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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 86 권제 1 호 종설 (Review) 비전형적부위에발생하는정맥혈전의치료 서울대학교의과대학분당서울대학교병원내과 방수미 Management of Venous Thrombosis in Atypical Location Soo Mee Bang Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea Venous thrombosis in atypical locations means thrombosis of upper extremity deep vein, cerebral venous sinus, splanchnic vein including portal, hepatic, mesenteric and splenic vein, renal vein, ovarian vein and retinal vein. This thrombosis rarely occurred and could be affected by the involved organ when compared to the incidence and cause of deep vein thrombosis in lower extremity with or without pulmonary embolism. There is a limitation to perform a large-scaled randomized trial for these rare conditions, and several recommendations based on results of small-sized studies and observational registries are available now. Therefore, we need multi-department and international collaboration to test the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation including new oral anticoagulants in the treatment of venous thrombosis in atypical locations. (Korean J Med 2014;86:20-25) Keywords: Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis; Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; Splanchnic vein thrombosis; Portal vein thrombosis; Budd-Chiari syndrome 서론정맥혈전색전의대부분을차지하는하지의심부정맥혈전이나폐색전과는달리상지심부정맥, 대뇌정맥굴, 내장정맥, 신정맥, 난소정맥과망막정맥의혈전은드물게발생하고, 해당장기에병인이존재하는경우가많으며적절한치료원칙이정해져있지않다 [1,2]. 하지심부정맥혈전이나폐색전의경우모니터링이필요없고약제- 약제, 약제-식품간의상호작용이없는경구용항응고제가새로개발되어그 적용이확대되고있으며유지기뿐만아니라초기치료에도주사제인헤파린혹은저분자량헤파린대신하여사용이가능해졌다 [3-7]. 항응고제의사용기간역시환자가가지고있는혈전의재발가능성및치료에따른출혈위험을고려하여 3개월혹은그이상의지속치료를결정한다 [8]. 그러나비전형적부위에발생하는혈전은발생빈도가낮아 3상연구가진행되기어려운제한점이따르고수술, 부동, 혈전호발성향 (thrombobophilia) 등심부정맥혈전이나페색전의원인이되는전신인자외에해당장기의이상이라는국소인자에의 Correspondence to Soo Mee Bang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam , Korea Tel: , Fax: , smbang7@snu.ac.kr Copyright c 2014 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 - Soo Mee Bang. Management of venous thrombosis in atypical location - 해발생할수있어원인적접근도매우다양하다. 따라서아직까지치료방법및기간등치료원칙이정립되지않다. 본고에서는비전형적인부위에발생한정맥혈전의병인과그에따른치료법을상지심부정맥, 대뇌정맥굴과내장정맥의혈전을중심으로고찰하고자한다. 영등의검사로확진하는것이중요하며운동을중단하고필요시에는수술적인감압을실시한다. 폐색전의예방을위해 3개월간의항응고제치료를병용한다 [11]. 대뇌정맥굴혈전 상지심부정맥혈전 상지심부정맥에혈전을일으키는가장중요한원인은중심정맥관의거치이고그다음흔한원인은암이다. 중심정맥관을갖고있는환자에서혈전발생률은최근 3% 정도로낮게보고되므로관삽입후예방적항응고제투약은필요하지않다 [9]. 하지심부정맥혈전의잘알려진위험요소들인수술, 외상, 부동이나혈전호발성향등이상지심부정맥혈전의원인인경우는하지정맥에비해서유의하게낮다. 상지심부정맥혈전의 20-40% 는 effort thrombosis에의해발생한다. 상지심부정맥의혈전을처음보고한 James Paget, 상지근육의물리적인긴장과정맥혈전의연관성을입증한 von Schroetter 의이름을따서 Paget-Schroetter syndrome이라고도한다 [10]. 그림 1에서와같은쇄골하정맥은밑에는첫번째갈비뼈가있고앞과뒤에는 subclavius 건, anterior scalene 근육이있으며위로는빗장뼈로둘러싸여있다. 팔을위로들면쇄골하정맥이있는이해부학적구조가가장좁아진다. 지속적인운동이나물리적인손상으로쇄골하정맥이지속적으로눌리거나손상을입으면혈전이발생할수있고흔한임상증상은상지의부종과통증이다. 의심하는즉시초음파나혈관조 Figure 1. The subclavian vein travels through its own space. The floor of the space is the first rib, the ceiling is the clavicle, and the subclavius tendon and anterior scalene muscles are the walls. 대뇌정맥굴혈전은뇌중풍의 1% 이내로발생하는드문질환으로가장흔한증상은두통이며무증상에서부터경련, 마비, 의식저하, 혼수까지혈전이발생한부위에따라다양한증상이나타난다 [12]. 두개내정맥은밸브가없고혈류정체도없는구조를가지므로유전적혈전호발성향에대한연구가활발히진행되었고, Wysokinska 등 [13] 이 1995년부터 11년간진단된대뇌정맥굴혈전환자를대상으로진행한연구가대표적이다. 대뇌정맥굴혈전환자는하지심부정맥혈전환자에비해유의하게연령이낮았고혈전의후천적인위험요소중에는감염, 동정맥기형, 여성호르몬에의노출, 항카디오리핀항체양성등이높게동반되었다. 선천성혈전성향중에는 prothrombin G20210A 변이가유의하게높게확인되었다. 반면하지심부정맥혈전환자에서 factor V Leiden 변이와 C단백결핍이더많이동반되었다. 요약해보면대뇌정맥굴혈전환자에서혈전호발성향중에서항인지질항체와 prothrombin G20210A 변이가흔히발견되었다. 아울러여성호르몬사용이나임신, 감염과종양등이흔히동반된후천적인위험요소였다 (Table 1). 대뇌정맥굴혈전의치료는 79명의환자를대상으로한소규모 3상연구만이존재하는실정이다. 연구결과에따르면헤파린혹은저분자량헤파린을이용한항응고치료로사망위험을유의하게감소시켰고두개내출혈합병증은동반되지않았으나 1명의환자에서주요위장관출혈이관찰되었다 [14]. 치료기간에대해서는현재까지원칙이정해져있지않으나상기주사제에이은와파린으로 3개월에서 12개월정도의치료를추천한다. 가역적인혈전의위험요인, 예를들면감염, 임신이나호르몬복용이원인이었던환자는 3개월치료후반응을보아중단이가능하다. 원인미상이나선천성혈전호발성향이있는환자에서는 12개월까지항응고치료를지속한다. 재발한경우와항인지질항체증후군이증명된경우에는출혈합병증이없었거나출혈위험이없는한항응고치료를지속한다. 카테터를이용한혈전용해술은증례보고만이되어있어추천하기어려운방법이며두개내
3 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 86 권제 1 호통권제 641 호 Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and their results of thrombophilia test Variable, n (%) CVST (n=163) DVT (n=153) p value Age, mean ± SD 40 ± ± 17 < Female, % 100 (61) 85 (52) Idiopathic 36 (22) 52 (32) Acquired Malignancy 17 (10) 11 (7) Recent surgery 11 (7) 24 (15) Infection 23 (14) 3 (2) < Recent trauma 8 (5) 16 (10) AVM 12 (7) 2 (1) Estrogen 43 (26) 23 (14) ACA, positive 29 (17) 8 (5) LAC, positive 3 (1.8) 9 (5.5) Hereditary Factor V Leiden mutation 17 (10) 39 (24) Prothrombin G20210A mutation 14/122 (11) 8 (4) 0.04 Hyperhomocysteinemia 7 (4) 3 (2) MTHFR C677T mutation 4 (2) 2 (1) Protein C deficiency 0 (0) 7 (4) Protein S deficiency 6 (4) 3 (2) Antithrombin III deficiency 1 (1) 4 (2) CVST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; SD, standard deviation; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; ACA, anticardiolipin antibody including Ig M and Ig G; LAC, lupus anticoagulant. 출혈이동반된경우감압수술이필요할수도있다 [15]. 내장정맥혈전내장정맥혈전의빈도는낮지만이환될경우생명을위협하는치명적인합병증을초래할수있다. 간문맥, 간정맥 (Budd-Chiari syndrome, BCS), 창자간막정맥및비장정맥에혈전이발생할수있고두군데이상을침범하기도한다. 영상기술이발전하기전에는내장정맥혈전의진단이어려워서보통은개복술로확진하는경우가많았고치사율도높아사후부검을통해진단되는예도많았다. 최근전산화단층촬영, 자기공명영상촬영등이보편화되면서조기진단이가능해져내장정맥혈전관련사망률이감소하였다. 내장정맥혈전증환자의약 85% 에서는혈전의원인을확인할수있는데선천성혹은후천적인혈전성향증, 암, 복강 내염증 ( 췌장염, 농양, 염증성장질환, 게실염 ), 수술후협착, 간경화및문맥고혈압등이다. 가장흔히발견되는간문맥혈전의경우약 2/3의환자는국소적원인인복강내암혹은간경화가동반되어있다 [16]. BCS 를일으키는원인은서구는경구피임제, 동양은임신이나산욕기, 하대정맥의막성폐쇄가흔하다. 비장정맥에만혈전이있는환자의절반에서는급성췌장염이동반되며암이나비장절제술이그다음을차지하는원인이다. 선천성혈전호발성향이내장정맥을일으키는원인에서차지하는비중이적은이유는간합성장애로응고인자역시혈중농도가감소하므로이에대한균형이맞춰져서혈전생성이적은것으로이해된다 [17]. 최근가장많이연구된내장정맥혈전의전신성위험인자인골수증식성종양은 BCS 환자의절반, 간외문맥혈전환자의 1/3 에서동반되는이상이다. 간문맥혹은간정맥혈전에서는비장종대, 위장관출혈및혈액의희석으로골수증식성종양의
4 - 방수미. 비전형적부위에발생하는정맥혈전의치료 - 진단이어려웠는데, 병인이되는 JAK2 유전자변이를검사하면골수증식성종양의진단율도높이고알킬화제제를이용한세포수조절등의치료방침수립에도도움이된다. Kiladjian 등 [18] 은간문맥혹은간정맥혈전환자 241명을대상으로 JAK2 변이검사를시행하여 94명 (39%) 에서변이양성으로골수증식성종양을확인할수있었으며변이음성인 147명의환자중추가적인골수검사나 endogenous erythroid colony 형성등의검사를통해추가로 24명 (10%) 의골수증식성종양혹은의증환자를확인할수있었다. JAK2 유전자변이가확인되지않은골수증식성종양환자에서추가로 calreticulin 변이가확인되어이유전자변이가내장정맥혈전의발생에추가로미치는영향이있는지에대한연구도필요하다 [19]. BCS 환자의 10% 에서는발작성야간혈색소뇨증 (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH) 가발견된다. PNH는적혈구막의결함으로인한보체계의적혈구파괴가일어나는후천적질환으로용혈과골수부전이주증상이고혈전의사망의주요원인중하나이다 [20]. 선별검사는유세포분석기를이용하여 CD55, CD59 결핍이있는병적클론의존재여부를확인한다. 내장정맥혈전의치료에서항응고요법은출혈위험성 ( 식도정맥류나혈소판감소증과동반된 ) 과혈전유발요인 ( 간경화나암과관련된 ) 을저울질하여결정된다. 급성내장정맥혈전환자는출혈로인한금기가없는한재발위험도에따라최소 3개월항응고치료를지속한다. 치료의시작은저분자량헤파린혹은헤파린을이용하고이후와파린으로변경한다. 만성내장정맥혈전에대해서는항응고요법을사용할지에대한합의는도출되지않았으며식도정맥류출혈이나비장항진증이동반되어출혈위험성도높으므로치료결정시주의를요한다. 창자간막정맥혈전에서창자의경색이없으면수술은필요치않으나경색에이은복막염이합병될경우응급수술을요한다. BCS 환자에서는이뇨제나복수천자등의보존적인치료가병행되어야하며출혈을일으키는식도정맥류의확인을위한내시경, 필요시경화술도시행하여야한다. 내과적인치료에반응하지않으면간정맥에스텐트를삽입하거나경부정맥혹은수술을통해 portosystemic shunt를만들거나간이식등을고려해야한다 [21]. 항응고제의효과나장기치료시의안정성등을뒷받침할만한근거자료가없는실정이므로내장정맥혈전환자의임상상및항혈전치료의경 과를살펴보는다국적연구가현재진행중이다 [22]. 신정맥혈전옆구리통증과혈뇨가신정맥혈전의대표적인증상이며식욕부진, 오심, 발열등의비특이적인증세가동반되기도한다. 신정맥혈전을일으키는중요한두가지질환은신증후군과신장암이다. 신증후군에서는 5% 부터 62% 의다양한빈도로신정맥혈전이보고되고있다. 치료는항응고제가주된치료이며적절한치료기간에대한권고안은없는실정이다. 혈청알부민의농도가낮을수록과응고성향을보이므로알부민이 2.5 mg/dl 이상올라갈때까지항응고제를투약하는것을추천하기도한다. 한쪽신정맥에국한된혈전을가진신증후군환자에서는경과를보아가며혈전이진행하거나, 증상이나타나면치료를시행할수있다. 혈전제거술이나용해시술의시행을고려해야하는경우는페색전등의합병증이발생한경우, 양측신정맥혈전, 급성신부전이양측신정맥혈전혹은단일신장의신정맥혈전때문에발생한경우, 하대정맥으로진행하는혈전, 항응고제사용의금기가있는경우신이식환자나중증증상을동반하는경우이다 [23]. 신증후군에서의혈전재발률은년당 1% 였고 10년간재발이없는환자가 95% 정도였다. 그러나신장암환자에서는하지정맥혈전과비슷한재발률을관찰할수있었다. 난소정맥혈전골반의종양, 출산이나골반수술후난소정맥에혈전이발생할수있으며위치에따라하대정맥혹은좌측신정맥으로혈전이진행할수는있으나혈전의크기가작아폐색전으로진행하는경우는드물다. 출산과연관되지않은난소정맥혈전의경우재발률이낮으므로혈전호발성향이나다른위험인자 ( 종양 ) 가없는경우에는치료를시행하지않는다. 산후발생한난소정맥혈전은 7-10일간항생제치료와 3 개월정도의항응고치료를병행한다 [24]. 망막정맥혈전망막정맥혈전은비교적흔하다. 원인은혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증과전신성혈관염과같은전신정질환인경우와안압
5 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 86, No. 1, 상승이나녹내장같은안구문제인경우가있다. 혈전호발성향의발병관련성이나항응고제치료의필요성에대해서는아직확실한결론이없는상태이다 [25]. 결 상지심부정맥혈전의가장흔한원인은중심정맥관의거치이고 20-40% 는쇄골하정맥이흉곽을빠져나오는위치에서근육의긴장이나손상과관련된 effort thrombosis로발생한다. 대뇌정맥굴혈전환자에서는하지심부정맥혈전과같이후천적인위험인자나혈전호발성향이없는지살펴보아야하며이를바탕으로 3-12개월혹은지속적인항응고제투약기간을결정한다. 내장정맥혈전중에서가장흔한간문맥혈전은간경화나복강내암이원인이되는경우가흔하고간정맥혈전, 즉 Budd-Chiari syndrome의경우반드시골수증식성종양과발작성야간혈색소뇨증에대한선별검사를시행한다. 신장정맥, 난소정맥, 망막정맥혈전중에서항응고제투약이필요한경우는신장정맥혈전과종양이동반된난소정맥혈전이며출산후발생한난소정맥혈전에서는항응고제및항생제를병용투여한다. 비전형적부위에발생하는혈전의빈도가낮아 3상연구를시행하기에는제한이있지만국제협력연구를통해사용할항응고제및사용기간에대한좀더확실한근거가제시되면이를바탕으로치료방침의수립에도움이될것이다. 아울러하지심부정맥혈전및폐색전에사용되고있는새로운항응고제를비전형적부위의혈전치료에도입하기전에임상시험혹은관찰연구를통해효과및안정성을시험해보아야한다. 중심단어 : 상지심부정맥혈전 ; 대뇌정맥굴혈전 ; 내장정맥혈전 ; 간문맥혈전 ; 간정맥혈전 론 REFERENCES 1. Martinelli I. Unusual forms of venous thrombosis and thrombophilia. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002;32: Martinelli I, Franchini M, Mannucci PM. How I treat rare venous thromboses. Blood 2008;112: Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009;361: Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363: Büller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012;366: Agnelli G, Büller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;369: Büller HR, Décousus H, Grosso MA, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013;369: Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S-494S. 9. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141 (2 Suppl):e195S-226S. 10. Taylor JM, Telford RJ, Kinsella DC, et al. Long-term clinical and functional outcome following treatment for Paget- Schroetter syndrome. Br J Surg 2013;100: Klitfod L, Broholm R, Baekgaard N. Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: a review. Int Angiol 2013;32: Coutinho JM, Stam J. How to treat cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8: Wysokinska EM, Wysokinski WE, Brown RD, et al. Thrombophilia differences in cerebral venous sinus and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Neurology 2008;70: Coutinho JM, de Bruijn SF, deveber G, Stam J. Anticoagulation for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Stroke 2012;43:e Weimar C, Masuhr F, Hajjar K. Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012;10: Thatipelli MR, McBane RD, Hodge DO, Wysokinski WE. Survival and recurrence in patients with splanchnic vein thromboses. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8: Tripodi A, Mannucci PM. The coagulopathy of chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 2011;365: Kiladjian JJ, Cervantes F, Leebeek FW, et al. The impact of JAK2 and MPL mutations on diagnosis and prognosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a report on 241 cases. Blood 2008;111: Klampfl T, Gisslinger H, Harutyunyan AS, et al. Somatic mutations of calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med 2013;369:
6 - Soo Mee Bang. Management of venous thrombosis in atypical location Garcia-Pagán JC, Heydtmann M, Raffa S, et al. TIPS for Budd-Chiari syndrome: long-term results and prognostics factors in 124 patients. Gastroenterology 2008;135: Darwish Murad S, Plessier A, Hernandez-Guerra M, et al. Etiology, management, and outcome of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2009;151: Riva N, Ageno W, Schulman S, et al. Antithrombotic threatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis in the ISTH international registry: results of 6-month follow-up. In: Reitsma P, Rosendaal F, Levi M, eds. XXIV congress of the international society on thrombosis and haemostasis and 59th annual SSC meeting. Amsterdam: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013: Asghar M, Ahmed K, Shah SS, Siddique MK, Dasgupta P, Khan MS. Renal vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;34: Salomon O, Dulitzky M, Apter S. New observations in postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis: experience of single center. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010;21: Querques G, Triolo G, Casalino G, et al. Retinal venous occlusions: diagnosis and choice of treatments. Ophthalmic Res 2013;49:
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