untitled

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "untitled"

Transcription

1 대한내과학회지 : 제 권제 호 성빈센트병원에입원한암환자에서피로유병율 가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원내과학교실 송도선 여창동 박진민 손덕승 황현석 박신애 임윤선 심병용 김훈교 =Abstract= The prevalence of fatigue in cancer patients at St. Vincent s hospital Do Seon Song, M.D. Chang Dong Yeo, M.D., Jin Min Park, M.D., Der Sheng Sun, M.D., Hyun Suk Hwang, M.D., Shin Ae Park, M.D., Yun Sun Im, M.D., Byoung Yong Shim, M.D. and Hoon-Kyo Kim, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medcine, Suwon, Korea Background : Fatigue is one of the most common problems in terminally ill cancer patients in North America and Europe. However, fatigue has been almost neglected by health care professionals and even by patients and their families in Korea. We studied the prevalence and characteristics of fatigue in cancer patients who were admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital. Methods : Ninety-three competent patients who were admitted to the cancer or hospice ward were asked to answer whether they had fatigue or other cancer related problems on three occasions on April, and 8,. Additional demographic data were also analyzed. Results : Thirty (.%) of the 9 patients responded that they had fatigue. The response was from / male and / female patients. The median age was years (range -8 years). The ECOG performance status was, and in, and 8 patients respectively. Lung cancer ( patients) was the most common malignancy followed by gastric cancer, colon cancer and other cancers. Fourteen patients received chemotherapy, patients received supportive care and patients received chemoradiotherapy. Other cancer related symptoms were pain ( patients), anorexia ( patients), sleep disturbance ( patients), and anxiety and depression.. The severity of fatigue was grade,, in, and patients respectively. Twenty-eight patients had anemia based on the WHO scale, and there was no relationship between the grade of fatigue and hemoglobin level. Conclusions : Fatigue was a frequent symptom in cancer patients (%) and more frequent in female patients (%). More attention needs to be paid to the significance of fatigue in cancer patients.(korean J Med :-8, ) Key Words : Fatigue, Cancer 서 말기암환자들은통증, 식욕부진, 피로, 호흡곤란순으로다양한증상을호소한다 ). 그중통증이가장흔한증상이며발생기전과치료방법도비교적잘알려져있고의료진의관심도높은편이다. 론 피로는일상활동능력을제한하며삶의질을저하시키지만, 암환자들도피로를잘호소하려하지않고, 의료진들도휴식을권할뿐비교적무관심한실정이다. 암환자의피로에대해서 98년대부터관심이증가되고연구가이루어지고있으나아직기전이나치료에대해서는명확히밝혀지지않았다 ). 외국의연구에의하면 Received :.. Accepted :.. Correspondence to : Hoon-Kyo Kim, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 9-, Ji-dong, Paldal-gu, Suwon -, Korea kimhoonkyo@yahoo.co.kr - -

2 -Do Seon Song, et al : The prevalence of fatigue in cancer patients - Table. Grade of fatigue (National Cancer Institute) ) Grade Definition fatigue over baseline or causing difficulty performing some ADL fatigue interfering with ADL Disabling Table. Demographic characteristics Whole patients Patients with fatigue Characteristics No. (%) No. (%) Age Gender Underlying Disease Performance status Range Median Male Female Total SCLCa NSCLCa Stomach ca. Colon ca. GB ca. Pancreas ca Small Bowel ca. Carcinoid Head & Neck ca. Renal Cell ca Breast ca. Melanoma Thymoma ECOG ECOG ECOG -8 (.%) (.%) 9 (.%) (.%) (.8%) 8 (8.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (8.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) 8 (.%) 암환자의 ~% 가피로를느낀다고하지만 -). 국내에서의피로에관한대부분의연구가유병율보다는피로의정도만을평가한것이고유병율에대한연구는없다. 저자들은암환자가피로를느끼는빈도, 피로도, 원인, 병발증상들에대하여성빈센트병원의암병동및호스피스병동에입원한환자를대상으로알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 년 월 일, 일, 8일, 일에걸쳐성빈센트병원의암병동과호스피스병동에입원하고있는의식이있는환자 9명을대상으로성별, 나이, 기저질환, 피로 를느끼는지여부에대해조사하였다. 두명의의사가회진시간에면담을통하여피로를느끼냐고물었을때피로를느낀다고답한환자 명에서그들이받고있는암치료의종류, 피로도, 활동도, 헤모글로빈을조사하였으며통증, 우울증세, 불안감, 불면, 식욕부진등의말기암증상동반여부에대해물어보았다. 피로도는미국립암연구소의항암치료부작용기준에따라분류하였다 ( 표 ) ). 빈혈은조사일과가장가까운혈중헤모글로빈농도로평가하였으며 WHO 기준에의거하여남자 : < g/dl, 여자 : < g/dl를기준으로분류하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS (Statistical Package for the - -

3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 권제 호통권제 호 - Table. Performance status and fatigue Performance status/grade of fatigue Total 9 (.%) (.%) 8 (.%) Table. Treatment and fatigue Treatment/Grade of fatigue Total Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Chemoradiotherapy Palliative Care 9 (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) Table. Accompanying symptoms and fatigue Accompanying symptoms / Grade of fatigue Pain Anorexia Sleep disturbance Anxiety Depression Dehydration Stress Infection Total (.%) (.%) 8 (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) (.%) Social Science).을이용하여처리하였으며피로도와빈혈과의관계를 one-way ANOVA test로분석하였다. p value 가. 미만인경우를유의성이있는것으로판정하였다. 결과. 전체환자의임상적특징전체 9명중남자가 명 (.%), 여자는 명 (.%) 였으며중앙연령은 세 ( 범위 ~8세 ) 였다. 기저질환은폐암이 (.%) 명으로가장많았으며, 위암이 명 (.8%), 대장암이 8명 (8.%) 등이었다 ( 표 ).. 피로를느낀다고답한환자의임상적특징피로를느낀다고답한환자는 명 (.%) 이었으며 그중남자는대상남자암환자 명중 명 (8.%) 이었고, 여자는 명중 명 (.%) 으로여자암환자에서피로의빈도가높았다. 중앙연령은 세 (~8세) 였다. 피로를느낀다고답한 명모두묻기전에피로를호소하지는않았다. 피로도는경증, 중등도, 중증이각각 명 (.%), 명 (.%) 과 명 (.%) 이었다. 이들의기저질환은폐암환자가 명 (.%) 으로가장많았으며, 대장암 명 (.%), 위암 명 (.%), 담낭암과췌장암이각각 명씩 (.%) 이었다 ( 표 ). 이들의치료내용은항암요법치료를받는환자가 명 (.%), 방사선치료를받는환자가 명 (.%), 항암요법과방사선치료를동시에받는환자가 명 (.%), 완화요법을받는환자가 명 (.%) 으로항암요법을받는환자에서피로를가장많이호소하였다 ( 표 ). - -

4 - 송도선외 8 인 : 암환자에서피로유병율 - Table. Fatigue and pain Fatigue Pain (VAS -) (VAS -) (VAS -) Table. Anemia and fatigue Gender Grade of fatigue No. of patients Mean hemoglobin (g/dl) p-value Male Female Total 활동도와피로도 고찰 피로를느끼는환자들의활동도는 ECOG,, 에해당되는환자가각각,, 8명이었으며 ECOG 인환자는없었다 ( 표 ).. 동반증상동반증상으로는통증이 명 (.%) 으로가장많았고, 식욕부진 (.%), 수면장애 (.%), 불안 (.%), 우울증상 (%), 탈수 (.%), 스트레스 (.%) 등의순으로많이호소하였고 ( 표 ), 통증을 Visual Analogue scale (VAS) 로평가하였을때통증이심할수록피로도가높았다 ( 표 ).. 빈혈피로를느끼는 명중 8명에서빈혈이있었다. 남자의평균헤모글로빈농도는. g/dl 였고, 여자는. g/dl였으며, 피로도와헤모글로빈농도를비교하여보았을때경증의피로를느끼는환자의헤모글로빈농도는. g/dl, 중등도의피로를느끼는환자는. g/dl, 중증환자는. g/dl여서피로도와헤모글로빈농도는관계가없었고, 남자와여자로구분하여도같은결과였다 (p value>.) ( 표 ). 미국 NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) 에서는피로에대해 암혹은암치료와관련되어, 일상생활을방해하는지속적이고주관적으로나타나는피곤한느낌 이라정의하고있다 8). 국제질병분류 (판) 에서진단명으로받아들여진암과관련된피로를 9) 측정하는여러가지도구가개발되어있다. 대표적인척도로는 Brief Fatigue Inventory ), Piper Fatigue Self-Report Scale ), Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale ), Fatigue Symptom Manage ) 등이있다. 통증의중증도를평가하는 VAS와같이각문항마다 ~ 점의수치 (-피로를느끼지않는경우, -가장심한피로 ) 로점수를주는여러가지문항들로구성되어있고, 평균점수가 -일때를경증, -일때를중등도, - 일때중증으로평가한다. 그러나미국립암연구소의항암부작용기준 ) 에의하면평소보다조금피곤함을느낄때를 단계 (Grade ), 몇가지일상생활에불편을느낄정도를 단계 (Grade ), 일상생활전반에불편을느낄때를 단계 (Grade ), 생활을할수없는경우를 단계 (Grade ) 으로나누어피로도를평가하고있다. 국내에서피로에대한조사는대부분 Piper의피로 - -

5 -The Korean Journal of Medicine : Vol., No., - 척도를이용하고있다. 권 ) 이항암요법을받는환자 8명을대상으로 Piper 도구를이용하여피로도를조사하였는데평균.으로중등도의피로를느낀다고했으며, 정등 ) 이항암요법을받는 명의환자를대상으로조사한피로도는평균. 였고, 양 ) 이방사선치료를받는 명의환자를대상으로추적검사하며조사한피로도는방사선요법 주째부터평균 점이상이었고, 방사선을받는기간이늘수록피로도가증가하는양상을보였다. 이러한조사들은모두단일치료를받는환자를대상으로하였고, 피로도만을측정하여서유병률은알수없었다. 저자들은암병동과호스피스병동에입원한암환자를대상으로환자와직접면담을하여피로여부를조사하였고, 미국립암연구소의항암제부작용기준을이용하여피로도를단순화시켰다. 저자들이대상으로한암환자의.% 에서피로를느낀다고답하였는데남자 명중 8.% 에서, 여자 명중.% 에서피로를느낀다고답하여서여자가남자보다높았다. 저자들의성적은외국의조사성적과 -, 8) 비교할때피로유병율이매우낮다. 외국의피로조사는 ICD- 의기준 (998 년 ), QLQ-C (-item quality-of-life questionnaire), FACIT (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness treatment) 등을통해피로도를조사하였고, 이러한진단기준들은암환자에서의피로를진단할때환자에게 ' 피로함을느끼는가?' 를묻는것외에도동반증상에관한여러가지질문들을포함하기때문에환자가피로하다는표현을하지않더라도 암과관련된피로 를진단할수있다. 반면에저자들의조사는환자에게직접 피로를느끼는가? 를물는질문에대해피로함을느낀다고말한환자만을 암과관련된피로 로진단하였기에유병율에차이가있다고생각된다. 그리고피로를표현한환자도스스로피로를호소하지않고의료진이질문을하였을때에야피로를느낀다고하여저자들이조사한암환자들은피로가있음에도표현하지않으며피로같은것은의료진에게호소할만한것이아니라고생각하고있다고보는것이타당할것이다. 또한이전에피로를심하게느꼈던환자는피로가개선되었을때피로가있음에도느끼지못하는 반응변위 (Response shift) ) 의과정으로인해피로가있음에도피로함을호소하지않아유병율이작게나타났을가능성도생각해볼수있겠다. 저자들이조사한암환자들의피로의중증도를볼때경증이.%, 중등도가.%, 중증이.% 로경증의 환자가가장많았다. 이는이전에 Piper 피로척도로조사하여평균적으로중등도이상의피로를느끼는것과비교하여볼때피로를적게호소한다고볼수있겠다. 암환자에서병기는치료의방법과예후를결정해주는중요한인자이다. 외국에서주로유방암환자를대상으로조사한결과에따르면병기와피로도는관계가없었지만, 8) 전이암이존재할경우는높은피로도를보였다 9). 그러나저자들의조사에서는 명만을제외하고는모두 기환자여서병기에따른피로도의차이를비교할수가없었다. 치료방법과피로도의관계를보면완화요법을받는군에서오히려중증피로를느끼는환자가많았는데이는완화요법을받는환자들의활동도가다른군에비해높아오히려치료를하지않더라도높은피로도를보였다. 동반증상으로써가장흔한증상은통증으로 Hwang 등은전체암환자의 % 가통증을호소한다고하였으며 ), Chang 등은통증을느끼는사람이느끼지않는사람에비해 ~배정도높은피로를느낀다고하였다 ). 저자들의조사에서는.% 에서통증을수반하고있었으며피로도에따른통증강도를비교하였을때상관관계가있었다. 외국에서는.% 의환자에서식욕부진을호소하였지만 ) 저자들의조사에서는.% 의환자에서식욕부진을호소하여외국의조사에비해더높은비율에서식욕부진을호소하였다. 건강한사람에서 % 가불면을호소한반면암환자의 ~% 에서불면을호소하여암환자에서높은수면장애를호소하였고, ), 저자들의조사에서도.% 에서불면을호소하여외국과비슷한비율로수면장애를호소하였다. 그러나피로도와수면장애의관계를보면경증의피로를느끼는환자에서는 8명이피로를느껴전체경증피로환자 명중 %, 중등도피로환자는 명 (.%), 중증피로환자는 명 (%) 로저자들의조사에서는상관관계가없어외국의조사에서수면부족환자에서높은피로도를보인것 ) 과는대조된다. Porock 등 ) 은.% 와.% 에서불안과우울증상을호소하였으며성별의차이는없었고, 피로와밀접한상관관계를가지는것으로보고하였던반면 Visser 등은우울증상과피로가서로관련이없는독립된증상이지만삶의질에는영향을준다 ) 고보고하였다. 저자들의조사에서는.% 와.% 에서우울증상과불안을호소하였다. 암환자에서빈혈은다양한원인에의해나타나며건 - -

6 -Do Seon Song, et al : The prevalence of fatigue in cancer patients - 강한대조군에비해흔히나타나는소견으로빈혈은피로도와삶의질은물론치료에따른생존률에도영향을미치는중요한인자이다 ). NCCN 에서는암환자의빈혈을헤모글로빈치 (Hb) 에따라. 이상을경증, 8.~ 9.9 를중등도, 8. 미만을중증빈혈로구분하였다. 외국의문헌에따르면 Hb이낮아짐에따라암환자에서피로도는더낮아진다 8). 국내에서는정등 ) 의조사에서상관관계는낮았지만 Hb이낮을수록피로도가높았다. 반면에저자들의조사에서는피로도와헤모글로빈수치에상관관계가없었다 ( 표 ). 이것은저자들의조사에서피로를느끼는환자들의 Hb은 명중 명만이 mg/dl 이하였고, 대다수의환자가 Hb이 mg/dl 이상으로경증의빈혈만을가져생긴결과로추측되며 Hb이 미만인환자에서의피로도조사가더필요하겠다. 본연구의제한점은피로도를조사하는방법이단순하고주관적이라는것이다. 피로의정의가 환자가느끼는주관적인느낌 이지만주관적인것을좀더객관화시킬수있는조사도구가필요하겠다. 또한조사대상환자의수가적고, 포함된환자들의질환, 치료방법들이다양하여변수들간의상관관계를알기가어려웠다. 따라서피로도에영향을미치는인자들간의관계를명확히알기위해서는좀더많은환자에서조사가이루어져야하겠으며, 환자의특성에따른개별화된연구가필요하겠다. 그리고피로를느끼지않는암환자에서는활동도, 치료내용및동반에대한조사가이루어지지않아피로를느낀다고한환자와의비교분석을하지못해이에대한연구와피로를느낀다고한환자들의추적검사를통해치료후시간의경과에따른피로의변화를관찰해보는것이필요하겠다. 암환자에서피로는많은환자가호소하며삶의질을저하시키는문제이지만이에대한관심도적고, 연구도충분히이루어지지않았다. 따라서암환자를처음접할때부터피로에대해관심을갖고, 피로를유발할수있는다양한요인을찾아개선하는노력이필요하겠다. 요약목적 : 암환자에서피로는흔한증상임에도연구가많이이루어져있지않고, 의료진도관심이적다. 또한국내에서이루어진연구는피로의유병율에대해서는이루어진것이없다. 성빈센트병원에입원한암환자를대상으로암환자의피로의유병율과동반증상들에대 해알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 년 월 일, 일, 8일, 성빈센트병원의암병동과호스피스병동에입원하고있는의식이있는환자 9명을대상으로성별, 나이, 기저질환, 피로를느끼는지여부에대해조사하였다. 피로를느낀다고대답한환자를대상으로다른동반증상의유무를조사하였다. 결과 : 대상환자 9명중남자가 명 (.%), 여자는 명 (.%) 이였으며중앙연령은 세 ( 범위 ~8 세 ) 였다. 기저질환은폐암 (%) 이가장많았으며, 위암, 대장암, 담낭암, 췌장암순이었다. 피로를느낀다고답한환자는 명 (.%) 이었으며그중남자는 명중 명 (8.%) 이었고, 여자는 명중 명 (.%) 으로여자암환자에서피로의빈도가높았다. 피로도는경증, 중등도, 중증이각각 명 (.%), 명 (.%) 과 명 (.%) 이었다. 이들의기저질환은폐암환자가 명 (%) 으로가장많았으며, 대장암, 위암, 담낭암, 췌장암순이었다. 피로를느끼는환자들의치료내용은항암요법치료를받는환자가 명 (.%), 방사선치료를받는환자가 명 (%), 항암요법과방사선치료를동시에받는환자가 명 (%), 완화요법을받는환자가 명 (.%) 으로항암요법을받는환자가제일많았다. 피로를느끼는환자들의활동도는 ECOG,, 에해당되는환자가각각,, 8명이었으며 ECOG 인환자는없었고, 활동도가저하될수록더큰피로를느꼈다. 피로를느끼는환자에게동반되는증상으로는통증이 명 (.%) 으로가장많았고, 식욕부진, 수면장애, 불안, 우울증상, 탈수, 스트레스등의순으로호소하였다. 이중통증을 Visual Analogue scale (VAS) 로평가하였을때통증이심할수록피로도가높았다. 피로를느끼는 명중 8명에서빈혈이있었다. 피로도와헤모글로빈농도는관계가없었으며, 남자와여자로구분하여도차이가없었다. 결론 : 의료진은암환자의피로에대해관심을가지고피로와연관된동반증상들에대한치료를통해피로도를개선시키는것이필요하겠다. 중심단어 : 암환자, 피로 REFERENCES ) 심병용, 홍석인, 박지찬, 홍숙희, 최강현, 조홍주, 김선영, 한선애, 이옥경, 김훈교. 말기암환자에서의하지부종. 한국호스피스 완화의료학회지 8:-, - -

7 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 권제 호통권제 호 - ) Nail LM. Fatigue in patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 9:, ) Jacobsen PB, Hann DM, Azzarello LM, Horton J, Balducci L, Lyman GH. Fatigue in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: characteristics, course, and correlates. J Pain Symptom Manage 8:-, 999 ) Curt GA, Breitbart W, Cella D, Groopman JE, Horning SJ, Itri LM, Johnson DH, Miaskowski C, Scherr SL, Portenoy RK, Vogelzang NJ. Impact of cancer-related fatigue on the lives of patients: new findings from the fatigue coalition. Oncologist :-, ) Stone P, Richards M, Hardy J. Fatigue in patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer :-, 998 ) Maughan TS, James RD, Kerr DJ, Ledermann JA, MxArdle C, Seymour MT, Cohen D, Hopwood P, Johnston C, Stephens RJ. Comparison of survival, palliation, and quality of life with three chemotherapy regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 9:-, ) National Cancer Institute. Common terminology criteria for adverse events v.. 8) Mock V, Atkinson A, Barsevick A, Cella D, Cimprich B, Cleeland C, Donnelly J, Eisenberger MA, Escalante C, Hinds P, Jacobsen PB, Knight SJ, Kaldor P, Peteman A, Piper BF, Rugo H, Sabbatini P, Stahl C. NCCN practice guidelines for cancer-related fatigue., Oncology :-, 9) 양영희. 위암환자의항암화학요법에따른피로와삶의질변화양상. 대한간호학회지 :8-9, ) Mendoza TR, Wang XS, Cleeland CS, Morrissey M, Johnson BA, Wendt JK, Huber SL. The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer patients: use of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Cancer 8:8-9, 999 ) Piper BF, Dibble SL, Dodd MJ, Weiss MC, Slaughter RE, Paul SM. The revised Piper Fatigue Scale: psychometric evaluation in women with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum :-8, 998 ) Schwartz AL. The Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale: testing reliability and validity. Oncol Nurs Forum :-, 998 ) Hann DM, Denniston MM, Baker F. Measurement of fatigue in cancer patients: further validation of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory. Qual Life Res 9:8-8, ) 권영은. 항암화학요법암환자의피로와삶의질과의관계연구. 성인간호학회지 :8-8, 999 ) 정은자, 박미영, 정영. 항암화학요법환자의피로관련요인. 한국호스피스 완화의료학회지 :9-88, ) 양영희. 방사선치료를받는암환자의피로, 삶의질및신체증상의변화양상. 대한간호학회지 :-9, ) Visser MR, Smets EM, Sprangers MA, de Haes HJ. How response shift may affect the measurement of change in fatigue. J Pain Symptom Manage :-8, 8) Mast ME. Correlates of fatigue in survivors of breast cancer. Cancer Nurs :-, 998 9) Pater JL, Zee B, Palmer M, Johnston D, Osoba D. Fatigue in patients with cancer: results with National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Studies Employing the EORTC QLQ-C. Support Care Cancer :-, 99 ) Hwang SS, Chang VT, Rue M, Kasimis B. Multidimensional independent predictors of cancer-related fatigue. J Pain Symptom Manage :-, ) Chang VT, Hwang SS, Feuerman M, Kasimis BS. Symptom and quality of life survey of medical oncology patients at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Cancer 88:-8, ) Malone M, Harris AL, Luscombe DK. Assessment of the impact of cancer on work, recreation, home, management and sleep using a general health status measure. J R Soc Med 8:8-89, 99 ) Kaye J, Kaye K, Madow L. Sleep patterns in patients with cancer and patients with cardiac disease. J Psychol :-, 98 ) Okuyama T, Akechi T, Kugaya A, Okamura H, Imoto S, Nakno T, Mikami I, Hosaka T, Uchitomi Y. Factors correlated with fatigue in disease-free breast cancer patients: application of the Cancer Fatigue Scale. Support Care Cancer 8:-, ) Porock D, Beshears B, Hinton P, Anderson C. Nutritional, functional, and emotional characteristics related to fatigue in patients during and after biochemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum :-, ) Visser MR, Smets EM. Fatigue, depression and quality of life in cancer patients: how are they related? Suppor Care Cancer :-8, 998 ) Harper P, Littlewood T. Anaemia of cancer: impact on patient fatigue and long-term outcome. Oncology 9(Suppl ):-, 8) Cella D, Lal JS, Chang CH, Peterman A, Slavin M. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population. Cancer 9:8-8, - 8 -

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

( )Jkstro011.hwp

( )Jkstro011.hwp 비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy

More information

기관고유연구사업결과보고

기관고유연구사업결과보고 기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

untitled

untitled 대한마취과학회지 2008; 55: 190~6 Korean J Anesthesiol Vol. 55, No. 2, August, 2008 임상연구 대한민국의 마취통증의학 임상실습 현황 연세대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 및 마취통증의학연구소 장동진ㆍ안소운ㆍ안지원ㆍ김종훈 The current status of anesthesiology clerkship in Korea

More information

서론

서론 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

김범수

김범수 Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( : 27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean

More information

WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disabi

WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disabi WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 2004. 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disability)..,,. (WHO) 2001 ICF. ICF,.,.,,. (disability)

More information

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp 대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo

More information

04조남훈

04조남훈 Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache

More information

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( ) . 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of

More information

590호(01-11)

590호(01-11) T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

황지웅

황지웅 Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment

More information

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285 13 2 ( 25 ) 2004 12 Korean J Med Hist 13 284 296 Dec 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * ** ** 1 1920 1930 40 ( 1896-1973) 80 * ** 1) 2003 284 2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914

More information

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w 497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 3, June, 30, 2016:pp. 93~116 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 06. 12 2016. 06. 20 2016. 06. 26 ABSTRACT e-

More information

,......

,...... The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있 대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준

More information

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소

KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the 이며 나름 의식이 깨어있던 지식인들이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 교육을 받은 간 호부들은 환자를 돌보는 그들의 직업적 소 1 의사학 제24권 제1호(통권 제49호) 2015년 4월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː1-34 Apr 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.1 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 간호부 이정숙의 독립운동 김숙영* 1. 서론 2. 본론 1) 출생에서 정신여학교 수학시절까지

More information

Can032.hwp

Can032.hwp Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   IPA * Analysis of Perc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

노인의학200303.PDF

노인의학200303.PDF Assisted Living 9,, ( ) ( ) 1. 6) 2. 5. 3. 1) 4. 2) 1) 6. : 2) 1) 3) 2) 4) 3) 5) 4) (1998) 21 2025 80 73.,. 1980..?,,.,.,, 130 ,,.,.,,,. (managed care),,,.,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,,,,.,..,. 131 1. 2010 - -,,,,,...,

More information

구의 중요성이 인식되기 시작하였다(Kang & Lee, 2001). 이에 대한 결과로 1990 년대 이후 국내에서도 만성신부전환자의 혈액투석경험 (Shin, 1997), 신장이식 체험(Lee, 1998) 과 만성질환자의 강인성에 관한 연구 (Ko, 1999)등 만성질환

구의 중요성이 인식되기 시작하였다(Kang & Lee, 2001). 이에 대한 결과로 1990 년대 이후 국내에서도 만성신부전환자의 혈액투석경험 (Shin, 1997), 신장이식 체험(Lee, 1998) 과 만성질환자의 강인성에 관한 연구 (Ko, 1999)등 만성질환 주요용어 : 주보호자, 만성신부전환자, 체험, 현상학 만성신부전환자의 주보호자로 살기* 김 경 미** 공 병 혜*** 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 Ⅰ. 서 론 최근 의학의 발달과 생활환경의 급속한 변화는 건강과 질병 양상의 변화를 가져와 급성질병은 점차 감소하는 반면에 만성질병은 불가역적인 병리적 변화와 지속적인 비정상 상태로 인해 점점 중요한 건강위협 요인이

More information

다문화 가정의 부모

다문화 가정의 부모 영유아아동정신건강연구 Korean Journal for Infant Mental Health 2013, Vol. 6, No. 1, 57-84 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한 부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 57 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권 1 호 - 58 - 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 59 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   Awareness, Supports Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö 25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo

More information

레이아웃 1

레이아웃 1 대한위장관기질종양연구회 01 GIST 06 02 11 03 Imatinib 14 04 05 06 07 Sunitinib 32 40 44 48 GIST 6 01 7 GIST Guide book GIST 8 01 9 GIST Guide book GIST (CT) MRI FDG-PET 10 02 11 GIST Guide book 12 02 (Imatinib)

More information

K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

16_이주용_155~163.hwp 사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

44-3대지.08류주현c

44-3대지.08류주현c A Comparative Study on the Commuting Regional Type According to the Features of Foreigner Commuting Ju-Hyun Ryu* Abstract The purposes of this study are to identify many implications of commuting regional

More information

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, ) Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee

More information

<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770>

<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770> 延 世 醫 史 學 제12권 제2호: 29-40, 2009년 12월 Yonsei J Med Hist 12(2): 29-40, 2009 특집논문 3 한국사회의 낙태에 대한 인식변화 이 현 숙 이화여대 한국문화연구원 1. 들어가며 1998년 내가 나이 마흔에 예기치 않은 임신을 하게 되었을 때, 내 주변 사람들은 모두 들 너무나도 쉽게 나에게 임신중절을 권하였다.

More information

페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16

페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16 야간뇨의진단과치료 - 실제적접근 - Reference 1. Choo MS, Ku JH, Park CH et al. Prevalence of Nocturia in a Korean Population Aged 40 to 89 Years. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:60-64. 2. Weiss JP. Prevalence

More information

7 1 ( 12 ) 1998. 1913 ( 1912 ) 4. 3) 1916 3 1918 4 1919. ( ) 1 3 1, 3 1. 1.. 1919 1920. 4) ( ), ( ),. 5) 1924 4 ( ) 1. 1925 1. 2). ( ). 6). ( ). ( ).

7 1 ( 12 ) 1998. 1913 ( 1912 ) 4. 3) 1916 3 1918 4 1919. ( ) 1 3 1, 3 1. 1.. 1919 1920. 4) ( ), ( ),. 5) 1924 4 ( ) 1. 1925 1. 2). ( ). 6). ( ). ( ). 7 1 ( 12 ) : 1-11, 1998 K orean J M ed H ist 7 : 1-11, 1998 ISSN 1225-505X * **.,.., 1960.... 1) ( ) 1896 3 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 1), 14 1909 1,. 14 17 1913. 2)..,. ( ) ( ),. * 1998 (1998. 5. 7). ** 1).

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 27(2), 2007, 96-121 S ij k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT j ij i j S ij S ij POP j SEXR j AGER j BEDDAT j k i a i i i L ij = S ij - S ij ---------- S ij S ij = k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT

More information

16(2)-7(p ).fm

16(2)-7(p ).fm w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

09È«¼®¿µ5~152s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,

More information

<5BB0F8B0F8BFECC6ED5D20C3D6C1BEBAB8B0EDBCAD5F3132313628BFCF292E687770>

<5BB0F8B0F8BFECC6ED5D20C3D6C1BEBAB8B0EDBCAD5F3132313628BFCF292E687770> 전국우편지부 노동자의 노동환경과 건강실태 연구보고서 2013년 12월 공공운수노조 전국우편지부 / 한국노동안전보건연구소 사회진보연대 부설 노동자운동연구소 제 출 문 공공운수노조 전국우편지부가 한국노동안전보건연구소와 사회진보연대 부설 노동자운동연구소에 의뢰한 전국우편지부 노동자의 노동환경과 건강실태 연구보고서 의 결과로 본 보고서를 제출합니다. 2013년 12월

More information

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu 한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim

More information

005송영일

005송영일 Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation

More information

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

<BFCFBCBA30382DC1A4C0E7BFF82E687770>

<BFCFBCBA30382DC1A4C0E7BFF82E687770> 여성건강간호학회지 제11권 제1호, 2005년 3월 Korean J Women Health Nurs Vol.11 No.1, 58-66, March, 2005 Original Article Functional Status and Psychosocial Adjustment in Gynecologic Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy*

More information

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3

54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3 27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,

More information

노인정신의학회보14-1호

노인정신의학회보14-1호 제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시

More information

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770> 주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI:   * Suggestions of Ways Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.65-89 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.65 * Suggestions of Ways to Improve Teaching Practicum Based on the Experiences

More information

00약제부봄호c03逞풚

00약제부봄호c03逞풚 경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품

More information

<BFCFBCBA31322DBFC0C7F6BCF62E687770>

<BFCFBCBA31322DBFC0C7F6BCF62E687770> 대한간호학회지제 36 권제 7 호, 2006 년 12 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.36 No.7, 1224-1231, December, 2006 서영민 1) 오현수 2) 서화숙 2) 김화순 2) 서론연구의필요성 평균수명의연장과각종유해환경의증가로인해암환자의수는계속증가하는추세로전세계적으로는 2002년한해 1,000만명의새로운암환자가발생하여 600만명이암으로인해사망하였고,

More information

IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) l l l α β α β β α β β α β 목적 (Background/Aims): 위암의가족력과 Helicobacter pylori 감염은각각위암발생의위험인자로알려져있으나,

More information

Vol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M

Vol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2018.01 Vol.259 C O N T E N T S 02 06 28 61 69 99 104 120 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2018.1 3 4 2018.1 1) 2) 6 2018.1 3) 4) 7 5) 6) 7) 8) 8 2018.1 9 10 2018.1 11 2003.08 2005.08

More information

Treatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy

Treatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern

More information

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호 Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology

More information

±èÇ¥³â

±èÇ¥³â 533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance

More information

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5, * 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,

More information