.9 부근에서등전점침전에의해높은추출수율을나타낸것으로사료되며, 이는 5 C 이하에서 ph 4.6으로알칼리추출물을처리하였을때귀리단백질의최대수율을얻을수있다는 Hohner와 Hyldon(8) 의연구결과와유사하다. 따라서귀리단백질의추출공정중독립변수인알칼리농도와침전 ph는추출수율에모두영향을미치는것으로확인되었으며, 알칼리농도가침전 ph에비하여추출수율에보다큰영향을미치는인자로판단되었다. 질소용해지수알칼리추출공정으로얻어진귀리단백질농축물의질소용해지수를 ph 3 의범위에서측정하였다. 일반적으로수용액상에서단백질의용해도는단백질분자간의정전기적반발력과소수성결합력에영향을받는것으로알려져있으며, 정전기적반발력이소수성결합력보다더커질때용해도는증가하게되고, 단백질의 net charge가 0 인등전점 (isoelectric point) 에서용해도는최소값을나타낸다 (22). 귀리단백질의질소용해지수는 ph 3 이상에서부터급격히감소하기시작하여 ph 5 부근에서최소값을나타내었고, ph 7 이상에서다시급격하게증가하는경향을나타내었다. 이러한경향은 Ma(9) 의연구결과와정성적으로일치하고있으며이들은알칼리추출법을이용해얻은귀리단백질의등전점은 ph 5 부근이라하였다. 따라서본실험의알칼리추출공정시침전 ph 4.9 부근에서최대수율을나타내는것은귀리단백질의등전점에근접하여용해도가최소값을나타내기때문인것으로판단하였다. 한편 ph 7에 서귀리단백질농축물의질소용해지수는약 2% 로측정되어미강단백질농축물과비교하였을때다소낮았지만 (23) 이는 Ma(9) 의연구결과와유사하였다. 알칼리추출공정의최적화탈지귀리로부터귀리단백질의알칼리추출최적조건을도출하기위하여추출용매의 NaOH 농도 (X ), 침전 ph(x 2) 를독립변수 (X n) 로설정한후 D-optimal design에의한반응표면분석을실시하여최적화된조건을살펴보았다. 즉각독립변수에따른반응변수 (Y n) 인추출수율 (Y ) 의변화를회귀분석하여반응표면회귀식과유의성을검토하였다. ANOVA 분석에서모형의적합도검정을위한 lack of fit의 P-value는 0.05 이상이어야만모형이적합한것으로판단하며, R 2 (coefficient of determination) 은 에가까운수치일수록실험모델식이실제실험값과가깝게일치하는좋은모형임을나타낸다 (24). 추출수율에대한 lack of fit의 P- value는 0.235로본실험의수행을위하여가정된모델 (Table ) 은적합한것으로판단되었고, 추출수율에대한 R 2 값은 0.865로나타났다. 회귀분석결과, 알칼리추출공정모델식의최대추출수율을나타내는최적조건은알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 4.7일때추출수율이 85.89% 로예측되었다. 알칼리추출법을이용하여귀리단백질을추출한기존의연구들에의하면 (4,7-9,4) 알칼리농도 0.05 N, 침전 ph 의범위로기존의연구마다제각기차이를보였지만, 본연구의알칼리추출공정최적화결과귀리단백질농축물제조를위한최적조건은알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 4.7인것으로확인하였다. 요약알칼리추출법을이용하여쌀귀리로부터단백질을추출하고추출수율을최적화하기위한알칼리농도조건및침전 ph 조건을반응표면분석을통해검토하였다. 추출수율은추출용매인알칼리농도가증가할수록그리고침전 ph 4.9 부근에서높은경향을보였으며, 알칼리농도가침전 ph에비하여보다큰영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 알칼리추출공정으로얻어진귀리단백질농축물의질소용해지수는등전점부근인 ph 5에서최소값을나타내었고, ph 3 이하, ph 7 이상에서는급격히증가하였다. 알칼리추출공정의최적화를위한회귀분석결과, 알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 4.7에서최대수율 85.89% 로예측되었으며예측모델식과실제측정값을비교하였을때유의적인차이가크게나타나지않아설계된실험모델식은적합한것으로나타났다. 따라서기존의연구들은알칼리추출법을이용한귀리단백질추출시알칼리농도와침전 ph가각기다름을보였지만, 본연구를통하여귀리단백질농축물제조를위한알칼리추출공정의최적조건은알칼리농도 N, 침전 ph 4.7 인것으로확인되었다.
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