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1 ISSN (PRINT) ISSN (ONLINE) 약학회지제 62 권제 1 호 49~53 (2018) Yakhak Hoeji Vol. 62, No. 1 DOI /psk 종설 Short Report 신생아중환자의 phenobarbital 용량과치료약물농도모니터링 최동욱 * 예경남 ** 김정태 ** 안숙희 *,# * 원광대학교약학대학 ** 강동경희대학교병원약제실 (Received February 5, 2018; Revised February 22, 2018; Accepted February 23, 2018) Phenobarbital Dosing and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Dong Wook Choi *, Kyong Nam Ye **, Jung Tae Kim **, and Sook Hee An *,# * College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Korea ** Department of Pharmacy, Kyunghee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Korea Abstract Phenobarbital is an anticonvulsant used for the treatment of neonatal seizure. Large inter-individual differences in the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital required therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This study aimed to investigate the TDM practices of phenobarbital in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and suggest the appropriate dosing and monitoring guidelines of phenobarbital for critically ill neonates. A single-center, retrospective chart review included NICU patients with a TDM consult of phenobarbital by a pharmacist and at least 1 serum concentration obtained. A total 79 drug concentration values for 28 patients were included in the analysis. The percentage of phenobarbital concentrations within the therapeutic range (15-40 mg/l) was 65.8%. Sub-therapeutic levels (< 15 mg/l) were observed in 25 instances (31.6%). The percentage of concentrations within therapeutic range was significantly lower in preterm infants (52.9%) than in term infants (75.6%, p=0.024). Oral administration resulted in a significantly higher percentage of sub-therapeutic concentrations than intravenous administration (57.7% versus 18.9%, p=0.002). Patients with oral and intravenous administration received maintenance doses 3.5±1.1 and 3.9±1.1 mg/kg/day, respectively (p=0.114). The percentage of cases requiring dosage adjustment by a pharmacist was 41.8%. The rate of acceptance of pharmacist`s recommendations by physicians was 87.3%. For effective and safe treatment of phenobarbital in NICU patients, close monitoring is essential for preterm infants and the development of optimal dosing guideline for oral administration is required. Keywords neonate, phenobarbital, therapeutic drug monitoring 서론 (Introduction) Phenobarbital은신생아경련 (neonatal seizure) 에일차적으로사용되는약물로안전하고효과적인치료를위하여혈중농도를 mg/l로유지하도록권고하고있다. 1-2) Phenobarbital의혈중농도와부작용은밀접한관계가있어혈중농도가 30 mg/l를초과하게되면신생아의섭취곤란 (feeding intolerance), 호흡저 # Corresponding Author Sook Hee An College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea Tel.: Fax.: shan7@wku.ac.kr 하, 근육긴장 (muscle tone) 저하등의부작용이나타나며, mg/l의농도에서는진정작용 (sedation), 조화운동불능 (ataxia) 등이나타나고, 65 mg/l 이상의농도에서는혼수 (coma) 상태에빠질수있다. 3) 따라서혈중농도상승으로인한부작용이나타나지않도록용량을잘설정할필요가있다. 신생아경련의치료를위한 phenobarbital 투여용량은부하용량 20 mg/kg을투여하고, 반응이불충분한경우에 5mg/kg 씩추가로투여하여, 총 40 mg/kg 까지투여가능하며, 유지용량으로 3-5 mg/kg/day 를투여하도록제시하고있다. 2) 신생아중환자실입원환자는재태연령이 37주미만에해당하는미숙아가많으며, 신기능저하, 간기능저하, 주산기가사 (perinatal asphyxia) 등다양한특성을지닌다. 신생아를대상으로기존에수행된 phenobarbital 약동학연구들을살펴보면환자특성에따라약동학파라미터의차이가크게 49
2 50 최동욱 예경남 김정태 안숙희 나타남을알수있다. 각연구들에서보고한 phenobarbital의평균분포용적은 L/kg이며, 반감기가 시간이고, 청소율 (clearance) 이 L/kg/hr로개체간의다양성 (variation) 을보여주고있다. 4-14) 따라서신생아에게 phenobarbital 을투여할때약동학적특성의다양성을반영하여적절한유지용량을투여해야하며, 치료혈중농도범위 (therapeutic range) 를유지할수있도록주의깊은치료약물농도모니터링 (therapeutic drug monitoring, TDM) 이필요하다. 본연구에서는국내신생아중환자실의 phenobarbital TDM 현황을조사하여용량적절성을평가하고, 치료혈중농도범위에도달하지못하는비율과원인을분석하여이를바탕으로한효과적인모니터링지침을제시하고자한다. 연구방법 (Research Methods) 본연구는 2008년부터 2014년까지서울소재대학병원의신생아중환자실에서 phenobarbital을투여받고, 1회이상혈중농도를측정하였으며, 약사에의해 TDM 서비스를받은환자를대상으로하였다. [ 생명윤리및안전에관한법률 ] 에따라기관생명윤리위원회 (Institutional Review Board, IRB) 의승인을받고진행하였으며 (KHNMC ), 의무기록을후향적으로검토하여대상환자의기본특성과임상정보, phenobarbital 투여와채혈정보, phenobarbital 혈중농도, 약사의 TDM 회신정보등의자료를수집하였다. 수집한신생아기본정보는재태연령 (gestational age), 생후일수 (postnatal age), 수태후주수 (postconceptional age), 출생체중 (birth weight), 혈중농도측정당일의체중등이었다. 출생시신생아의전반적인상태를평가하는아프가점수 (Apgar score) 를조사하였으며, 신기능의지표인혈청크레아티닌농도 (serum creatinine) 와소변량 (urine output), 간기능의지표인 aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), bilirubin 등의혈중농도자료를수집하였다. 또한 phenobarbital의약동학에영향을주는것으로알려진주산기가사의여부를조사하였다. 15) Phenobarbital 투여정보에대하여는부하용량과유지용량, 투여시간, 투여방법, 주입시간등을조사하였고, phenobarbital 혈중농도검사결과와채혈시간을조사하였다. 또한 phenobarbital 투여환자에대하여약사가실시한 TDM 자문내용을조사하였다. 본기관에서 phenobarbital은부하용량으로 20 mg/kg을투여하고 3-5 mg/kg/day 로유지용량투여를시작하는일반적인지침을따르고있었다. 수집한자료를바탕으로 phenobarbital 의용량적절성을평가하기위하여치료혈중농도도달비율을분석하였고, 치료혈중농도를벗어나는원인에대하여분석하였다. 신생아특성인자및임상정보가 phenobarbital 혈중농도에미치는영향을분석하였다. 약사에의해용량조절이이루어진비율과 TDM자문에대한의료 진의수용률을분석하였다. 수집된자료의통계분석을위하여 SPSS version 17.0 for Windows (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) 를사용하였다. 결과값은빈도와비율, 평균과표준편차로기술했다. 연속형변수의비교는 Student s t-test, one-way ANOVA test를사용하였 다. 자료가비정규분포를따르는경우에는 Mann-Whitney test 와 Kruskal-Wallis test를사용했다. 범주형변수의비교는 chisquare test를이용하였다. 혈중농도에영향을미치는인자를알아보기위하여상관분석을실시하였다. 본연구의분석은유의확률 (P value) 이 0.05 미만일때통계적유의성이있는것으로판단하였다. 결 과 (Results) 연구대상의특성 2008년 4월부터 2014년 12월까지해당병원의신생아중환자실에입원하여 phenobarbital을정맥주사또는경구로투여받고약사에의해 TDM 서비스를받은환자 28명으로부터 79개의혈중농도를분석하였다. 연구에포함된신생아는재태연령이 23주 4일인미숙아부터재태연령이 41주 5일인만삭아를포함하고있으며, 재태연령의평균값은 36.2±4.7 주였다. 연구대상의출생체중은 0.4 kg부터 3.81 kg까지다양하였고, 평균값은 2.64±0.87 kg이었으며, 출생체중이 2.5 kg 미만인저출생체중아 8명 (28.6%) 이포함되었다. 출생직후측정한 1분아프가점수가 3.58±3.35 점, 출생후 5분에측정한아프가점수가 5.48±3.13 점이었다. 신생아경련의주요원인인주산기가사가있었던신생아는 12명 (42.9%) 이었다 (Table 1). Phenobarbital의치료혈중농도도달비율과용량적절성신생아중환자의 phenobarbital 혈중농도는 5mg/L에서 42 mg/ Table I Demographic and clinical characteristics Characteristics Values Gestational age, weeks, mean±sd (range) 36.2±4.7 ( ) Postnatal age, days, mean±sd (range) 32.4±30.9 (3-150) Postconceptional age, weeks, mean±sd 41.3±3.9 ( )) (range) Birth weight, kg, mean±sd (range) 2.64±0.87 ( ) Current weight, kg, mean±sd (range) 3.33±1.02 ( ) Male, n (%) 11 (39.3) Apgar score at 1 min, mean±sd 3.58±3.35 Apgar score at 5 min, mean±sd 5.48±3.13 Serum creatinine, mg/dl, mean±sd 0.60±0.59 Urine output, ml/kg/h, mean±sd 3.75±1.08 Vol. 62, No. 1, 2018
3 신생아중환자의 phenobarbital 용량과치료약물농도모니터링 51 Table II Phenobarbital dosage, route of administration and serum concentrations Phenobarbital concentrations Variables < 15 mg/l15-40 mg/l > 40 mg/l Samples, n (%) 25 (31.6) 52 (65.8) 2 (2.6) Route of administrations* Intravenous, n (%) Oral, n (%) Maintenance dose (mg/kg/day), Mean±SD Intravenous Oral *P= (18.9) 15 (57.7) 3.6± ± (77.4) 11 (42.3) 4.0± ±1.1 2 (3.7) 0 (0) 5.0±1.1 - L까지보고되었으며, 평균혈중농도는 20.3±9.2 mg/l였다. Phenobarbital의치료혈중농도범위인 mg/l에도달한비율은 65.8% 였다 (Table 2). 치료혈중농도범위미만 (< 15 mg/l) 으로유지한사례가 31.6% 에해당했다. Phenobarbital을신생아에게경구로투여하였을때에정맥주사에비하여치료혈중농도도달비율이유의하게낮게나타났다 (42.3% versus 77.4%, p=0.002). 경구투여사례의 57.7% 가치료혈중농도범위보다낮게유지하고있었다. Phenobarbital 유지용량은 0.8 mg/kg/day 에서 7.6 mg/ kg/day까지투여되었고, 평균유지용량은 3.79±1.14 mg/kg/day 였다. 경구투여시의평균유지용량은 3.5±1.1 mg/kg이었고, 정맥투여시의평균유지용량은 3.9±1.1 mg/kg이었다 (p=0.114). 치료혈중농도범위를초과한사례 (> 40 mg/l) 는 2건이었으며, 모두주산기가사가있었던신생아에게정맥주사한경우였다. Phenobarbital의부작용이증가하는것으로알려진기준농도 30 mg/l를초과한사례는 12건 (15.2%) 이었으며, 모두정맥주사한경우였고, 주산기가사가있었던사례가 8건 (66.7%) 이었다. 혈중농도가 30 mg/l를초과하는사례의평균생후일수는 13.3 ±4.9 일이었다. Phenobarbital의혈중농도에영향을미치는요인치료혈중농도범위의도달비율은재태연령 37주미만의미숙아에서 52.9%, 재태연령이 37주이상인만삭아에서는 75.6% 로미숙아가만삭아에비하여유의하게낮은비율을보여주었다 Table III Comparison of serum phenobarbital concentrations in preterm infants and term infants Phenobarbital concentrations Preterm infants Term infants P value Samples, n Mean±SD 18.5± ± mg/l, n (%) 18 (52.9) 34 (75.6) < 15 mg/l, n (%) 16 (47.1) 9 (20) > 40 mg/l, n (%) 0 (0) 2 (4.4) Fig. 1 Correlation between postnatal age and phenobarbital concentration. (p=0.024)(table 3). 신생아특성인자와혈중농도의상관분석에서생후일수 (r=-0.444, p<0.01) 가 phenobarbital의혈중농도에영향을주는인자였다 (Figure 1). 신기능과간기능의평가지표는 phenobarbital 혈중농도와유의한상관성이없었다. 주산기가사가있었던경우 phenobarbital 혈중농도는 22.2±8.9 mg/l로주산기가사가없었던경우 (18.3±9.2 mg/l) 에비해다소높았으나통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p=0.058). 신생아중환자실의 phenobarbital TDM 현황신생아중환자실에서 phenobarbital TDM은모두약사에의해이루어졌으며, 치료혈중농도범위를적절히유지하지못하여용량조절을추천한경우는 41.8%(33건 ) 였다. 이중감량한경우가 14 건, 증량한경우가 19건이었다. 나머지 46건에대하여는현재투여하고있는용량을유지하도록자문하였다. 약사의 TDM 자문에대하여의사가수용하고치료에반영한비율은 87.3% 에해당했다. 약사의 TDM 자문보고서에는환자기본정보, 혈중농도평가, 약동학파라미터분석, 예상혈중농도범위, 투여용량의적절성평가, 투여용량의추천, 모니터링계획등이포함되었다. 고 찰 (Discussion) 본연구에서는국내신생아중환자실에서신생아경련의일차치료약물로사용되는 phenobarbital의 TDM 현황을조사하여치료혈중농도범위의도달비율과용량적절성을평가하였고, phenobarbital 혈중농도에영향을미치는요인을파악하여신생아중환자에게안전하고효과적인모니터링지침을마련하는데도움이되고자하였다. 본연구에는재태연령이 23주 4일에서 41 주 5일까지의신생아들이포함되어신체기관의다양한성숙정 J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
4 52 최동욱 예경남 김정태 안숙희 도를반영한연구대상을분석할수있었다. 신생아에게투여한 phenobarbital의치료혈중농도도달비율은 65.8% 에불과하여약사에의한 TDM 서비스의중요성을확인하였다. 31.6% 의사례에서치료혈중농도미만으로유지되고있었으므로신생아에게투여하는 phenobarbital 용량에대한재설정과고찰이필요하다. 특히경구로투여한경우에혈중농도가치료농도미만으로유지되는비율이높았다. Phenobarbital 경구투여시의생체내이용률 (bioavailability) 은성인에서는 % 로알려져있으나, 3) 신생아는약 50% 정도로보고하고있다. 8) 따라서신생아에게 phenobarbital 을투여하는경우에치료혈중농도를유지하기위하여정맥주사용량보다많은양이필요할것으로예상된다. 그러나신생아용량지침에대한대부분의참고문헌에는 phenobarbital 의경구투여용량을정맥주사용량과구분하여제시하고있지않다. 본연구에서도체중당유지용량의평균값을비교해보았을때, 경구투여용량과정맥주사용량의유의한차이가없었다. 정맥주사에서경구투여로전환한이후에치료혈중농도도달여부에대한모니터링과함께용량재설정을추천한다. 적절한혈중농도의유지를위하여경구투여용량에대한지침마련이필요하겠다. 신생아는성인과다른약동학적특징을가지며, 성장에따른약동학파라미터의변화에의하여혈중농도의변동가능성이있으므로주의깊은모니터링과용량조절이필요하다 ) 기존에수행된연구들에서신생아의 phenobarbital 약동학에영향을주는요인으로체중, 생후일수, 재태연령, 주산기가사등이보고되었다. 4), 7), 8-11), 15) 본연구에서 phenobarbital의혈중농도에유의하게영향을미치는요인은생후일수였다. 신생아의생후일수가증가함에따라약물의대사와배설기능이성숙하여약물의청소율이증가하는것으로알려져있다. 18) 본연구에서혈중농도가 30 mg/l를초과하는경우의평균생후일수가약 2주였으므로특히생후 2주이내의신생아에대하여혈중농도와부작용의모니터링이필요하다. 또한미숙아가만삭아에비하여 phenobarbital 의치료혈중농도도달비율이낮았으므로특히미숙아에대한주의깊은모니터링이필요하겠고, 생후일수의변화에따라모니터링빈도를설정해야하겠다. 본연구에서주산기가사가있었던환자의경우혈중농도가 40 mg/l를초과하는사례가있었는데, 이는주산기가사로인한장기의혈류감소가 phenobarbital의대사와배설에영향을주어 phenobarbital의청소율이감소한다는기존연구결과와일맥상통한다. 15) 따라서주산기가사환자의 phenobarbital 혈중농도와부작용을잘관찰하는것이필요하다. 본연구에서신생아중환자를대상으로한약사의 TDM 자문서비스를통해 41.8% 의사례에대하여유지용량의증량또는감량이추천되었다. 약사의 TDM 자문보고서의내용이충실하였으며, 의료진은약사의 TDM 자문을대부분수용하여치료에반영하고있었다. 신생아중환자에대한 phenobarbital TDM 서비 스의중요성을확인하였고, 약사의 TDM 서비스에대한의료진의신뢰도가높음을확인할수있었다. 본연구는국내신생아중환자를대상으로 phenobarbital의 TDM 현황과치료혈중농도도달비율을조사하고모니터링지침을제시한최초의연구라는점에서의의가있다. 다만단일기관의후향적연구로진행되어 phenobarbital의임상적효과에대한충분한자료수집이어려웠다는한계점이존재한다. 향후전향적연구를통해 phenobarbital 혈중농도와임상적효과에대한분석이함께이루어진다면 TDM의의의를더욱뒷받침할수있을것으로사료된다. 또한국내여러기관에서신생아중환자를대상으로실시하는약사의 TDM 현황조사와함께 phenobarbital 의세부적인용량지침마련을위한연구가필요하다. 결론 (Conclusion) 신생아중환자에게 phenobarbital의안전하고효과적인치료를위하여약사의 TDM 서비스가중요하며, 치료혈중농도의도달을위한용량재설정과모니터링이필요하다. 미숙아와주산기가사가있었던환자에대한주의깊은모니터링이필요하며, 생후일수의변화에따라혈중농도를측정하여용량을조정해야한다. 또한정맥주사에서경구투여로전환한이후에치료혈중농도도달여부의확인과함께용량을재설정해야한다. 향후한국신생아를대상으로한 phenobarbital의약동학연구를통하여세부적인용량지침의마련이필요하겠다. 감사의말씀 (Acknowledgement) 본연구는한국연구재단의지원을받아수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다.(NRF-2015R1D1A1A ) References 1) Massingale, T. W. and Buttross, S. : Survey of treatment practices for neonatal seizures. J. Perinatol. 13, 107 (1993). 2) Young, T. E. and Mangum, B. : Neofax 18th ed., Acorn Publishing, Raleigh, p. 162 (2005). 3) Murphy, J. E. : Clinical pharmacokinetics 6th ed., American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, p. 328 (2017). 4) Touw, D. J., Graafland, O., Cranendonk, A., Vermeulen, R. J., and van Weissenbruch, M. M. : Clinical pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in neonates. Eur. J.Pharm. Sci. 12, 111 (2000). 5) Donn, S. M., Grasela, T. H., and Goldstein, G. W. : Safety of a Higher Loading Dose of Phenobarbital in the Term Newborn. Pediatrics. 75, 1061 (1985). Vol. 62, No. 1, 2018
5 신생아중환자의 phenobarbital 용량과치료약물농도모니터링 53 6) Heimann, G. and Galdtke, E. : Pharmacokinetics of Phenobarbital in Childhood. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 12, 305 (1977). 7) Yukawa, M., Yukawa, E., Suematsu, F., Takiguchi, T., Ikeda, H., Aki, H., and Mimemoto, M. : Population pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital by mixed effect modelling using routine clinical pharmacokinetic data in Japanese neonates and infants: an update. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 36, 704 (2011). 8) Marsot, A., Brevaut-Malaty, V.,Vialet, R., Boulamery, A., Bruguerolle, B., and Simon, N. : Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of phenobarbital in neonates and young infants, a population pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 28, 465 (2014). 9) Lee, S. M., Chung, J. Y., Lee, Y. M., Park, M. S., Namgung, R., Park, K. L, and Lee, C. : Effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in neonates and infants with seizures. Arch. Dis. Child. 97, 569 (2012). 10) van den Broek, M. P., Groenendaal, F., Toet, M. C., van Straaten, H. L., van Hasselt, J. G., Huitema, A. D., de Vries, L. S., Egberts, A. C., and Rademaker, C. M. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of phenobarbital in asphyxiated newborns treated with hypothermia: a thermopharmacological approach. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 51, 671 (2012). 11) Shellhaas, R. A., Ng, C. M., Dillon, C. H., Barks, J. D., and Bhatt- Mehta, V. : Population pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in infants with neonatal encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Pediatr. Crit. Care. Med. 14, 194 (2013). 12) Filippi, L., la Marca, G., Cavallaro, G., Fiorini, P., Favelli, F., Malvagia, S., Donzelli, G., Guerrini, and R. : Phenobarbital for neonatal seizures in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a pharmacokinetic study during whole body hypothermia. Epilepsia. 52, 794 (2011). 13) Pitlick, W., Painter, M., and Pippenger, C. : Phenobarbital pharmaockinetics in neonates. Clin.Pharmacol. Ther. 23, 346 (1978). 14) Grasela, T. H. and Donn, S. M. Neonatal population pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital derived from routine clinical data. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 8, 374 (1985). 15) Gal, P., Toback, J., Erkan, N. V., and Boer, H. R. : The influence of asphyxia on phenobarbital dosing requirements in neonates. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 7, 145 (1984). 16) Pacifici, G. M. Clinical Pharmacology of Phenobarbital in Neonates: Effects, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Curr. Pediatr. Rev. 12, 48 (2016). 17) Smits, A., Kulo, A., de Hoon, J. N., and Allegaert, K. : Pharmacokinetics of drugs in neonates: pattern recognition beyond compound specific observations. Curr. Pharm. Des. 18, 3119 (2012). 18) Murphy, J. E. : Clinical pharmacokinetics 6th ed., American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, p. 65 (2017). J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
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