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1 Original Article JLA Cost-effectiveness of the Use of Statins in the Korean Population Ki-Hoon Han, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jae Joong Kim Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 한국인이상지질혈증의조절을위하여투여되는스타틴간의비용 - 효과분석 한기훈, 김효진, 김재중 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원심장내과 Objective: Statins reduce risk of cardiovascular disease through lowering of LDL-C (Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol). We analyzed cost-effectiveness of statins in the reduction of serum LDL-C level among Korean population at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: Rosuvastatin (5, 10, and 20 mg), atorvastatin (10, 20, 40, and 80 mg) and simvastatin (20, 40, and 80 mg) were included for the analysis, because those statins and doses were mostly prescribed in Korea. We determined effectiveness as % reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels per mg dose and % population reached to the ideal LDL-C level (< 100 mg/dl), which is the target goal of LDL-C level for the high cardiovascular risk group as recommended by NCEP-ATP III guideline. The annual cost, which included overall cost for the drug price and management during follow up, was calculated. Average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) was calculated and used as the parameter representing cost-effectiveness of each statins. Results: The lowest dose of each statins showed that achieving LDL-C target level was not high even in subjects showing relatively low basal LDL-C levels (<160 mg/dl). Also in case basal LDL-C level was over 160 mg/dl, the majority of statins were not sufficient to control LDL-C levels except atorvastatin 80 mg. In case of basal LDL-C level was lower than 160 mg/dl, atorvastatin 20 mg was the most cost-effective statin for LDL-C reduction regardless of considering basal LDL-C level. Simvastatin 40 mg was also cost-effective if basal LDL-C levels were between mg/dl. Conclusions: For the reduction of LDL-C level in high risk subjects showing moderately elevated basal LDL-C level, atorvastatin 20 mg is the most cost-effective statin treatment strategy and then simvastatin 40 mg or rosuvastatin 10 mg was the second best option. Key Words: Statins, LDL cholesterol, Cost-effectiveness, Average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER), Korea 서론 한국의허혈성심장질환및허혈성뇌졸중의유병률과이로인한사망률이급격하게증가하고있다. 이상지질혈증은흡연, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 비만과더불어심혈관질환의주요위험인자이며혈중지질농도의개선을통해심혈관질환을예방할수있다는것이스타틴을중심으로한투여연구들에서밝혀지면서심혈관질환의예방을위한이상지질혈증의치료지침들이발표되었다. Received: Revised: Accepted: November 26, 2012 November 30, 2012 December 3, 2012 Corresponding Author: Ki-Hoon Han, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , steadyhan@amc.seoul.kr 87

2 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS 한국의이상지질혈증치료지침역시소위 NCEP-ATP (National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel) 지침을상당반영하여수립되었다. 2001년공표된 NCEP-ATP III 치료지침및 2004년개정판에서는높은 LDL-C (Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol) 수치를관상동맥심혈관질환의주요한원인으로여기어, LDL-C의개선을이상지질혈증치료의일차적인목표로설정하고있으며이는아직도준용되고있다. 1,2 과거의임상시험결과들은특히심혈관질환력을가지고있는고위험군에게 LDL-C 의수치를더욱낮추어야하며이를위하여상대적인고용량의스타틴치료가저용량에비해심혈관질환재발의방지에더욱효과적임을보이는것으로일관된언급을하고있다. 3,4 또한당뇨가있거나, 고혈압이있으면서위험인자의중첩을보이는고위험군에서역시 LDL-C 의수치를어떠한역치이하로낮추는것이더욱효과적일수있음이제시되고있다. 5,6 따라서스타틴의일차적투여용량을결정할때에는복용자의임상상태에따라투여후의 LDL-C 수치를이상적으로유지하기위한최대효과를보이는최소역가 (minimal-effective dose) 를선택하여야함과동시에총비용측면에서도최고의비용 -효과성을보이는방향으로선택하여야하며이를바탕으로한최적의약물치료를유지하여야할것이다. 본연구의목적은현재상황에서어떠한용량의스타틴이비용대비최적의효과를지니고있을지를국내의이상지질혈증치료에있어실제적으로사용되고있는스타틴치료제들을중심으로분석함으로써스타틴의종류 / 역가에따른비용-효과성을보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 비용-효과모형 본연구는경제성평가방법중비용- 효과분석을이용하여이상지질혈증약물치료대안의비용-효과성을평가하였으며, 치료대안은아토르바스타틴 10, 20, 40, 80 mg (Atorvastatin; A10, A20, A40, A80), 로수바스타틴 5, 10, 20 mg (Rosuvastatin; R5, R10, R20), 심바스타틴 20, 40, 80 mg (Simvastatin; S20, S40, S80) 을포함하여분석하는것으로설정하였다. 본연구에서의효과의정의는 LDL-C 수치가기저치로부터투약후감소되는율 (%) 과 LDL-C 치료목표수치에달성하는복용자의분율 (%) 로하였다. Fig. 1. Model of analyzing cost-effectiveness of statin medication. NCEP-ATP III 치료지침및 2004년개정판에서는스타틴의투여를통하여심혈관질환을예방하는가장중요한환자군으로서소위향후 10년내심혈관질환의발생위험도가 20% 를초과하는고위험군을설정하였으며이들에대한이상적인 LDL-C 수치를 100 mg/dl 미만으로강력히권고하고있다. 따라서본연구역시고위험군에서의이상적인 LDL-C수치로서 100 mg/dl 미만을상정하여분석하였다. 비용의정의는이상지질혈증치료에있어서 1년간소요되는의료비용으로고려하였다. 이들의분석을통하여, 각치료대안의용량별평균비용-효과비 (Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio, ACER) 를산출하여비교하였다. 7 ACER는 LDL-C 수치가기저치로부터투약후변화한단위 ( 본연구에서는 %) 당소요되는비용과심혈관질환발생의고위험군에서의 LDL-C 목표수치인 100 mg/dl 미만에달성하는복용자분율 ( 본연구에서는 %) 당소요되는비용두가지로정의하였다. 이상지질혈증치료제들의비용-효과분석에관한기본모형은 Fig. 1에요약되었다. 2. 자료원 본연구에서는앞서언급한스타틴계열들의효과값을얻기위해최근의스타틴계열들의메타분석결과를이용하였다. 8 비용추정에포함된항목들은약제비용과모니터링비용이며, 모니터링 88

3 Ki-Hoon Han, et al: Cost-effectiveness of the Use of Statins in the Korean Population Table 1. Annual monitoring cost of monitoring statin medication Variable Annual cost (\) Hospital visit 77,925 General laboratory test 98,363 glucose, uric acid, electrolytes, bilirubin, protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine Lipid battery 122,450 total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol Liver enzymes 23,985 AST and ALT Muscle enzyme 28,824 CPK Annual total monitoring cost 351,547 ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate transaminase, BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, CPK: Creatine phosphokinase 비용에는의사방문비용과검사비용 ( 일반검사 ; glucose, uric acid, electrolytes, bilirubin, protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine 검사, 지질검사 ; total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol 검사, 간기능검사 ; AST and ALT 검사, 근효소검사 ; CPK) 을포함시켰다. 스타틴계열약물간의부작용발생및부작용의치료비용은그차이가크지않다는가정하에본연구의분석에서는부작용의발생및비용을고려하지않았다. 약제비용은 2012년 11월 1일기준으로건강보험약가를이용하였으며각성분의스타틴이 1일 1회투여되며각용량이 1정의오리지널제형에포함되는것을전제로하였으며, 이러한복용법이 1년간동일하게약제투여용량의조절없이유지된다고가정하였다. 모니터링과정은현재치료관행적으로이루어지는항목들로설정하였고건강보험요양급여비용자료를이용하여산출하였다. 모니터링과정은투여되는스타틴계열약물의종류나용량에관계없이동일하고복용자들의병원방문은 2개월간격으로이루어지며 ( 즉, 1년에 6회방문 ) 방문마다모든모니터링검사를받는다고가정하였다. 이상지질혈증치료를위해약물치료를받는다는것은이미상당기간전이상지질혈증의진단이이루어진상태이므로초진료는고려하지않았고모니터링과정은종합병원에서이루어지는것으로가정하였다. 3. 분석기간본연구는이상지질혈증의약물치료시작후 1년동안의평균비용-효과비를분석하였다. 결과 1. 비용스타틴의투여이후용량조절없이이상지질혈증을모니터하기위한 1년간추적관찰시의비용산정치는 Table 1과같다. 스타틴의상대적인고용량에서 AST 및 ALT 수치의상승으로대변되는간독성과 CPK 수치의상승으로대변되는근육병증등의위험도가증가한다고알려져있다. 그러나이러한이상반응들은대부분그정도가경미하며심각한이상반응의빈도또는당뇨병발생의위험도등은매우드물어 9-12 총기회비용의상승은미미한것으로산정되었으므로, 스타틴의부작용발생을관리하기위한별도비용으로서본연구에는반영하지않았다. 각스타틴의용량별현재약제비는 Table 2에제시된바와같으며, 1일약가는최소 626원 ( 로수바스타틴 5 mg; R5) 에서 1,591원 ( 아토르바스타틴 80 mg; A80) 의범위로분포되어있다. 본분석에서는이상지질혈증치료를위해 1년동안정기적으로동일하게모니터링을실시하였다고가정하였고, 이들의총비용을년간 351,547 원으로동일하게적용했을때 LDL-C 수치를강하하기위한스타틴복용자의 1년간의총의료비용은약제비용과모니터링비용을합한값으로서연최소 580,037원 (R5) 부터최대 932,262원 (A80) 의범위를갖는다. 2. 효과스타틴의종류및용량에따른 LDL-C 수치의강하율 (%) 은 LDL-C 기저수치의고저와상관없이일정한것으로알려져있으며 13,14 Table 2에정리하였다. 한편 NCEP-ATP III 지침에따른고위험군의 LDL-C 수치의조절은 100 mg/dl 미만으로유지하도록권고되고있다. 1,2 LDL-C 수치가 100 mg/dl 미만으로가장이상적인수치에도달하는복용자의분율은전적으로스타틴의종류및용량뿐아니라복용전 LDL-C 기저수치의절대값의영향을받는다. 따라서본연구는 LDL-C 기저수치를 130 mg/dl 미만, mg/dl, 160 mg/dl 초과였던그룹으로나누어스타틴의종류및용량 89

4 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Table 2. Cost-effectiveness ratio of each statins Daily dose Statin Annual Cost (\) Daily cost (\) Drug Monitoring Total Achieving LDL-C Goal < 100 mg/dl (%) Baseline LDL-C (mg/dl) ACER by LDL-C goal achievement (\/%) Baseline LDL-C (mg/dl) < >=160 < >=160 LDL-C Least Squares Mean (SE) % Change from Baseline Mean (%) S.D. (%) ACER by LDL-C reduction (\/%) A , , , ,313 9,558 20, ,719 A , , , ,704 7,296 13, ,769 A40 1, , , , ,822 9,432 15, ,599 A80 1, , , , ,897 10,790 13, ,571 R , , ,037 n/a n/a 8,696 15, ,949 R , , , ,716 9,417 11, ,493 R20 1, , , , ,107 8,512 11, ,493 S , , , ,688 10,403 24, ,064 S , , , ,988 7,972 17, ,718 S80 1, , , ,382 n/a n/a 38.5 n/a n/a 21, ,186 A: Atorvastatin, R: Rosuvastatin, S: Simvastatin, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, ACER: average cost-effectiveness ratio 별로치료목표 (LDL-C 100 mg/dl 미만 ) 에도달하는복용자의분율 (%) 을고찰하여 Table 2에정리하였다. Table 2에서알수있듯이, 아토르바스타틴 10 mg, 로수바스타틴 5 mg, 심바스타틴 20 mg 의 1일복용량으로는 LDL-C의목표치도달률이 LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 이하로높지않은복용자에게서도 70% 미만으로낮게나타난다 (A10: 62-71%, R5: 67%, S20: 51-57%). 한편 LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 초과로매우높은경우대부분의약제 / 용량이 LDL-C의목표치인 100 mg/dl 미만으로도달하기에는미흡한것으로나타나며, 아토르바스타틴 80 mg만이 LDL-C의목표치도달률 70% 를상회한다. 3. 비용- 효과효과단위당비용즉, 평균비용-효과값 (ACER) 이란본연구에서는 LDL-C의목표수치 (100 mg/dl 미만 ) 에도달하는복용자 1% 증가당발생하는비용또는 LDL-C 수치가기저치로부터 1% 하강하는데발생하는비용으로정의하였다. 따라서 ACER 값이작을수록 LDL-C의조절에비용을반영한상황에서더욱효율적인약물임을뜻한다. Table 2에제시하였듯이 LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 초과로높은경우 ACER 값이급격한상승을보인다. 반면 LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 이하인경우 ACER 값의상호간의차이는벌어지지않으나, 아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 심바스타틴 40 mg 의 1일복용의경우가가장적은값을나타낸다. 이러한경향은도시한 Fig. 2 (A-C) 에서도명확히나타난다. 또한로수바스타틴의경우용량과관계없이 ACER 값이일정한경향을보이는반면아토르바스타틴, 심바스타틴은용량간편차가존재하여각각 20 mg, 40 mg에서최소값을나타낸다. 실제임상에서환자를치료하기위하여약물을선택하고자할때에는비용-효과비 (ACER) 만으로는가장합리적인대안을선택하는데있어유용하지못할수있다. 비용-효과비가낮아비용- 효과적이라판단되는약물중낮은비용에낮은효과를가지는것과높은비용에높은효과를가지는것두가지의경우가있기때문이다. 그러므로실제임상에서는비용과함께효과의크기를고려해야하므로효과의크기에따른비용을비교하여약물선택의기준을정하는것이보다타당할수있고이는 Fig. 2 (D-F) 에제시한바와같이비용과효과측면을동시에확인할수있다. 이경우우측하방에위치할수록높은비용-효과값을나타내면서치료성공률이높다고할수있다. LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 미만인경우유사한역가를보이는아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 로수바스타틴 10 mg, 심바스타틴 40 mg들이가장이상적이위치에놓여있음이드러난다. LDL-C기저수치가 160 mg/dl 초과에서는전반적으로효과는상대적으로높지는않지 90

5 Ki-Hoon Han, et al: Cost-effectiveness of the Use of Statins in the Korean Population Fig. 2. (A-C) ACER by LDL-C goal achievement percent according to basal LDL-C level. (D-F). LDL-C goal achievement percent (effectiveness on X-axis) and annual cost (cost on Y-axis) of statins according to LDL-C level. A: Atorvastatin, R: Rosuvastatin, S: Simvastatin, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, ACER: average cost-effectiveness ratio 만, 이중로수바스타틴 20 mg 정도가다소의상대적우위를보이는것으로보인다. 스타틴은최초용량의투여에서 LDL-C 수치의저하효과가뛰어난반면, 용량을배로증량하였을때의 LDL-C 강하치는추가적으로 5-7% 정도로적다. 14 Fig. 3은스타틴제제들의용량별 LDL-C 강하율을반영한 ACER 값을제시한것이다. LDL-C 기저치에상관없이아토르바스타틴 20 mg가가장낮은 ACER 값을보여 LDL-C 강하율대비낮은비용의대안으로가장비용-효과적인 결과를보였다. 로수바스타틴은용량에관계없이 LDL-C 강하율대비 ACER 값들이유사한것으로나타났다. 아토르바스타틴의경우, 10 mg보다는 20 mg가, 40 mg보다는 80 mg 가더낮은 ACER 값을보여같은제제내에서상대적으로고용량일수록비용-효과성을보였다. 심바스타틴의경우에는 20 mg보다 40 mg에서비용- 효과성을보였지만 80 mg 의경우 ACER 값이가장높은것을확인할수있었다. 91

6 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Fig. 3. Statins ACER by LDL-C reduction percent. LDL-C; low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, ACER; average costeffectiveness ratio 고찰 본연구에서는주로 LDL-C의저하를목적으로사용되는스타틴들중한국에서많이처방되고있으면서, 용량별지질강하효과가상대적으로일관성있게보고되어있는아토르바스타틴, 로수바스타틴, 심바스타틴을대상으로하여비용 -효과분석을시도하였다. 비용측면으로는 1년동안의약제비와의사방문및검사항목을고려하여추정한모니터링비용이포함되었고효과로는 LDL-C 수치가고위험군에서의치료목표 (100 mg/dl 미만 ) 에도달하는복용자의비율과기저치대비복용이후의 LDL-C 값의변화율 % 를적용하였다. 본연구결과, 고위험군에속한한국인복용자의 LDL-C 기저수치가 160 mg/dl 초과로매우높은경우가아니라면스타틴의 1일복용용량은아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 그리고차선으로서심바스타틴 40 mg 및로수바스타틴 10 mg 선에서최초의치료로시도되는것이 LDL-C 수치를이상적인수치로낮추는데가장성공률이높은 profile 로나타난다. 이러한결과는효과뿐만아니라비용적인측면을고려하여분석하였을때더욱구체적으로나타나며, 아토르바스타틴 1일 20 mg 의복용이상대적으로가장좋은비용-효과성을보이고있다. 심바스타틴 40 mg의복용의경우, LDL-C 기저수치가 130 mg/dl 미만이었던경우에한하여비용- 효과성을보이지만한국에서는이러한처방행태가상대적으로드문상황이다. 한편, 1일복용용량을상대적으로한단계낮은로수바스타틴 5 mg 또는아토르바스타틴 10 mg으로개시할경우, LDL-C의기저수치가 160 mg/cl 미만이라하더라도이상적 LDL-C 수치에도달하지못할확률이 30% 또는그이상에이르게된다. 본연구에서는 1년동안에스타틴의 1일복용량은변화하지않으며같은간격으로모니터된다는것을전제로설정하여모니터비용을산출하였기때문에본연구에서는반영하지않았지만추후 LDL-C 수치의조절을위한추가적인치료및모니터비용이반영된다면총비용증가의결과를야기할수있을것이다. 이렇게상대적저용량스타틴의투여가비용적인측면만고려해보았을때유리한조건임에도불구하고, 상대적으로한단계높은용량 (1일, 아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 심바스타틴 40 mg, 로수바스타틴 10 mg) 의투여로인한높은 LDL-C 조절효과를상쇄하지못함을보여준다. LDL-C 강하에따른비용이상이한외국의비용-효과결과를한국의현실에직접적으로반영하는것은불가능하다. 또한한국인을대상으로하여과연스타틴이효과성면에서이득을보이는지에대하여소위심혈관질환의발생등의최종결과지표를반영하여최근에발표된보고는매우드물다. 강등 15 은스타틴의투여로인하여연장될것으로추정되는기대여명, 즉 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, 또는 life-year gained (LYG) 를통하여스타틴치료를받지않는것에비해스타틴치료의비용- 효과성을분석하였다. 그러나연구대상자설정시총콜레스테롤수치 250 mg/dl 이상으로서스타틴을복용하는모든경우를대상으로하여스타틴각성분별용량및 LDL-C의강하기대치를반영하지않았다. Conly 등 16 은여러스타틴제제들을대상으로비용- 효용분석 (cost-utility analysis) 를실시하였고, 연구결과에따르면심혈관위험이낮은환자에게서아토르바스타틴과로수바스타틴의사용이 QALY gained 당비용측면에서효과적인대안이라고하였다. 하지만각스타틴별용량을고려하지않았고각스타틴제제들을직접비교한결과가아니고스타틴을치료하지않는대안과비교한결과였다. 본연구의제한점이기도한점은불행하게도한국인에게나타나는이상지질혈증을포함한위험도존재여부에따른심혈관질환의절대위험도가어느정도인지, 더나아가서 LDL-C 수치를강하시킴으로써어떠한정도의예방효과를보이는지현재로서는확실한결과보고가부족하다는점이다. 17 이러한상황에서의최선의방법론적인접근으로서, 심혈관질환의예방효과는 LDL-C 강하율이높을수록비례하며, 그리고이상적인조절수치에도달하면최대에달한다는가정으로수행되었다. 특히 92

7 Ki-Hoon Han, et al: Cost-effectiveness of the Use of Statins in the Korean Population 본연구는스타틴의효과를위약또는비투약대비로비교하는구조가아니고상대적으로비교하는접근이므로심혈관질환의예방효과가반영되지않았을때에발생할수있는오류는최소화될수있을것으로판단된다. 본연구결과들중특기할만한사항은본연구에서가장비용- 효과성이높은것으로도출되는 1일기준아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 심바스타틴 40 mg 및로수바스타틴 10 mg 복용의경우에는연간모니터비용이약제비를상회하는것으로분석된것이다. 따라서향후약제의비용-효과성을정책적으로고려하여야할경우일괄적인약가의조정에만의존하는것보다는보다차별화된접근이더욱필요할것으로판단된다. 즉, 아토르바스타틴 20 mg, 심바스타틴 40 mg 및로수바스타틴 10 mg 이하에서는스타틴부작용빈도의발생및상대적인차이가없으므로이러한상대적저용량에서는약가보다는모니터비용의비중을줄이는방향에비중을두어야하겠다. 또한상대적저용량스타틴을사용할경우, 추후 LDL-C 수치의조절을위한추가적인치료및모니터비용발생으로인해장기적으로는비용- 효과적인대안이아닐수도있을것이다. 이를위해, 초기에적절한상대적고용량의스타틴을사용하여치료하는것이환자의 LDL-C 수치조절하는것이장기적으로보았을때심혈관질환을예방하기위한비용-효과적인대안이될수있을것이다. 본연구의제한점으로는첫째, 본연구는 LDL-C 수치가이상적인수준으로하강하였을경우심혈관질환의발생이최소한다는가정하에시행되었다. 따라서사망률또는심혈관질환의발생률등의최종효과지표로분석한것이아니라, 중간효과지표인 LDL-C 수치를적용하여분석하였기때문에약물의실질적인심혈관질환예방효과가반영되지못하였다. 향후, 임상적인최종지표를포함한비용-효과분석이시행되어야할것이다. 둘째, 본연구결과는현재의수가를적용하여약제비용및모니터링비용을반영한것으로서향후이러한비용의변동에따라분석되는비용-효과성이변화할소지가있다는점을염두에두어야할것이다. 셋째, 본연구는로수바스타틴 5 mg의분석을충분히분석하지못하였다. 현재로수바스타틴 5 mg 이단일약제로인정되어처방되는증례는많지않으므로현실적인비중은높지않다고할수있으나특히 LDL-C 기저치가 160 mg/dl 이하인경우에상기약제 / 용량이미치는결과에대하여추가적인분석이필요할것이다. 이와함께현재투약가능한콜레스테롤흡수억제제단독및복합제역시본연구에서는분석되지않았다. 이를포함한효율적인 LDL-C 수치의관리여부역시향후분석될것으로기대된다. 고용량의스타틴치료가이상지질혈증환자에있어의학적으로중요하다는증거는많이제시되고있지만, 특히한국에서환자가치료하는과정에서소요되는비용까지함께고려한비용- 효과적인측면을검토한연구는드물다. 본연구는다른 LDL-C 수치를보이는개개인의경우에서의효과뿐만아니라비용측면까지고려한최적의약제 / 용량을도출하여제시하였다. 특히스타틴의치료가장기적으로시행되어야하는고위험군에게스타틴의효과적인투여를위하여본연구결과들이이상지질혈증의합리적인보험급여기준이나효과적인치료지침개발에참고가될수있을것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 1. Fedder DO, Koro CE, L'Italien GJ. New National Cholesterol Education Program III guidelines for primary prevention lipid-lowering drug therapy: projected impact on the size, sex, and age distribution of the treatmenteligible population. Circulation 2002;105: Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CMB, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Stone NJ. for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for thenational Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation 2004;110: Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Deedwania P, Breazna A, Dobson S, Wilson DJ, Zuckerman A, Wenger NK. TNT (Treating to New Targets) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51: Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, Larsen ML, Bendiksen FS, Lindahl C, Szarek M, Tsai J. Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study Group. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294: Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, 93

8 JOURNAL OF LIPID AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH. CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364: Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J. ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT- LLA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC. Costeffectiveness in Health and Medicine, 1st ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; Nicholls SJ, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Palmer M, Barter PJ. Meta-analysis of Comparative Efficacy of Increasing Dose of Atorvastatin Versus Rosuvastatin Versus Simvastatin on Lowering Levels of Atherogenic Lipids (from VOYAGER). Am J Cardiol 2010;105: Catapano AL. Statin-induced myotoxicity: pharmacokinetic differences among statins and the risk of rhabdomyolysis, with particular reference to pitavastatin. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012;10: Preiss D, Sattar N. Statins and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a review of recent evidence. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011;22: da Silva PM. Are all statins the same? Focus on the efficacy and tolerability of pitavastatin. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2011;11: Koh KK, Quon MJ, Waclawiw MA. Are statins effective for simultaneously treating dyslipidemias and hypertension? Atherosclerosis 2008;196: Teramoto T. The clinical impact of pitavastatin: comparative studies with other statins on LDL-C and HDL-C. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13: Gotto A, Pownall H. Manual of lipid disorders 3rd ed. New York: Lippincott and Williams; Kang HY, Ko SK, Liew D. Results of a Markov Model Analysis to Assess the Cost-Effectiveness of Statin Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: The Korean Individual-Microsimulation Model for Cardiovascular Health Interventions. Clin Ther 2009;31: Conly J, Clement F, Tonelli M, Hemmelgarn B, Klarenbach S, Lloyd A, McAlister FA, Husereau D, Wiebe N, Au F, Manns B. for the Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Cost-effectiveness of the use of low- and high-potency statins in people at low cardiovascular risk. CMAJ Jee SH, Suh I, Kim IS, Appel LJ. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in men with low levels of serum cholesterol: the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study. JAMA 1999;282:

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