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1 k Mulli-Tamsa Vol. 10, No. 4, 2007, p. 345~352 y Century Ÿ MT k k *Á š Á y ÁJames Cull 2 1w w 2 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia MT surveys near Century Zinc Mine, NW Queensland, Australia Tae Jong Lee 1 *, Seong Kon Lee 1, Yoonho Song 1 and James Cull 2 1 Groundwater and Geothermal Resources Devision, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources 2 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia y Century Ÿ 2 MT k ww. x l 80 km Gregory Downs (RR_GREG)» e, wš w k z ƒ w. x l 6,400 km Esashi (RR_ESS) d s» w» ww» coherencyƒ û» w» ww. Century Ÿ w d k 2 3 ùkü, k t Termite Range Fault d ùkù wd û ùkù š wd w. MT k, Century Ÿ,», Termite Range Fault Abstracts: Two-dimensional (2D) MT surveys near the Century mine in Australia have been performed with very far remote reference in Esashi, Japan (RR_ESS) as well as Gregory Downs (RR_GREG), which are roughly 6,400 km and 80 km apart from the survey area, respectively. Good quality of MT data could be obtained by remote reference processing with RR_GREG, while the coherency of magnetic fields between field sites and RR_ESS was not sufficient to be used as remote data. Both 2D and 3D inversion of 2D profile data represented the general geological structure beneath the survey area. The main target of the survey, Termite Range Fault, appeared as a boundary between a conductive block to the north and a resistive block to the south in the reconstructed resistivity section, and is inclined slightly to the north-east direction. Keywords: MT surveys, Century mine, remote reference, Termite Range Fault Century Ÿ y Queensland Carpentaria Mt. Isa l 250 km ew, ¾ ³ k Ÿ. z Õ 100 ù 1987 CRA Exploration w k v ƒ ( Century ) k œ Century Ÿ mw (Broadbent and Waltho, 1998). Century Ÿ sww û- - Ÿ ; k *Corresponding author megi@kigam.re.kr Address: Groundwater and Geothermal Resources Division Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 92 Gwahang-no, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea w Mount Isa, Hilton, George Fisher, Cannington, Dugald River, Lady Loretta š McArthur River. k» Ÿ k t k š m v w ywk ƒ w k w š, m v. z xk 3 m v mw yw mw Termite Range Fault (TRF) km Ÿ w ƒ ùkû. ù w k SIROTEM w TEMk e w w w. Century Ÿ Ÿ (hydrothermal system) Ÿ x TRFƒ Zn 2+, Pb 2+, Fe š 2+ SO 4 2 w w m ƒ 345

2 이태종 이성곤 송윤호 James Cull 346 적이며(Ord., 2002; Feltrin and Oliver, 2004), 이러한 근 거는 TRF에서 멀어질수록 금속의 품위(grade)가 급격히 감소 하고 TRF에 근접한 곳에서 납의 품위가 높은 것으로부터 유 추된다(Andrews, 1998). 지구화학 이상대에 의해 결정된 시추 결과, 10.3 %의 아연, 1.5 %의 납, 그리고 35 g/ton의 은을 포 함하여 116 Mton의 자원이 매장된 것으로 추정되었다. 광산이 발견된 후에도 광화대의 경계 파악, 지질학적 구조의 경계 파악, 자원 매장량 산정, 채광 계획 수립 등에 도움을 주 고자 중력 탐사, 지표 및 항공 자력탐사, 지표 및 항공 전자탐 사, 유도분극 및 전기비저항 탐사, 물리검층, 반사법 탄성파 탐 사 등 많은 물리탐사 방법이 동원되었다. 이 중 가장 유용한 정보를 제공한 것은 유도분극 및 전기비저항탐사로서 약 150 m 심도까지 석회암 하부의 광화대의 범위를 정하는데 도움이 되었다(Thomas., 1992). 그러나 이러한 모든 탐사에도 불 구하고 지금까지도 Century 광산 하부의 심부 지질구조에 대 해 밝혀진 것이 거의 없다. 현재는 노천 채굴이 진행중인 Century 광산의 노천광은 300 ha에 이르는 넓은 지역을 점유하고 있고, 깊이는 약 340 m에 이른다. 채광된 광물은 현장에서 프로세싱을 거쳐 아연과 납의 혼합물을 약 300 km 떨어진 Carpentaria만의 Karumba 까지 파이프라인을 통해 이송하고 이 곳에서 선적이 이루어져 전 세계로 수출된다. Century 광산은 현재 운영중인 아연광산 중에 알라스카의 Red Dog 광산에 뒤이어 세계에서 두 번째로 큰 규모를 자랑 한다. 그러나 지난 20여 년의 채광 결과 노천채굴에 의한 가 채 매장량이 향후 10년 이내에 고갈될 것이 염려되는 상황에 서 향후 지하 채굴을 염두에 두지 않을 수 없는 것이 현실이 다. 이에 따라, 순도 높은 Century 광상이 심부로 어떻게 확장 되어 있으며, 광상의 생성에 가장 주요한 역할을 담당한 TRF 가 Century 광산 북쪽에서는 지표에서 확인되지 않았는데 이 의 연장확인 및 심부 지질구조의 파악이 시급한 과제로 대두 et al et al 되었다. 2006년 5월, 한국지질자원연구원 지열자원연구실에서는 호 주의 Monash대학 및 predictive Mineral Discovery Co-operative Research Center (pmd*crc)와 공동으로 Century 광산에 서 MT 탐사를 수행하였다. MT 탐사의 목적은 광산 생성에 주된 역할을 했다고 해석되는 TRF의 연장 여부 그리고 Century 광산 주변의 심부 지질구조의 규명에 있다. 탐사기간 동안 두 개의 원거리 기준점(remote reference, RR)이 운영되었는데, 하나는 호주 현지의 탐사현장에서 약 80 km 동쪽에 위치한 Gregory Downs에, 다른 하나는 현지로부터 약 6,400 km 떨어진 일본 Esashi에 설치된 상시 관측소로, 본 연구에서는 현장의 자료와 이들 두 원거리 기준점 자료를 이 용하여 원거리 기준점 자료처리를 수행하고 매우 먼 거리의 원거리 기준점의 활용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 이번 탐사는 호주 에서 수행된 최초의 원거리 기준점 MT 탐사라는 의미와 함께 남반구와 북반구에서 동시에 MT 신호가 측정된 최초의 시도 로서 그 의의가 크다고 할 수 있다. MT탐사 자료 획득 Fig. 1 은 MT 탐사가 이루어진 호주 Century 광산의 위치도 를 보인 것이다. Century 광산으로부터 약 6,400 km 떨어진 일본 Esashi (RR_ESS)와 약 80 km 떨어진 Gregory Downs (RR_GREG)의 위치가 표시되어 있다. 측선도의 중앙에 Century 광산이 있고 북서-남동 쪽으로 Termite Range Fault (TRF, Fig. 1)가 지나고 있다. 이 TRF는 Century 광산을 중심 으로 남동쪽으로는 지표에서 그 증거가 확인되나(실선) 북서 쪽에서는 지표에서 그 징후를 찾아볼 수가 없어(점선) 이 TRF 의 북서쪽 연장을 확인하고자 하는 데에 이번 MT 탐사의 1차 적인 목표를 두었다. 이를 위하여 Century광산의 북쪽에 TRF 와 거의 수직을 이루는 북동-남서 방향의 도로를 따라 측선 Location map showing MT survey stations superimposed on geological map. The remote site RR_GREG is installed in Gregory Downs, which is about 80 km eastward and RR_ESS is about 6,400 km apart from the survey area. Fig. 1.

3 y Century Ÿ MT k 347 Line-1 wš 1 km 19 d (107 ~ 126) w MT k z w. w -û w Little Archie Creek Fault (LAF, Fig. 1) w Century Ÿ x m w w w (Ord et al., 2002), Century Ÿ d û- d Line-2 ewš mw LAF y g w. Line-2 10 d (201 ~ 210) TRF sww.» Line-1 w w. MT k 5 MTU-5A l, w Gregory Downs ew», 4 x ew d z w w. Phoenix Geophysics MTU-5A l GPS»y w û d ƒ w, d x ƒ 17:00 l ú 08:00¾ 15. s» 2» 3 5 d w l d.,» d Phoenix œw (PE4/6C) w, x û 40 Cƒ o», š w m e w wš ù. yw w» w d» ƒ d d ww y wš w.» MT k» MT k w x l 80 km ew Gregory Downs (RR_GREG)» ew w.» 80 km e k k Century Ÿ» œ w û Ÿ š» p w w» w œ ew,» w ohm-m û s q ƒ w q w». RR_GREG, RR_ESS š x CEM-115 GPS t ƒƒ Table 1 w. x l 6,400 km RR_ESS» y ƒ» w» w ww» w k š w (Fig. 2). Phoenix Geophysics œw v SSMT2000 w. k» w (a)» w 0.1 Hz dead band w q» w. RR_GREG w w (b) 0.1 Hz» w, š q q š. ù, Hz w q w d š. Table 1. Location of a field site and two RR sites. Longitude Latitude Distance to CEM-115 CEM o E 18 o S RR-GREG 139 o E 18 o S about 80 km RR-ESS 141 o E 39 o N about 6,400 km Fig. 2. Apparent resistivity and phase curves as a function of frequency after robust processing of the time series for site CEM-116. The results by single site processing (a) and remote reference processing with RR_GREG (b) and RR_ESS (c) are compared.

4 348 k Á šá yájames Cull Hz w q ƒ» w w w w» q w w w» t. CEM-116 d RR_GREG» y coherency w Fig. 3 y w. d» y 0.1 Hz w 1 ƒ¾ coherency Hz w» y ƒ w. ew RR_ESS w ƒ 6,400 km» û q» z ƒ ùkú» w. ù (c)» w w w.» d q., CEM-116 d RR_ESS» y coherency š q š q coherencyƒ û, p w» H y H y R coherencyƒ û w» H x H x R coherency ù. w š q coherency» w» ù q coherencyƒ û ùkù j ƒ. wù d » y ùkü K ƒ 2 w w» y ( q MT yƒ w š, wù t d»» H y û Fig. 3. Comparison of reference coherency of magnetic fields between CEM-116 versus RR_GREG (left) and RR_ESS (right), respectively. Fig. 4. Typical examples of apparent resistivity and phase from sites CEM-109 and CEM-125. Note that they show totally different features at low frequencies between the southern (CEM-109) and northern (CEM-125) parts of Line-1.

5 y Century Ÿ MT k 349 ùkù š š (Yumoto et al., 1994). Fig. 2 RR_GREG w Line-1 d Hz q w» w š, 2 3 w w. w» w š r (Fig. 4), Line-1 û (CEM-109) š q 100 ohm-m» w ƒ 1 Hz û» wš q x 3 d» w š., d (CEM-125) š q» w wù Hz» w û» w d û 1d ̃ š, p 0.01 Hz w¾» w w š š. 2d ¾ ¾ sw w, š q ƒ û w w w š wd w k š l w. 2 3 w x w 2 w» x w w q ùkù. Fig. 5 Line-1 d d d v l 0.01 ~ 100 Hz w w w rose diagram txw, w w w 90 o y w TRF w w N10 o W~N45 o W w w q. Line-1d w N35 o E. RR_GREG w ƒ d v N35 o E z w» w sww (TE )» d sww (TM ) w 2 wwš, w 3 ww. 2 w w w š (Uchida, 1993) w x z š w. d Hz ¾ ƒ ƒ ( ; CEM-109, Fig. 4), z w wš Hz w q š d ƒ sw g w. q Hz ~ 265 Hz ¾ 37 q, d ƒ j w. Fig. 5. A rose diagram of strike direction estimated the MT impedance from all the sites in Line-1 in a frequency range from 0.01 to 100 Hz. Fig D inversion results using (a) TM mode and (b) both TM and TE modes data for Line-1.

6 350 k Á šá yájames Cull 3 2, 3 w w š (Sasaki, 2004) w. 3 ƒ d z sww w., 2 TM w TM TE w (TM+TE w ) w ww (Fig. 6). w, Fig. 7 TM+TE w w» w d w w. w 0.01 Hz w q w d ƒ š d sw ƒ. rms TM w 2.99 ù, TM+TE w w TE» w. Fig. 7 y w TM x ƒ w TE p q d ƒ. TM+TE w w w rms ƒ q» w, Fig. 6 6 km» w TM TE+TM w ƒ w ùkû œm p w w. 1) 100 ohm-m» w ƒ š wd(tl) Ë w 0.5 ~ 1 km Ì ƒ. 2) w» w 1.0 ohm-m w û d w 0.5 ~ 1 km (CEM-121 to CEM-126) ùkù û ƒ ¾ ƒ û (CEM-107) 2 ~ 3 km ùkù. 3) Ord et al. (2002) Century Ÿ w w w 1) d Lawn Hill Formation (LHF) n n d wš 3 km Ì ƒ w. 2 km w» û š w, w ƒ w, CEM-115 y CEM-116 w ƒ w TRF ƒ. 2 TM+TE w w w» Line-1 d wš d, ƒƒ 1 ƒw 3 ww. rms 8.0 TM+TE w w ù w š». TM TE 2 w 3 Fig. 8 w. 2 3 z w, 3 d ü» w 1,000 ohm- Fig. 7. Comparison of pseudo-sections between the calculated from the model shown in Fig. 6 (b) and observed MT data.

7 y Century Ÿ MT k 351 Fig. 8. Comparison of 2-D inversion (left) and 3-D inversion (right) results using TM and TE mode data. m š w d(vrl) d û s sw. z 2 d» z x š w. 3 VRL d sww n d û 2 km, 1 km ü û ¾ y w ùkùš. j Ÿ y Century Ÿ w w w Termite Range Fault (TRF) q w Century Ÿ d wš ƒƒ d MT k z wš, w 2 3 w ww. x l 80 km Gregory Downs» ew y» w MT k z w, Hz Hz Ÿ MT k z w. Esashi e l w» ww, û» w w d» coherencyƒ û» w» w q. MT k l w N10 o W~ N45 o W TRF w ew. w w w d 2 3, j 3d 100 ohm-m» w ƒ n d swš w Century Ÿ sww û» w d Ë swš ùkû. d d 1 km ü w km¾ ùkù, d û 2 km ¾ l 1 ~ 2 km Ì w. k t TRF d d CEM-115 w - ¾ ¾ q. z š w 3 w z š w 2 w w š w d s k y 2 d k 3 w w q. w» y» w y Monash w š y Predictive Mineral Discovery Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*crc) œ y w. š x Andrews, S. J., 1998, Stratigraphy and Depositional Setting of the Upper McNamarra Group, Lawn Hill region, northwest Queensland, Economic Geology, 93, Broadbent, G. C., and Waltho, A. E., 1998, Century zinc-leadsilver deposit. In: Geology of Australia and Papua New Guinean Mineral Deposits, Eds: D. A. Berkman and D. H. Mackenzie. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, Feltrin, L., and Oliver, N. H. S., 2004, Evidence of multi-stage ore genesis at the Century zinc deposit, Northwestern Queensland, Australia, predictive mineral discovery CRC conference, Ord, A., Hobbs, B. E., Zhang, Y., Broadbent, G. C., Brown, M., Willetts, G., Sorjonen-Ward, P., Walshe, J. L., and Zhao, C., 2002, Geodynamic modeling of the Century deposit, Mt Isa Province, Queensland, Aust. J. of Earth Sci., 49, Sasaki, Y., 2004, Three-dimensional inversion of static-shifted magnetotelluric data, Earth Planet and Space, 56, Thomas, G., Stolz, E. M., and Mutton, A. J., 1992, Geophysics

8 352 k Á šá yájames Cull of the Century zinc-lead-silver deposit, northwest Queensland, Explor. Geophys., 23, Uchida, T., 1993, Smooth 2-D inversion for magnetotelluric data based on statistical criterion ABIC, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 45, Yumoto, K., Osaki, H., Fukao, K., Shiokawa, K., Tanaka, Y., Solovyev, S. I., Krymskii, G., Vershinin, E. F., Osinin, V. F., and 210 o Magnetic Meridian Chain Stations, 1994, Correlation of high- and low-latitude Pi2 magnetic pulsations observed at 210 o Magnetic Meridian Chain Stations, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 46,

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