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1 Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol. 53 No. 4 April 2010 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 인제대학교의과대학부산백병원산부인과 1, 백인제기념임상의학연구소 2 정대훈 1,2 이경복 1 김기태 1,2 Management of gynecologic patients with precancerous disease Dae-Hoon Jeong, M.D. 1,2, Kyung-Bok Lee, M.D. 1, Ki-Tae Kim, M.D. 1,2 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2 Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea Cervical cancer of gynecologic cancer is considered a preventable disease because it has a long preventive state, cervical cytology screening programs are currently available, and treatment of precancerous lesions is effective. Proper management of precancerous disease is important because improper management of precancerous disease can increase risk of invasive cancer on the one hand and can result in complications from overtreatment on the other. The decision as to which therapeutic option to use in an individual patient depends on considerations such as patient age, parity, desire for future childbearing, preferences, prior cytology and treatment history, and history of default from follow-up, operator experience, and nonvisualization of the transformation zone. Key Words: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Vulva intraepithelial neoplasia, Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, Management 자궁경부상피내종양 자궁경부암은파파니콜로펴바른표본 (papanicolaou smear, pap smear) 이라는효율적인선별검사가도입되면서그이환율과사망률이많이감소하였지만, 아직도전세계적으로두번째로흔한여성암으로, 2007 년에 555,100명의신환이발생하였고, 309,800명이사망하였다. 1,2 매년자궁경부암으로진단되거나사망하는인구의 80% 이상이개발도상국환자들이며, 저개발국으로갈수록그발생률은높은실정이다. 1,2 우리나라여성의경우자궁경부암은 1999년과 2000년에는위암, 유방암에이어세번째로많이발생하였으나, 2002 년에는유방암, 위암, 대 접수일 : 채택일 : 교신저자 : 김기태 obgynjeong@hanmail.net * 이논문은 2007 년도인제대학교학술연구조성비보조에의해이루어졌음. 장암, 갑상샘암에이어다섯번째로많이발생하였고, 2007 년에는갑상샘암, 유방암, 위암, 대장암, 폐암, 간암에이어일곱번째 (10 만명당 14.8 명 ) 로많이발생한것으로조사되어발생률은점차감소할것으로예상된다. 3,4 그러나이러한발생률의감소는절대건수의감소라기보다는전암병변단계에서의진단이증가하였기때문이며, 이러한병변으로진단된경우까지합치면자궁경부암은여전히우리나라에서의여성암중중요한부분을차지한다고말할수있다. 자궁경부암은예방이가능한암으로알려져있는데, 전암병변에서장기간에걸쳐서서히침윤성암으로진행하게되므로선별검사를통한조기진단및치료가효과적이기때문이다. 3 자궁경부상피내종양 (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN) 2를치료하지않은경우에는 35% 에서지속되며, 22% 에서상피내암이나침윤암으로진행함이, CIN 3를치료하지않은경우에는 56% 에서지속되
2 대한산부회지제 53 권제 4 호, 2010 며, 14% 에서상피내암이나침윤암으로진행함이보고되고있는바, 자궁경부암을예방하기위해서는전암병변인고등급편평상피내병변및상피내암에대한조기진단및치료가요구된다. 5-7 CIN 을제대로치료하지못하면자궁경부암의위험을증가시키고, 반대로불필요할정도로과도하게치료하면합병증을증가시킬수있기때문에, CIN 을적절하게치료하는것이중요하다하겠다. 여기서는 2006 년도에 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) 에서권고하였던 CIN과 adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) 를가진여성을어떻게치료할것인가 에대한 Consensus Guideline 을중심으로이야기하고자한다. 1. 치료방법 ASCCP 권고안에서는 CIN 을치료하는데있어조직학적으로 2가지로분류하였는데, 저등급병변인 CIN 1과고등급전암병변인 CIN 2, 3로분류하였다. Pap smear 의결과로보고되는세포학적인분류인저등급상피내병변 (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, LSIL) 은조직생검의결과로보고되는조직학적분류인 CIN 1과동등한의미가아니며, 세포학적인분류인고등급상피내병변 (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, HSIL) 은조직학적분류인 CIN 2, 3와동등한의미는아니다. 8 CIN 의치료방법에는병변이있는자궁경부조직을파괴하는국소파괴 (ablative) 요법과병변이있는자궁경부조직을제거하는절제술 (excision) 이있다. 1) 국소파괴요법국소파괴요법에는냉동요법 (cryotherapy), 레이저요법 (laser ablation), 전기소작술 (electrofulguration), 냉응고법 (cold coagulation) 이있다. 8 대부분의경우외래에서시술이가능하며, 어떠한치료방법이라도재발률은 10% 정도되기때문에치료후에 3개월간격의정기적인세포학적인추적검사가필요하다. 9 치료의적응증으로는세포검사, 질확대경검사, 자궁경관내소파술, 조직학적생검에서미세침윤암혹은침윤암의증거가없어야하고, 병변이자궁경관외에국한되어있으면서전체병변을질확대경으로볼수있어야하며, 질확대경과자궁경관내소파 술로진단된고등급자궁경부상피내종양이자궁경관내를침범하지않아야한다. 9 2) 절제술절제술에는 cold-knife 원추절제술 (conization), 환상투열술 (loop electrosurgical excision procedures, LEEP or LLETZ), 레이저원추절제술 (laser conization), electrosurgical needle conization 의방법이있으며, 병리검사를위한조직검체를얻을수있다. 8 절제술은세포검사, 질확대경검사, 자궁경관내소파술의결과침윤암을배제할수없는경우와자궁경부암이잠재되어있을가능성이높은상황, 즉질확대경검사가 unsatisfactory 인경우, 자궁경관내소파술양성인경우, 질확대경검사에서고등급병변이넓은경우에선호되는방법으로 CIN 2, 3의치료후에재발된경우에도권장된다. 8 Cold-knife 원추절제술은 CIN 을치료하는데있어전통적으로이용되었던방법이지만, 치료와연관된합병증이높고, 조기진통, 저체중아, 제왕절개술빈도증가와같은임신과연관된합병증의위험이높아최근에는전신마취가필요없는다른절제술로대부분대치되고있다. 8,10 따라서, 최근에 cold-knife 원추절제술은일반적으로미세침윤암이의심되는고령환자나, 자궁경관내에깊이위치한선세포종양과같은선택적인경우에제한되어사용된다. 11 자궁절제술은 CIN 치료방법중에서재발률이가장낮은방법이지만, 국소파괴요법과절제술에비해합병증의위험도가더큰방법으로, CIN 치료방법으로서는지나치게과한방법이다. 최근에자궁절제술은 CIN 치료방법으로서는거의이용되지않는다. 11 CIN 의치료방법들을비교한무작위임상시험은제한되어있지만, 현재까지는국소파괴요법과절제술의치료성공률은차이가없는것으로알려져있다. 8,11-15 Cold-knife 원추절제술의경우, 조기진통, 저체중아, 제왕절개술빈도증가와같은임신과연관된합병증의위험이높아진다고인식되어온반면, loop excision 과같은다른치료방법의경우별다른합병증의관찰되지않는다고여겨져왔다. 그러나, 최근에모든형태의절제술은임신과연관된합병증의위험도가있는것으로알려지고있으며, loop excision 의경우조산, 저체중아, 조기양막파수의위험이높아진다고보고되고있다 국소파괴요법의경우
3 정대훈외 2 인. 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 임신과관련한부작용과연관없는것으로알려져왔으나최근핀란드에서이루어진대규모 record linkage study 에의하면조산의위험도를증가시키는것으로보고되고있다. 20 CIN 의비수술적치료방법으로효과가증명된것은아직없다. 21 몇몇국소약물이임상연구중에있으나국소파괴요법이나절제술처럼효과적으로증명된것은아직없다. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 치료백신이상당한기대를모으고있지만아직효과가입증되지는않았다 치료후추적검사국소파괴요법이나절제술의치료실패율은 1~25% 로보고되고있으며, 치료방법들에큰차이가없다고할때 5~15% 의치료실패율을보이는것으로알려져있는데, 대부분의치료실패는치료후 2년이내에일어난다. 12,13,23-25 지속성혹은재발성 CIN 이있는여성이나이전에 CIN 2, 3로치료를받은적이있는여성은장기간에걸친기간동안침윤성자궁경부암의발생위험이증가하는데, 최근의연구결과에따르면 CIN 으로치료를받은여성에게있어침윤성자궁경부암의발생률은치료후적어도 20년동안 10만명당 56명인것으로보고되었다. 15,26 이는침윤성자궁경부암의발생률이 1년에 10만명당 5.6 명인미국의경우보다더많은경우로 CIN 치료후에오랜기간동안추적검사하는것이필수적이라하겠다. 15,26 세포검사, 질확대경, 세포검사와질확대경을병합, 고위험군의 HPV 검사의방법들을이용하여다양한시간간격으로치료후추적검사하는많은프로토콜들이권장되어왔다. 치료후추적검사방법으로고위험군 HPV DNA 검사와세포검사를비교한연구에서고위험군 HPV DNA 검사는재발성혹은지속성 CIN 에대해 90% 의민감도를나타낸반면, 세포검사의민감도는 70% 를나타낸바, 고위험군 HPV DNA 검사를통한추적검사방법은세포검사를통한추적검사방법보다좋은결과를보여주었다. 27,28 몇몇연구에서는 HPV DNA 검사와세포검사를같이한경우민감도를더높이는것으로보고하고있다 특별한경우 (special population) 13~20 세의청소년기와젊은여성은특별한경우로간 주된다. 이나이에서는침윤성암의위험도가매우낮은반면, 세포학적으로진단된상피내병변이흔하다. 29,30 청소년기의 CIN 병변은자연소실률이매우높다. 31 임신부도특별한경우로간주된다. 임신부에서는 CIN 2, 3에서침윤성자궁경부암으로진행하는경우가극히드물며, 분만후자연소실률이상대적으로높은편이다. 32,33 임신중에 CIN 을치료하는것은수술중심한출혈과같은합병증과연관되어있고, 불완전하게절제할가능성이많아재발성혹은지속성 CIN 의빈도가높다 따라서, 임신중에 CIN 을치료하는것을피해야하며침윤성암인경우에만치료를한다. 4. CIN 년 ASCCP Consensus Conference 에서는 CIN 1을조직학적으로진단하는데있어재현성이떨어지기때문에 CIN 1을여러병변이혼재되어있는이질적인그룹으로인정하였다. 37,38 National Cancer Institute's ASCUS/LSIL Triage Study (ALTS) 에서개개인의임상병리의사가 CIN 1으로진단내린병변을다른연구병리학자가재검토해본결과 CIN 1으로재진단된경우는 50% 이하였고, 정상소견으로등급이낮게분류된경우는 41%, CIN 2,3 으로등급이높게분류되는경우는 12% 였다. 38 대부분의 CIN 1 병변은고위험군 HPV 와연관이있지만, CIN 2, 3 병변에서보이는고위험군 HPV 분포 (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 58) 와는다른분포양상을나타내는데, HPV 16이가장많은 26.3%, 그다음으로 HPV 31, 51, 53 순으로각각 10~12% 로분포하였으며, 저위험군 HPV 6, 11형의경우에도 12% 에서분포하였다. 39 저등급자궁경부병변은치료를하지않아도자연치유되는경우가많다. 브라질여성을대상으로한전향적연구에따르면 LSIL 환자의 90% 가 24개월이내에자연소실되었다. 40 네덜란드여성을대상으로한연구에따르면고위험군이아닌 HPV 에감염된 LSIL 환자를 4년간관찰한결과모든환자에서자연소실된반면고위험군 HPV 에감염된 LSIL 환자의 70% 에서자연소실되었다. 41 특히, 청소년기나젊은환자의경우에는자연소실률이더높게나타나는데, Moscicki 등 31 의연구에따르면청소년기나젊은여성이 LSIL 의병변이있는경우에는 HPV 의종류와상관
4 대한산부회지제 53 권제 4 호, 2010 없이 36개월내에 91% 에서자연소실되었다. 최근연구결과에의하면 CIN 1은적어도 24개월이내에는 CIN 2, 3로진행하는경우는드물다. 이전세포검사에서 ASC 나 LSIL 로나왔던 CIN 1을가진여성에서보다이전세포검사에서 atypical glandular cells (AGC) 나 HSIL 로나왔던 CIN 1 병변을가진여성에서발견되지못한 CIN 2, 3나 AIS 병변이있을가능성이더높을것으로예상된다. 또한, 세포검사에서 HSIL 로나온여성을대상으로 LEEP 를하면 CIN 2, 3가 84~97% 에서검출되는것으로보고되고있다 따라서, 2006년 ASCCP Consensus Guideline에서는 HSIL이나 AGC 세포검사결과를보이는 CIN 1 병변을가진여성의경우권고안을따로구분하고있다. 결정이되고질확대경검사결과가 satisfactory 로나온경우에는국소파괴요법과절제술둘다시행가능하다. 8 질확대경검사결과가 unsatisfactory 로나오거나혹은자궁경관내검체에 CIN 이포함되어있거나혹은이전에치료받았던환자의경우라면진단적목적으로절제술을시행할것을권장한다. 8 치료방법의선택은임상의사의경험이나치료장비, 특수한환자에대한임상적가치에기준을두고임상의사의판단에따라결정되어야한다. 8 CIN 1 환자에서질확대경검사결과가 unsatisfactory 로나온경우국소파괴요법은적합하지않으며, podophyllin 이나이와관련된약제들을질이나자궁경부에사용것도적합하지않다. 8 CIN 1으로진단된경우 1차적인주된치료로서자궁절제술을시행하는것은적합하지않다. 8 1) ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL 세포검사결과를보이는 CIN 1의처치 Atypical squamous cells (ASC)-US, ASC-H, LSIL 세포검사결과를보이면서조직학적으로 CIN 1으로진단된경우에는 HPV DNA 검사를매 12개월간격으로시행하거나매 6~12 개월간격으로자궁경부세포검사를하도록권장한다 (Fig. 1). 8 HPV DNA 검사가양성이거나반복하여시행한세포검사에서 ASC-US 이상의결과를보일때는질확대경검사를하도록권장한다. 8 HPV DNA 검사가음성이고 2번연속해서세포검사에서음성으로나온다면정규세포검사검진스케줄로돌아가도록권장한다. 8 CIN 1이 2년이상지속되는경우에는계속적으로추적검사를하거나혹은치료를시행한다. 치료를시행하기로 2) HSIL 이나 AGC-NOS 세포검사결과를보이는 CIN 1의처치 HSIL이나 atypical glandular cells not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS) 세포검사결과를보이면서조직학적으로 CIN 1으로진단된경우에는진단적목적으로절제술을시행하거나 1년동안 6개월간격으로질확대경과세포검사를병행하여추적검사하는것이가능한데, 질확대경과세포검사를병행하여추적검사하는경우에는질확대경검사결과가 satisfactory 이고자궁경관내검체의결과가음성이어야한다 (Fig. 2). 8 또한, 또다른방법으로세포검사, 조직검사, 질확대경검사를재검토하는것도가능한데, 재검토하여해석이바뀌게되면처치는바뀐해석을기준으로따라야한다. 8 * * Fig. 1. Management of women with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1) preceded by atypical squamous cells (ASC)-US, ASC-H, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology. Fig. 2. Management of women with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1) preceded by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or atypical glandular cells not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS) cytology
5 정대훈외 2 인. 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 세포검사와조직검사를병행하여추적검사하는쪽으로치료결정이나서 6개월째혹은 12개월째방문하여시행한세포검사를한결과반복적으로 HSIL 이나온경우에는진단적목적으로절제술을권장한다. 8 1년후에 2번연속으로세포검사에서음성으로나온경우에는정규세포검사검진스케줄로돌아갈수있다. 8 HSIL이나 AGC-NOS 세포검사결과를보이면서조직학적으로 CIN 1으로진단된경우에질확대경검사결과가 unsatisfactory 를보인다면임신부와같은특별한경우를제외하고는진단적목적의절제술을시행할것을권장한다. 8 3) 특별한경우의 CIN 1 청소년기여성 : 청소년기여성이 CIN 1인경우매년세포검사를하면서추적검사하는것을권장한다 (Fig. 3). 8 12개월후에추적검사로서시행한세포검사에서 HSIL 이상의소견이나오는경우에는질확대경검사를시행해야한다. 8 24개월후에추적검사로서시행한세포검사에서 ASC-US 이상의소견이나오는경우에도질확대경검사를시행한다. 8 추적검사를하는경우에 HPV DNA 검사를하는것은적합하지않다. 8 임신한여성 : 임신부가조직학적으로진단된 CIN 1이 Fig. 3. Management of adolescent women (20 years and younger) with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade (CIN) 1. HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, ASC: atypical squamous cells. 있는경우에는치료하지않고추적검사하는것이권장되며, 치료하는것은적합하지않다. 8 5.CIN 2, 3 CIN 2, 3의경우이전의 moderate dysplasia (CIN 2), severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (CIN 3) 을포함한다. 비록 CIN 2 병변은 CIN 3 병변에비해이질적이며장기간추적관찰하는동안자연치유될가능성이높으나 CIN 2와 CIN 3를조직학적으로구분하는것은매우어렵다. 8 따라서, CIN 2는미국에서치료에대한시작시점으로이용하였으며, 조직학적으로진단된 CIN 2와 CIN 3에대한치료를 2006 년 Concensus Guidelines 에포함하였다 년 ASCCP Consensus Conference 에서치료를결정하는데시작시점으로 CIN 2, 3를이용하도록결정하였다. 8 그이유로첫째, CIN 2, 3를추적검사한연구결과에서병변이자연치유되기보다는계속지속하거나진행할가능성이많다는것을보여주었는데, CIN 2를치료하지않은경우에는 43% 에서자연치유되고, 35% 에서지속되며, 22% 에서상피내암이나침윤암으로진행함을, CIN 3를치료하지않은경우에는 32% 에서자연치유되고, 56% 에서지속되며, 14% 에서상피내암이나침윤암으로진행함을보여주었다. 5-7 두번째이유로는 CIN 2를조직학적으로진단하는데재현성이떨어진다는것이다. 45,46 ALTS 연구에서개개인의임상병리의사가 CIN 2로진단내린병변을다른연구병리학자가재검토해본결과 CIN 2로재진단된경우는 43% 였고, CIN 3으로등급이높게분류되는경우는 27%, CIN 1이나정상소견으로등급이낮게분류된경우는 29% 였다. 46 비록 CIN 2 병변은 CIN 3 병변에비해오랜기간추적검사하는동안에자연치유될가능성이많지만, CIN 2와 CIN 3 병변은자궁경부암의전구물질과연관되는생물학적특성을많이공유하고있다. 47 CIN 1 병변과는대조적으로거의모든 CIN 2와 CIN 3 병변은유전적불안전성을의미하는단일클론의세포증식을나타내고, 병변의대다수가홀배수체 (aneuploid) 이며, 일정한염색체의위치에서암의발생과연관이될수있는 loss of heterozygosity 를가진다. 48,49 또한, CIN 2와 CIN 3 병변은연관된 HPV 유형의측면에서보면 CIN 1보다는이질성이매우덜하여, 5가지의고위험군 HPV 유형 (16, 18, 31,
6 대한산부회지제 53 권제 4 호, , 58) 이고등급자궁경부병변의 75% 에서검출된다. 50 따라서, 미국에서는일반적으로 CIN 2를치료의시작점으로이용하고있다. 46,47 1) 조직검사에서확인된 CIN 2와 CIN 3의치료 CIN 2, 3를치료하면침윤성자궁경부암의빈도와사망률을줄인다는것에는모두가공감하는사실이다. 치료가효과적이기위해서는질확대경으로확인된병변을선택적으로목표로하여치료하는것보다는전체적인변형층 (transformation zone) 을제거하는것이필요하다. CIN 의치료방법들을비교한무작위임상시험은제한되어있지만, 현재까지는국소파괴요법과절제술의치료성공률은차이가없는것으로알려져있기때문에질확대경검사결과 satisfactory 인 CIN 2, 3인여성에있어국소파괴요법과절제술은모두치료에이용될수있다 하지만, 절제술은제거된조직에대해병리학적검사를할수있도록하며, 미세침윤암이나잠재된침윤암을비침윤성병변으로치료되게하는위험도를감소시킨다. 고등급병변이넓거나, 병변이자궁경관내로확대되어있는경우, 이전에 CIN 으로치료를받은적이있는여성에서는병리학적인검사가중요하며, 질확대경검사결과 unsatisfactory 인 CIN 2, 3인여성에게진단적으로원추절제술을시행한결과 7% 에서잠재된침윤암이있는것으로보고되고있으므로, 이러한경우들에는절제된조직에대해병리학적으로검사가가능하도록하는진단적원추절제술을시행하여야한다. 51,52 절제술후에절단면의병리학적상태는재발성혹은지속성 CIN 의위험인자로간주되고있다 진단적절제 Fig. 4. Management of women with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade (CIN) 2, 3. 술을시행할때자궁경관내검체는자궁경관내절단면의상태와연관되어있는데, 자궁경관내검체가양성인경우잔류병변이있음을예측하게한다. 51,56 최근연구결과들에의하면절단면양성인경우재발성혹은지속성 CIN 이있을가능성은 10~33% 로보고되고있는바, 54,57-60 절단면양성인여성대부분의경우재발성혹은지속성 CIN 이발생하지않을것이라는사실이더중요하다하겠다. 61,62 따라서, 절단면양성인여성에대해서는재발성혹은지속성 CIN 의위험도가증가한다고설명해주어야하지만즉시치료하기보다는주의깊게추적검사를해야한다. 2) CIN 2, 3의처치권고안초기처치 (initial management): 임신부나청소년기혹은젊은여성과같은특별한경우를제외하고는질확대경검사결과 satisfactory 로나온경우에국소파괴요법과절제술모두가능하다 (Fig. 4). 8 CIN 2, 3가재발된경우에는진단적절제술이권장된다. 8 질확대경검사결과 unsatisfactory 인 CIN 2, 3인경우에는진단적절제술이권장되며, 국소파괴요법을시행하는것은적합하지않다. 8 임신부나청소년기혹은젊은여성과같은특별한경우를제외하고는정기적인세포검사와질확대경검사를이용한추적관찰은적합하지않다. 8 자궁절제술은 CIN 2, 3의일차치료방법으로적합하지않다. 8 치료후추적검사 (follow-up after treatment): CIN 2, 3의경우치료후 6~12 개월에 HPV DNA 검사를시행하거나치료후 6개월간격으로세포검사를시행하던지아니면세포검사와질확대경을병행하여시행한다. 8 HPV DNA 검사를시행한경우에양성이나오거나세포검사를시행한결과 ASC-US 이상으로나오는경우에는질확대경검사와함께자궁경관내검체를채취하는것이권장된다. 8 HPV DNA 검사가음성이고 2번연속시행한세포검사결과음성인경우 12개월간격으로적어도 20년동안정기적인선별검사를하는것이권장된다. HPV DNA 양성이라는결과만가지고다시치료하거나자궁절제술을시행하는것은적합하지않다. 8 진단적절제술의결과절단면에서 CIN 2, 3가발견되거나자궁경관내에서채취한검체에서 CIN 2, 3가발견되는경우에는치료후 4~6 개월후에세포검사및자궁경관내검체를채취하는것이바람직한방법이다. 8 또다른방법으로진단적절제술을다시반복하여시
7 정대훈외 2 인. 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 행하거나진단적절제술이여의치않을경우에는자궁절제술을시행하는것도적합한방법이다. 8 조직학적으로진단된재발성혹은지속성 CIN 2, 3의경우반복적인진단목적의절제술이나자궁절제술을시행하는것이적합하다. 8 3) 특별한경우의 CIN 2, 3 청소년기및젊은여성 : 청소년기및젊은여성이질확대경검사결과 satisfactory 인 CIN 2, 3가있는경우에는치료를하든지아니면세포검사와질확대경검사를병행하여 6개월간격으로 24개월까지관찰한다 (Fig. 5). 8 CIN 2 인경우에추적관찰하는것이바람직한방법이지만치료를하는것도무방하다. 8 질확대경검사결과 unsatisfactory 인 CIN 3인경우치료를시행하는것이권장된다. 8 질확대경검사결과가나빠지거나세포검사결과 HSIL 이 1년동안지속되는경우에는조직검사를다시시행하는것이권장된다. 8 2번연속으로세포검사에서음성으로나오고질확대경검사결과정상인경우에는정규세포검사검진스케줄로돌아갈수있다. 8 CIN 3가계속해서확인되거나 CIN 2, 3가 24개월이상지속되는경우에는치료를권장한다. 8 임신한여성 : 조직학적으로 CIN 2, 3으로진단된임신부의경우에침윤성병변이없거나임신이진행된경우라면매 12주간격으로질확대경검사와세포검사를시행한다. 8 병변이나빠지거나세포검사결과침윤성암으로나오는경우에는조직검사를다시시행한다. 8 임신중에진단적목적의절제술은침윤성암이의심되는경우에만시행하는것이권장되며, 침윤암이아니라면치료하는것은적합하지않다. 8 분만 6주후에세포검사와질확대경검사를시행하여재평가하는것이권장된다 AIS AIS는 CIN 2, 3에비해서는매우드물다. 1991년부터 1995 년사이에미국백인여성을대상으로조사한결과에의하면자궁경부상피내암의발생률은 10만명당 41.4 명이었던반면에, AIS 의경우 10만명당 1.25 명으로 AIS 의전체적인발생률은다소낮지만 1970 년부터 1990 년사이에발생률은약 6배정도증가하였다. 26 AIS 의치료는어려운문제이면서도논란의소지가많다. CIN 2, 3 병변을보존적으로치료하는데있어근거로제시되고있는많은가설들은 AIS 에는적용하지못한다. 8 예를들어 AIS 와연관된질확대경의변화는매우미미할수있고, 그결과병변의범위를결정하기가어려울수있다. 8 또한, AIS 는자궁경관내로깊이확장되어있는경우가자주있어병변을완전히제거하기가어렵고, 다발성이며연속적이지않는경우도많다. 8 따라서진단적으로절제된조직의절단면이음성이라하더라도병변이완전히절제되었다고말할수없다. 이러한문제때문에임신을원하지않는여성에서 AIS 의가장좋은치료는자궁절제술이다. 8 최근에는많은연구에서향후임신을원하는 AIS 가있는여성에게절제술을시행한결과대부분의경우에서치료가가능한것으로보고되고있는데, 절제술의실패율, 즉절제술후재발성혹은지속성 AIS 나침윤성선암의발생률은 0~9% 로보고되고있다 AIS 의경우절단면의상태는잔류병변을예측하는데임상적으로가장유용한예측인자들중하나이며, 절제술을시행할때자궁경관내에서채취한검체도잔류병변의예측인자로보고되고있는바임상의사는절단면의상태가향후치료계획을세우고처치를하는데중요하다는점을명심해야한다 또한, AIS의모든환자들은본격적인치료에앞서반드시진단적목적의절제술을시행해야한다는점을명심해야한다. Fig. 5. Management of adolescent and young women with a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade (CIN) 2, 3. 1) AIS 의처치권고안진단적절제술의결과조직학적으로 AIS 로진단된경우에임신을원하지않는다면자궁절제술을시행하는것이바람직한방법이다 (Fig. 6). 8 향후임신을원하는경우에는보존적치료도적합하다. 8 보존적치료가계획되고, 절단면이양성이거나자궁경관내에서채취한검체가 CIN 이
8 대한산부회지제 53 권제 4 호, 2010 나 AIS 를포함하는경우에는병변의완전절제의가능성을높이기위해절제술을다시시행하는것이바람직하다. 8 또다른방법으로추가치료없이 6개월후에세포검사, HPV DNA 검사, 질확대경검사, 자궁경관내검체채취를통하여재평가하는것도적합한방법이다. 8 자궁절제술을시행하지않은경우에는오랜기간동안추적검사하는것이권장된다. 8 음문상피내종양 음문암은여성생식기암중에서 3~5% 를차지하며, HPV 가약 40% 정도에서검출된다. 72,73 음문암은조직병리학적요인과환경적인요인에따라 2가지형태, 즉 basaloid 또는 warty 형태와 keratinizing 형태로나눌수있다. 74 Basaloid 또는 warty 형태는주로다발성으로, 젊은여성에서발생하는경향이있고, HPV 감염, 음문상피내종양 (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, VIN), 흡연과연관이있으며, keratinizing 형태는주로단발성으로나이가많은여성에게발생하는경향이있고, HPV 와연관성이없으며, lichen sclerosus와 squamous hyperplasia에인접한부위에서종종발견된다. 74 VIN 도음문암처럼 warty basaloid 혹은 undifferentiated VIN과 simplex 혹은 differentiated VIN 2가지의형태로구분되는데, warty basaloid VIN 은다발성으로, 젊은여성에서발생하는경향이있고, HPV 감염 ( 특히 16형 ), 흡연과연관이있다. 72 Simplex VIN 은 lichen sclerosus 혹은 lichen simplex chronicus 와같은상피질환이있는나이가많은여성에게발생하는경향이있고, HPV 와연관성이없으며, 음문의편평세포암으로진행할위험도가높다. 72 Fig. 6. Management of women with adenocarcinoma in situ diagnosed from a diagnostic excisional procedure. VIN 은자궁경부와마찬가지로세포의미성숙, 핵의이상, 성장불균형과세포분열의활성정도에따라 VIN 1 (mild), VIN 2 (moderate), VIN 3 (severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ) 로구분한다. 9 van Seters 등 75 이 3,222 명의 VIN 3 환자를대상으로 VIN 3의자연사를체계적으로고찰한연구한결과에따르면, VIN 3 환자의 3.2% 에서잠재되어있는음문암으로진단되었고, 추적관찰중에 3.3% 에서음문암으로진행하여, 전체적으로는 VIN 3 환자의 6.5% 에서음문암이발생하는것으로보고하였다. 이러한결과로볼때, VIN 3는음문암으로진행할가능성이있는것은명확하지만 CIN 3가자궁경부암으로진행할가능성에비해서는낮다. 1. VIN 의처치 VIN 1의경우에는치료가권장되지않지만, VIN 2,3 의경우에는악성으로변할수있는위험도가증가하기때문에치료가권장된다. 72 현재까지 VIN 의치료로많은방법이시도되었지만국소파괴요법이나절제술과같은수술적방법으로도 HPV 감염을완전히제거하지못하기때문에치료결과는좋지않다. VIN 의치료방법으로현재까지시도되었거나시도되고있는방법은 Table 1과같다. 76 많은치료방법들중에서 VIN 의가장좋은치료방법은증상을완화하고음문암을예방하기위한목적으로관찰되는모든 Table 1. Interventions for vulva intraepithelial neoplasia Surgical Simple vulvectomy Skinning vulvectomy Local excision Laser or diathermy excision Ablative CO 2 laser vaporization Diathermy destruction Cryocautery Chemodestruction 5-Fluorouracil Bleomycin Dinitrochlorobenzene Photodestruction Photodynamic therapy Corticosteroids Retinoids Immune modulation Interferons Imiquimod Antivirals Cidofovir Vaccination
9 정대훈외 2 인. 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 병변을제거하는수술이다. 수술은단순절제에서부터음문절제술까지다양한데, 음문암으로진행되는경우는 5~ 10% 정도로낮고, 음문을제거한다는것자체가환자에게있어 psychosexual distress 를야기할수있기때문에, 특히, 폐경기이전의여성에서는과도한수술을하지말아야한다. 9 수술한경우에절단면양성인경우가 24~68% 로보고되고있고, 수술로서는 HPV 감염자체는제거할수없기때문에재발이흔한데, 국소적인절제술을시행한경우에 39% 에서재발한것으로보고되고있다 병변이다발성인경우에 CO 2 레이저가유용하지만, 통증이심할수있고, 조직학적결과를확인할수없다는단점이있으며, 재발률이 70% 로보고되고있다. 79 수술적치료나레이저치료에는한계가있기때문에최근에 photodynamic therapy, 5-FU, interferone, imiquimod, cidofovir, corticosteroid, retinoid 등과같은내과적치료가연구되고있다. 75 이중 imiquimod (imidazoquinolinamine 5% cream, Aldara R ; 3M Pharmaceuticals, Minneapolis, MN, USA) 는 interferone alpha, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 을포함하는사이토카인을유도하는 topically active immune enhancer, 즉 immune modifier로작용하는데, natural killer cells, T cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes, macrophage 를활성화시켜서 antitumor activity 를증가시킨다 외부생식기의 HPV 감염에만적응증이되며, 폐쇄된점막이나자궁경부에는사용이금지되어있다. 83 부작용으로홍반 (erythema), 미란 (erosion), 가려움, 피부가벗겨짐, 부종등이있는데, 경증이나중등도의발적과자극증상과같은국소적인염증반응이흔하다. 80,83 van Seters 등 84 이 VIN 2,3 환자를대상으로시행한 randomized controlled study 결과에의하면치료에대한완전반응률은 35% 로, 25% 이상병변의크기를감소시키는율은 81% 로나타나, imiquimod 가 VIN 의치료에효과를보인다고보고하였다. 질상피내종양질상피내종양 (vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, VAIN) 은자궁경부와마찬가지로 VAIN 1 (mild), VAIN 2 (moderate), VAIN 3 (severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ) 로구분한다. 9 VAIN 은 CIN 과자주동반되며그원인 이유사할것으로생각되고있다. 9 질에는미성숙상피세포가있는변형층 (transformation zone) 이없기때문에성교나탐폰 (tampon) 의사용으로인한질피부손상부위에 HPV 가감염되어발생하는것으로알려져있다. 9 VAIN 1의경우 98.5%, VAIN 2, 3의경우 92.6% 에서 HPV 가검출되며, HPV 16형이가장흔한유형으로보고되고있다. 85 VAIN 1과 HPV 감염이있는경우에는종종자연소실되고, 다발성이며, 국소파괴요법으로치료를한경우에빨리재발되는경향이있기때문에, 치료를하지않고추적관찰한다. 9 VAIN 2의경우에는치료하지않고추적관찰하거나, CO 2 레이저를이용하여치료할수있다. 9 VAIN 3의경우에는 5-FU, 질확대경하전기소작술, CO 2 레이저치료와같은보존적치료와 cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration (CUSA) 과질절제술과같은수술적치료를할수있다. 9,86 CO 2 레이저치료는질확대경을직접보면서조직을파괴하는깊이와넓이를조절할수있다는장점이있으며, 재발률은 26.5~42% 정도로보고되고있다. 87,88 난소암의종양감축술을할때종종사용되는 CUSA 의경우재발률은 34% 정도로보고되고있다. 86 질상부에작은병변이있는경우에는절제술을시행하는것이좋다. 9 VAIN 3 병변이질전체에있는경우에는전질벽절제술이필요할수있으며, 전질벽절제술후에는 split-thickness skin graft 를시행해야한다. 9 결론부인암의전암병변을제대로치료하지못하면침윤암의위험을증가시키고, 반대로불필요할정도로과도하게치료하면합병증을증가시킬수있기때문에, 전암병변을적절하게치료하는것이중요하다. 환자개개인별로치료방법을선택할때에는환자의나이, 출산경력, 나중에아이를갖고자하는열망, 선호도, 이전세포검사결과와치료병력, 추적검사중에문제가있었는지여부, 수술자의경험, 변형층 (transformation zone) 이보이지않는경우등과같은사항을고려한다. 자궁경부상피내종양의경우국소파괴요법이나절제술의치료실패율은 1~25% 로보고되고있고, 음문상피내종양과질상피내종양의경우에는자궁경부상피내종양보다재발이더흔하므로, 부인암의전암병변을가진환자들은장기간에걸친추적관찰이필요하다
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11 정대훈외 2 인. 전암병변을가진부인과환자의처치 39. Clifford GM, Rana RK, Franceschi S, Smith JS, Gough G, Pimenta JM. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in low-grade cervical lesions: comparison by geographic region and with cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: Schlecht NF, Platt RW, Duarte-Franco E, Costa MC, Sobrinho JP, Prado JC, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and time to progression and regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: Nobbenhuis MA, Helmerhorst TJ, van den Brule AJ, Rozendaal L, Voorhorst FJ, Bezemer PD, et al. Cytological regression and clearance of high-risk human papillomavirus in women with an abnormal cervical smear. Lancet 2001; 358: Numnum TM, Kirby TO, Leath CA 3rd, Huh WK, Alvarez RD, Straughn JM Jr. A prospective evaluation of "see and treat" in women with HSIL Pap smear results: is this an appropriate strategy? J Low Genit Tract Dis 2005; 9: Dunn TS, Burke M, Shwayder J. 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Chapter 17: Genital human papillomavirus infections--current and prospective therapies. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003; 31:
12 대한산부회지제 53 권제 4 호, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: Edwards L, Ferenczy A, Eron L, Baker D, Owens ML, Fox TL, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. HPV Study Group. Human PapillomaVirus. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134: Megyeri K, Au WC, Rosztoczy I, Raj NB, Miller RL, Tomai MA, et al. Stimulation of interferon and cytokine gene expression by imiquimod and stimulation by Sendai virus utilize similar signal transduction pathways. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: Mayeaux EJ Jr, Dunton C. Modern management of external genital warts. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2008; 12: van Seters M, van Beurden M, ten Kate FJ, Beckmann I, Ewing PC, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia with topical imiquimod. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: Smith JS, Backes DM, Hoots BE, Kurman RJ, Pimenta JM. Human papillomavirus type: distribution in vulvar and vaginal cancers and their associated precursors. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: Robinson JB, Sun CC, Bodurka-Bevers D, Im DD, Rosenshein NB. Cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration for the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 78: Hoffman MS, Roberts WS, LaPolla JP, Fiorica JV, Cavanagh D. Laser vaporization of grade 3 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: Kim HS, Park NH, Park IA, Park JH, Chung HH, Kim JW, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41: = 국문초록 = 부인암중자궁경부암은예방이가능한암으로알려져있는데, 전암병변에서장기간에걸쳐서서히침윤성암으로진행하게되므로선별검사를통한조기진단및치료가효과적이기때문이다. 전암병변을제대로치료하지못하면침윤암의위험을증가시키고, 반대로불필요할정도로과도하게치료하면합병증을증가시킬수있기때문에, 전암병변을적절하게치료하는것이중요하다. 환자개개인별로치료방법을선택할때에는환자의나이, 출산경력, 나중에아이를갖고자하는열망, 선호도, 이전세포검사결과와치료병력, 추적검사중에문제가있었는지여부, 수술자의경험, 변형층 (transformation zone) 이보이지않는경우등과같은사항을고려한다. 중심단어 : 자궁경부상피내종양, 음문상피내종양, 질상피내종양, 처치
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Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
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