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1 대한세포병리학회지 ISSN 자궁경부, 체액및소변의탈락세포진검사에서 CellPrep 액상세포검사의세포학적평가 -ThinPrep 과비교분석 - 원자력병원병리과 고재수 조수연 하화정 김정순 신명순 Cytologic Evaluation of CellPrep Liquid-based Cytology in Cervicovaginal, Body Fluid, and Urine Specimens -Comparison with ThinPrep - Jae Soo Koh, M.D., Soo Yeon Cho, M.D., Hwa Jeong Ha, C.M.(I.A.C.), Jung Soon Kim, C.M.(I.A.C.), Myung Soon Shin, C.T.(I.A.C.) Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, KIRAMS, Seoul, Korea 논문접수 : 2007 년 1월 10일 게재승인 : 2007 년 2월 15일 책임저자 : 고 재 수 주 소 : ( ) 서울시노원구공릉동 원자 력병원병리과 전 화 : 팩 스 : jskoh@kcch.re.kr 주 : 본연구는 CellPrep 제조사 (MEDIMEX Co., LTD, Korea) 의연구비지원으로수행되었습니다. This study purposed to evaluate a CellPrep (CP) of liquid-based cytology (LBC) to search for a less expensive and automated alternative cytologic preparation technique applicable to usually encountered cytologic specimens. Cervicovaginal direct-to-vial split samples from 457 gynecologic patients, 40 body fluid samples, and 34 urine samples were processed with the CP technique and the results were compared with those of currently used ThinPrep (TP) method. Both CP and TP methods provide evenly distributed thin layers of cells with little cellular overlaps or significant obscuring elements in most of cases. Staining quality of both preparations showed a little difference due to the difference of fixative solutions without significant distractions in cytologic interpretation. On the supposition that TP was a gold standard, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CP cytology were 89%, 98%, 86%, and 99% in the cervicovaginal smear, 89%, 82%, 80%, and 90% in body fluid, and all of these values were 100% in urine samples. To testify the availability of immunohistochemistry on CP preparations, cytokeratin, vimentin, and Ki-67 were applied on body fluid specimens, and all of these antibodies were specifically stained on targeted cells. Conclusively, the CP method gave comparable results to those of TP in terms of smear quality and cytologic diagnostic evaluation, and was available on immunohistochemistry. The CP method could offer a cost-effective and automated alternative to the current expensive techniques of liquid-based cytology on popular cytologic materials including cervicovaginal, body fluid, and urine specimens. (Korean J Cytopathol 2007;18(1): 29-35) Key words : Liquid-based cytology, Cytology, Gynecological, Exfoliative, Immunohistochemistry 서론 최근의액상세포검사의개발은표본의질향상과초검의용이성으로인하여국내에서도많은검사기관에서도입하여이용하고있으며, 점차적으로기존의검사법을대체하는추세이고 2006년부터는자궁경부세포진검사에대하여건강보험급여가되고있다. 액상세포검사법은고 전적인세포도말법에비하여슬라이드상에서단층으로배열되어세포소견을고배율에서자세히관찰하기가쉬울뿐만아니라, 기존의검사에서배경에도말되어세포소견을관찰하기어렵게하였던적혈구와삼출물등을제거함으로써깨끗한배경을보인다. 또한기존의검사는도말된세포의검사를위하여슬라이드전체를초검 (screening) 해야하지만액상세포검사는일정한형태의한정된표면 The Korean Journal of Cytopathology Vol 18 No 1 /

2 에만검사대상이되는세포가존재하기때문에초검의시간적정신적비용을현저히감소시킬수있다. 1,2 기존의검사는세포도말후별도의보관시스템을따로두지않는것이일반적이어서, 일차세포검사후병리의사의판단에의하여추가검사가필요한경우에도검체를얻을수있는방법이없었으나, 액상세포검사는그표본제작절차상의이유로일차검사후남은검체를일정기간동안은보관하는것이가능하여, 면역조직화학검사등추가검사가가능한이점이있다. 3 CellPrep ( 이하 CP) 액상세포검사 (MED- IMEX, Korea) 는국내에서개발된액상에기초한얇은층도말법슬라이드제작시스템으로서진공필터장치를이용한자동화된장비를기반으로하며, 환자로부터표본을채집하여액상고정액에부유시키고검사장비에장착시킨후적절한수준의음압을이용하여고정액에부유된세포를필터에부착시키고, 이를슬라이드에접촉시킴으로써지름 20mm의얇은세포층슬라이드를제작하는자동화된시스템으로서 ThinPrep ( 이하 TP, Cytyc, USA) 와그제작과정이유사하다. 저자의기관에서는 2000년부터 TP를자궁경부탈락세포의세포검사에도입하였으며, 최근에는흡인세포검사를제외한소변, 체액, 가래등거의모든세포검사에이검사법을이용하고있다. TP를이용한검사의세포검사법으로서의유용성은다수의연구에서제시되었으며저자의기관에서의평가도다르지않아서표준화된검사법으로자리잡고있다. 1,4-11 본연구의목적은최근에국내에서개발된 CP 액상세포검사법이기존의표준화된액상세포검사법의하나인 TP와비교하여, 자궁경부탈락세포와비부인과체액의세포검사에서슬라이드의질, 세포검사의민감도와특이도, 면역조직화학검사의적용가능여부에대한평가에있으며, 장비의구조및그에따른슬라이드제작의기술적인문제의장단점및경제성에대한분석은논외로한다. 재료및방법 본연구에사용된재료는 2006년 3월부터 5월까지원자력병원산부인과를내원한환자를대상으로하였으며, 환자의자궁경부탈락세포의세포진단을위한 TP 검사를위한검체의채집과동시에이루어졌다. 즉일차로 TP 검사를위하여검체를채집한후환자의동의를얻어 CP 제조사에서공급한솔을사용하여검체를획득후동회사에서 공급되는검체보관용액에검체를채집하였고부인과적검체는총 463예였다. 기타체액및소변검체는병리과에의뢰된세포학적검체중진단을위하여사용한후남은검체중세포성분이비교적많은것을대상으로하였으며, 체액 40예, 소변 34예가이용되었다. 위와같은방법으로모은검체를 MEDIMEX 검사실과협조하여 CP 장비를이용하여슬라이드를제작하여통상적인 Papanicolaou 염색을시행한후원자력병원병리과에서세명의임상병리사가초검을시행하고두명의병리의사가최종진단을하여 CP 검사와 TP 검사가독립적으로이루어지도록계획하였으며 CP 검사결과는환자의진단에반영하지않았다. CP 슬라이드에대한진단후본원병리과에서제작되어판독된 TP 결과와 CP 진단을비교하였다. 개별슬라이드의개괄적평가, 즉슬라이드표본의세포의밀도, 슬라이드에부착된세포의형태학적보존성, 염색성등의질적인평가를시행하였으며, 이들에대하여는계량적평가는시행하지않았다. 한편 CP 방법으로제작된표본에서의면역조직화학염색의적용가능성여부의판단을위하여체액검체중세포가비교적많은검체를대상으로 cytokeratin (Zymed, 1:100), vimentin (Zymed, 1:200), 및 Ki-67 (Zymed, 1:100) 에대한면역조직화학염색을각 5예에서시행하여세포질및핵에대한염색성을판단하였다. 면역조직화학염색은 citrate buffer에서가열하여항원을노출시키는처치를제외한것외에는조직에서의통상적인 ABC법과똑같이시행하였다. 두방법간의진단결과에대한통계적유의성검증은 SPSS 12.0을사용하여 McNemar test를시행하였다. 결과 자궁경부표본에대한 TP와 CP의세포검사에서두검사법을비교하기위하여수집된검체는총 463예였으나, TP 에서부적절검체로처리된 6예는비교에서제외하여 457 예에서두검사법간의비교가가능하였다. 이들부적절검체는세포수가너무적어서부적절검체로처리되었으며, TP에서부적절검체로처리된 6예모두CP에서도세포수가세포학적평가에부적절하게슬라이드에부착되어나타났다. TP슬라이드의세포부착구경은 22mm였고 CP 슬라이드의세포부착구경은 20mm였다. 적혈구나단백질성부유물에의하여세포검사가방해되는등의소견을보이지 30 대한세포병리학회지제 18 권제 1 호 / 2007

3 Fig. 1. The gross photograph of slides show evenly distributed cell preparation in both methods. There is little difference in cell density between them (from right to left; ThinPrep of cervicovaginal specimen, CellPrep of cervicovaginal specimen, ThinPrep of urine, and CellPrep of urine). Fig. 2. Representative sample of cervicovaginal specimen shows low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion prepared by CellPrep. Thin-layer preparation and clean background are appreciated (Papanicolaou). 않는깨끗한도말배경과원형의세포부착부위이외에서초검을생략할수있는이점이모두인정되었다. 염증세포가많은경우상피세포와염증세포가뒤엉켜서세포군집을이루어단층으로흡착되지않는경향이 TP와 CP에서모두관찰되었으며, 두방법모두에서적혈구를제외한염증세포의제거효과를관찰할수는없었다. 세포부착구경의차이에따른초검시간의차이는정확한계량적측정이불가능하였으나, 주관적으로는인정이되지않았다. 액상세포검사에서흔히관찰되는세포의집단적탈락현상에의한세포도말구경내에서의투명한영역도두방법간에별다른 차이가관찰되지않았으며, 세포흡착이슬라이드상에균일하게흡착되는정도는주로표본의상태에의존하는경향을보였다. 즉, 표본의채집시풍부한양의상피세포가용액내에존재하는경우는두방법모두에서양질의균일한세포도말소견을보였다 (Fig. 1). 세포소견에서핵세포질비율, 염색질의과염색성과분포양상, 핵소체의모양및크기등을관찰하는면에서장단점이두방법간에차이가인정되지않았으며, 두방법모두에서검체의종류에관계없이적정한수준의세포소견을관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 2, 3). 단 TP의경우핵이다소과염색되는경향이있었으나이에대한판독은충분히훈련된상태이고, CP의경우에는염색질양상이나핵소체의관찰이용이한반면과염색성의관찰이다소떨어지는측면이있었으나판독에지장을초래할정도는아니었다. 이러한주관적판단요소들은체액이나소변검체모두에서똑같이적용되고판단되었으며, Fig. 3. Peritoneal fluid prepared by CellPrep demonstrates metastatic adenocarcinoma (Papanicolaou). 그차이가인정되지않았다. 자궁경부의 TP을이용한세포검사에서적절한검체로처리되어진단이나간 457예에대하여 TP을진단기준으로삼았을때 CP에서는부적절검체가 3예 (0.7%) 에서관찰되었는데이들은 TP에서도세포의흡착상태가양호하지않은경우였다. 베데스다시스템 12 (The Bethesda System, TBS) 에서권장하는세포학적진단분류에따라두방법간의세포결과를분류하였을때 McNemar test에서통계학적으로두방법간의검사결과의차이가없었다 (Table 1, p=0.048). TP 진단결과를기준으로하고, 세포학적음성소견과반응성양성소견을음성결과, ASCUS/AGC 이상 The Korean Journal of Cytopathology Vol 18 No 1 /

4 Table 1. Comparison of the cytologic diagnosis between ThinPrep and CellPrep Pap test in cervicovaginal smear ThinPrep CellPrep Negative RCC ASCUS/AGC LSIL HSIL SCC/Adc Inadequate Total Negative RCC ASCUS/AGC LSIL HSIL SCC/Adc Inadequate Total RCC: reactive cellular change; ASCUS/AGC: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/atypical glandular cells; LSIL: low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HSIL: high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; SCC/Adc: squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma. Table 2. Comparison of the cytologic diagnosis between ThinPrep and CellPrep test in body fluid ThinPrep CellPrep Negative Atypical Suspicious Malignancy Total Negative Atypical Suspicious Malignancy Total 의소견을보인경우를양성결과로양분하였을때 CP 검사의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측치, 음성예측치는각각 89%, 98%, 86%, 99% 였다 (Table 4). 체액을이용한검사는복강삼출액 25예, 흉강삼출액 13예, 심낭삼출액 1예, 담즙 1 예등40예에서행하였으며, 이경우에는 TP에서비교적세포밀도가높은예를선별하여 CP을시행하였다. 세포결과는 Table 2에요약하였으며두방법간의결과의차이가없음이통계학적으로인정되지않았다 (p=0.215). TP을기준으로하여 CP의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측치, 음성예측치는각각 89%, 82%, 80%, 90% 였다 (Table 4). 소변을이용한검사는총 34예이고그결과는 Table 3에요약하였고두방법간의결과의차이는 p값이 0.01 이하로서인정되지않았다. TP을기준으로하여 CP의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측치, 음성예측치는모두 100% 였다 (Table 4). CP 체액표본을이용하여시행한 cytokeratin (Zymed, 1:100) 과 vimentin (Zymed, 1:200) 에대한면역조직화학 염색에서해독가능하며, 특이성이인정되게세포질에염색되었으며, 핵에도미약하나마양성인소견을보였는데 (Fig. 4A), 이러한현상은세포표본을이용한면역조직화학염색에서흔히관찰되는소견으로서 TP표본에서도경험하는경우이다. Ki-67 (Zymed, 1:100) 을이용한면역조직화학염색에서는핵에국한하여양성인세포가관찰되었다 (Fig. 4B). 고찰 병원검사실에서의이상적인검사방법은민감도와특이도가높으며물적인적비용이저렴한상태에서이루어지는것이고세포검사방법도예외는아니다. 자궁경부의세포도말검사는자궁암으로인한사망을크게감소시킨유용한검사방법으로서여성에서의통상적암선별검사로서널 32 대한세포병리학회지제 18 권제 1 호 / 2007

5 Table 3. Comparison of the cytologic diagnosis between ThinPrep and CellPrep test in urine ThinPrep CellPrep Negative Atypical Suspicious Malignancy Total Negative Atypical Suspicious Malignancy Total Table 4. The relationship between results of ThinPrep and CellPrep test ThinPrep Cervicovaginal smear Body fluid Negative* Positive Total ThinPrep Negative Positive Total ThinPrep Negative Positive Total Urine CellPrep CellPrep CellPrep Negative* Negative Negative Positive Positive Positive Total Total Total Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 89%, 98%, 86%, and 99% in cervicovaginal smear, 89%, 82%, 80%, and 90% in body fluid, respectively. In urine sample, all of these values were 100%. Negative*: Negative or reactive cellular change Positive : Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/atypical glandular cells or higher lesion Negative : Negative or atypical cells Positive : Suspicious malignancy or higher lesion 도말을시행하는임상의의숙련도에따라도말된슬라이드의질이상이한점을극복할수있고, 초검을시행하는슬라이드의면적이훨씬협소함에도불구하고세포학적민감도와특이도가높다는데에있다. 1,2,4-11 국내에서도 TP와함께여러다양한 LBC가종전의도말법과비교하여검사되고일부의검사실에서는종전의방법을대치하고있으며 7-9,13-15 본원에서도 2000년부터 TP을부인과적세포검사 A Fig. 4. Immunohistochemical staining of vimentin (A) and Ki-67 (B) successfully demonstrates their specific expression in targeted cells. 리행하여지고있다. 최근에는종전의도말검사를대신하여액상세포검사 (Liquid-based cytology, LBC) 를이용한소위 얇은층도말검사 가도입되었는데이의장점으로는 B 에도입한이래최근에는체액, 소변, 가래등다양한세포검체에이를도입하였고, 특히소변에서는종전의검사법에비하여괄목할만한좋은성적을보여주었다. 9 이러한장점에도불구하고국내의의료여건상 LBC의전격적도입이어려운이유는슬라이드제작에필요한고가의검사장비와개별적검사에소요되는재료비가기존의방법에비하여매우비싸다는데에있다. 15 이런문제를해결하고자별도의장비를요하지않는비교적싼값에시행할수있는수기적방법에근거한 MonoPrep TM 등이도입되고자체적인질향상을도모하고있는실정이다. 14,15 본연구에사용 The Korean Journal of Cytopathology Vol 18 No 1 /

6 된검사법인 CP은 TP의높은비용과MonoPrep TM 의수기적방법을고려하여, 각각의단점을보완하고자국내에서개발된 LBC 검사기법이며, 슬라이드를제작하는원리는, 고정액이든병에자궁경부에서수집한세포를솔과같이담근후와동시켜세포부유액을만들고음압을이용하여필터에부착시킨후슬라이드에흡착시키는방법으로서많은면에서 TP와비슷하다. 본연구에서는기준이되는진단 (Gold standard) 으로 TP 결과를이용하였는데, 이는기존의연구에서 TP을이용한검사가세포검사기법으로서만족할만한결과를보여주었고, 본연구의목적이 CP 검사법의절대적효용성을검사하기보다는기존에정립된비슷한방법의검사와비교하여효용성을검증하기위한것이기때문이다. 그러나보다더정확한검사가되기위하여는원추생검과같은자궁경부의총체적상태를알수있는검사가기준이되어야한다고생각하나, 현실적으로진단만을위하여모든환자에서침습적인검사를적용하긴어려운일이다. 본연구에서도자궁경부의세포검사에서이에대응하는조직검사결과가일부존재하지만, 그수가적고, TP와 CP 두방법간에불일치를보이는경우에대하여기준으로삼기에는많이부족하였다. 두검사법간의진단결과의유사성을검증하기위한McNemar test는통계학적처리를위하여, 자궁경부세포진검사에서는부적합검체를제외하였고, 소변검사에서는 TP에서 atypical로진단된 2예를제외하였다. 자궁경부세포진검사와소변검사에서는두방법간에진단결과에차이가없음이통계로증명되었지만, 체액을대상으로한검사에서는통계적으로차이가없음이인정되지않았다. 그러나 TP에서 suspicious 로진단되었으나 CP 에서음성으로진단된 1예를제외하면진단상의불일치가임상적처치에영향을미치는정도는아니었다. 그리고소변에서민감도, 특이도, 양성예측치, 음성예측치가모두 100% 인것은양성인경우가 1예에불과하여통계적결과를확대해석하는것은피하여야할것으로생각한다. 자궁경부세포진, 체액및소변검체에서 atypical 빈도가다소높게관찰되었는데이는 TP을이용한검사를표준화된검사법으로사용하고있는상태에서, 익숙하지않은세포소견을보이는 CP를판독하는과정에서나타나는일과성현상으로이해하였다. 본연구에서검체의채취는환자의자궁경부로부터연속하여두번, 별개의솔을사용하여이루어졌고, 먼저채집된것을 TP에나중에채집된것을 CP에사용하였다. 보 다객관적인비교가되기위하여는각각의순서를순차적으로바꾸었어야하지만, 진단용검체의채집이간섭받기를원하지않았으므로, CP에사용하기위한검체는항상 TP를위한검체의채집후에시행하였다. 이러한방법의결과로서탈락세포수가적은경우에는 TP 표본에비하여 CP 표본에서더욱세포밀도가낮았으며, TP에서부적합을보인 6예에서는 CP에서는세포가거의관찰되지않았다. 두검사방법을비교하기위한검사에서생길수있는분석전 collection bias 가 4 본연구에서도있을수있다고생각된다. 그러나진단결과에있어서두방법간의유의한통계적차이는없는것으로미루어 1차채집후2차채집이검사결과에미치는영향은미미한것으로판단하였다. Collection bias와검체수집에드는비용을감소시키기위한방법으로남아있는검체, 즉본연구의경우 TP사용후남은세포부유액을 CP 검사에이용할수도있겠으나, 16 이는 TP와 CP간에고정액의차이가있기때문에세포의보존상태, 염색성등총체적평가에영향을미칠수있어서피하였다. 검사실에서이미사용하고있는방법이있는경우에, 설령이와유사하더라도다른방법이도입되어정착되기에는많은노력과시행착오가요구된다. 본연구에서도초기단계에서는원자력병원병리과에 CP장비를두고서 MED- IMEX 직원이슬라이드에세포를흡착시키는과정까지시행하고, 염색은본과에서행하는통상적인방법에따라 TP슬라이드와똑같이본과의세포병리사가시행하였으나, 세포의흡착상태가양호하지못하고, 염색성도혼탁한양상을보였다. 세포의흡착상태는부유된세포에가하여지는흡인압력이너무과도하여세포질이접히거나말리는현상이종종관찰되었고, 염색성은보존액의차이에따른현상과정도관리의미흡이병합되어나타나는현상으로추정되었으며, 진단에근본적인영향을미치지는않으나슬라이드질에관한주관적인판단에는영향을미쳤다. 이를해결하기위하여 MEDIMEX 검사실에서일정기간의정도관리작업을거친후다시연구를시행할수있었다. LBC의장점으로는일차의세포검사에서진단이안되어면역조직화학염색등의보조적인검사가요구되는경우에표본병에남아있는검체를이용하여추가적인검사가가능하다는점이다. 3 자궁경부세포진검사에서면역검사가요구되는경우는거의없으나체액표본에서는종종요구된다. CP표본에서면역조직화학염색을적용할수있는지를검사하기위하여세포질과핵에존재하는항원을표적으로 34 대한세포병리학회지제 18 권제 1 호 / 2007

7 하여, 빈번히사용되는 cytokeratin, vimentin, Ki-67을이용하여면역조직화학염색을시행한결과모두에서적용이가능함을확인할수있었으며 cytokeratin이나 vimentin이핵에도미약하나마양성으로나타나는이유는세포표본은세포의단면이아니어서, 형태학적으로핵으로보이는부위에도세포질의일부가중첩되어있기때문인것으로판단하였다. 자궁경부세포진검사에서보조적으로사용하는 HPV검출은본연구에서는시행하지않았으나, DNA 바이러스인 HPV는고정액에따라검출이불가한경우가거의없기때문에 17 추가검사가필요한경우이용할수있다고생각한다. 결 론 최근에국내에서 LBC로서개발된 CP는 TP을기준으로삼았을때자궁경부세포검사, 체액검사및소변검사에서슬라이드질에서뚜렷한결함이관찰되지않았고, 진단의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측치, 음성예측치등에서 80% 이상을보였으며면역조직화학검사에도이용할수있음을확인할수있었다. 따라서 CellPrep 검사는적어도자궁경부세포진, 체액, 및소변의세포검사에서 LBC에적합한검사법으로사료되며개별검사실에서운용할때는적절한정도관리의과정이필요하다고생각한다. 참고문헌 1. Payne N, Chilcott J, McGoogan E. Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: a rapid and systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000;4: Linder J. Recent advances in thin-layer cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 1998;18: Sahebali S, Depuydt CE, Segers K, et al. p16ink4a as an adjunct marker in liquid-based cervical cytology. Int J Cancer 2004;108: Lee KR, Ashfaq R, Birdsong GG, Corkill ME, McIntosh KM, Inhorn SL. Comparison of conventional Papanicolaou smears and a fluid-based, thin-layer system for cervical cancer screening. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90: Abulafia O, Pezzullo JC, Sherer DM. Performance of ThinPrep liquid-based cervical cytology in comparison with conventionally prepared Papanicolaou smears: a quantitative survey. Gynecol Oncol 2003;90: Schledermann D, Ejersbo D, Hoelund B. Improvement of diagnostic accuracy and screening conditions with liquidbased cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2006;34: Lee KC, Choi HS, Kim HJ, et al. The Comparison of conventional Pap Smear with ThinPrep Pap Smear in detecting HSIL and cervix cancer. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2002;45: Kim YR, Kim YT, Kim SH, Kim JH, Kim JW, Park YW. Comparative analysis of conventional Papanicolaou smear, fluid-based thin-layer method and cervicography. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2005;48: Park YW, Chung JH, Lee HM. A Comparison of the availability of the urine ThinPrep test and urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Korean J Urol 2003;44: Ylagan LR, Zhai J. The value of ThinPrep and cytospin preparation in pleural effusion cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2005;32: Gabriel C, Achten R, Drijkoningen M. Use of liquid-based cytology in serous fluids: a comparison with conventional cytopreparatory techniques. Acta Cytol 2004;48: Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002;287: Jang J, Kim J, Cho KJ, Khang SK, Nam JH, Gong G. A comparison of AutoCyte PREP with matched conventional Smear in cervicovaginal cytology. Korean J Cytopathol 2002;13: Park JM, Lee JG, Suh IS. Clinical efficacy of manual liquidbased cervicovaginal cytology preparation: Comparative study with conventional papanicolaou test. Korean J Cytopathol 2005;16: Nam JH, Kim HS, Lee JS, Choi HS, Min KW, Park CS. A comparison of modified MonoPrep2 of liquid-based cytology with ThinPrep Pap test. Gynecol Oncol 2004;94: Maksem JA, Dhanwada V, Trueblood JE, et al. Testing automated liquid-based cytology samples with a manual liquid-based cytology method using residual cell suspensions from 500 ThinPrep cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2006;34: Mullink H, Walboomers JM, Tadema TM, Jansen DJ, Meijer CJ. Combined immuno- and non-radioactive hybridocytochemistry on cells and tissue sections: influence of fixation, enzyme pre-treatment, and choice of chromogen on detection of antigen and DNA sequences. J Histochem Cytochem 1989;37: The Korean Journal of Cytopathology Vol 18 No 1 /

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