(김창식-남기엽)( ).hwp
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1 = 증례보고 = 아메드방수유출장치삽입술후발생한고안압기환자에서안구지압의효과 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2011;52(3): pissn: eissn: DOI : /jkos 남기엽 1 이종은 1 김창식 1,2 충남대학교의과대학안과학교실 1, 충남대학교의과대학의학연구소 2 목적 : 아메드방수유출장치삽입술후발생하는고안압기와이에대한안구지압의효과를분석해보았다. 대상과방법 : 131 명 131 안의의무기록을열람하였다. 고안압기는수술후 6 개월이내에안압이 22 mmhg 이상으로측정된경우로정의하였다. 고안압기의발생과관련된인자를분석하고, 고안압기가발생한군과발생하지않은군을비교하였다. 안구지압은수술후조기에안압이급격하게증가한경우시행하였고안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은군에서그효과를비교하였다. 안구지압을시행한군에서는그결과를성공및실패로나누어두군간의차이를알아보았다. 결과 : 고안압기는 62.6% 에서나타났으며고안압기가발생한군에서수술성공률이유의하게낮았다. 고안압기는남성에서, 수술전안압이높았던환자에서더많이발생하였다. 고안압기는 82 안에서수술후평균 3.3 주에발생하였는데, 이중 30 안에서급격한안압상승을보여안구지압을시행하였다. 안구지압을시행하지않은군에비하여안구지압을시행한군의안압감소가수술후 2 개월에서 3 년까지지속적으로더크게나타났다. 안구지압군중에서는 14 안에서안압이성공적으로조절되었고안구지압으로안압이조절되지않은군보다수술성공률이더높은경향을보였으나통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (p=0.072). 결론 : 고안압기는아메드방수유출장치삽입술의최종결과와관련된인자로서안구지압은고안압기에대한효과적인치료로이용될수있을것으로보인다. < 대한안과학회지 2011;52(3): > 방수유출장치삽입술은난치성녹내장의유용한수술적방법으로사용되고있다. 방수유출장치는방수의흐름을제어하는밸브가없는 Molteno 장치, 1 Shocket 장치, 2 Bareveldt 장치, 3 Membratne tube 4 와수술후과도한방수유출을제어하기위한밸브가있는장치인 Ahmed 장치, 5 Krupin 장치, 6 Joseph 장치, 7 White 장치, 8 OptiMed 장치 9 로나눌수있다. Molteno et al 10 은 Molteno 방수유출장치삽입술후안압이상승하는기간이발생한다고보고하였다. 7-10일간의저안압기후장치주위로여포가형성되면서안압이점차상승하게되고이때여포부종이사라지면서장치의저류부주위로치밀한섬유성조직이둘러싸게된다. 안압상승 시작수주후에여포의충혈이관찰되며수개월에걸쳐충혈및염증이감소하면서안압이안정화된다고하였다. 이 접수일 : 2010년 7월 15일 게재허가일 : 2010년 12월 16일 심사통과일 : 2010 년 9 월 14 일 책임저자 : 김창식대전시중구대사동 640 충남대학교병원안과 Tel: , Fax: E mail: kcs61@cnu.ac.kr * 본논문의요지는 2009 년대한안과학회제 102 회학술대회에서구연으로발표되었음. 러한일시적인안압상승시기를고안압기 (hypertensive phase) 라고하며아메드방수유출장치삽입술후에도비슷한안압경과가관찰된다. 고안압기는연구에따라다르지만일반적으로수술후 3개월혹은 6개월이내에안압이 22 mmhg 이상으로상승하는경우로정의한다. 안압이상승하는원인은 Molteno 방수유출장치삽입술후와비슷한조직학적변화에기인하는것으로알려져있다. 11 보고에따라고안압기의발생률이다르게나타나는데, Nouri-Mahdavi and Caprioli 11 는수술환자의 56% 에서, Wu et al 12 은 63% 에서고안압기가발생하였다고보고하였으며 Ayyla et al 13 등은발생률이 82% 에달한다고하였다. 방수유출장치삽입술후발생하는고안압기를관리하는방법으로는베타차단제등방수생성억제제를사용할수있고염증을억제하고섬유성조직의성상을조절하기위한스테로이드점안제를사용하기도하며, 안압을낮추고장치주변의낭포성조직의투과성을증대시키기위한안구지압을시행하기도한다. 이상의방법으로안압조절이원활하지못한경우주사바늘을이용한낭포 needling을시행하기도하는데, 이때 5-fluorouracil 이나 mitomycin-c 등의항대사물질을함께사용할수있다. 최종적으로안압조절이여의치않은경우추가적인녹내장수술을시행하여야한다
2 - 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 - 안구지압은녹내장수술후초기에새로이형성된방수유출로의기능이원활하지못할경우물리적으로방수유출을돕기위해쉽게사용되는술기이다. 섬유주절제술후안압을조절하는기본적방법중의하나로이는방수유출을증진시키고여과포의해부학적폐쇄를막으려는목적으로흔히사용되어수술후초기의경과를호전시키는데유용하게이용된다고보고되었다 방수유출장치삽입술후에도실리콘관의일시적폐쇄나, 밸브장치의기능저하가의심될경우에안구지압이유용하게이용될수있고또한수술후초기에장치주위에형성되는섬유혈관성낭포조직의투과성을개선시키기위한방법으로도사용될수있다. 하지만방수유출장치삽입술후발생한고안압기의안압을조절하기위해안구지압을시행한결과에대한보고는찾아보기힘들다. 이에본연구에서는아메드방수유출장치삽입술을시행한환자에서고안압기의발생및경과를분석하고고안압기의발생에관련된임상인자가있는지알아보았으며, 고안압기에대한처치로써안구지압이어느정도유용한지알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 2001년 2월부터 2007년 5월까지본원안과에서아메드방수유출장치 (S-2, New World Medical, CA, USA) 삽입술을시행받은환자 131명, 131안을대상으로후향적으로의무기록을열람하였다. 선천녹내장은성인의녹내장과다른경과를나타내는경우가많은것으로알려져있어 17,18 대상에서제외하였다. 수술후 6개월이상추적관찰이가능하였던환자를대상으로하여특별한이유없이경과관찰에서탈락한경우는대상에서제외하였으나, 경과관찰기간이 6개월미만이라하더라도수술결과가실패로분류되는경우는연구대상에포함시켰다. 수술은단일술자에의해시행되었다. 결막반흔이없거나적은상이측또는상비측을수술부위로정하였으며, 각막윤부로부터후방으로 5 mm 떨어진곳에각막윤부와평행하도록길이 10 mm의윤부기저결막절개를시행하고전후방으로결막과테논낭을공막으로부터박리하였다. 노출된두외안근사이에공간을확보하여방수유출장치의저류부를고정시켰는데, 외안근사이의공간이부족한경우외안근밑에저류부를위치시키고 10-0 nylon (CU-1, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) 을이용하여각막윤부로부터 7-8 mm 떨어진부위의공막에저류부의양쪽앞부분두곳을고정하였다. 각공막윤부에 23 gauge 주사침을이용하여홍채전면과평행한방향으로전방천자를실시하고 실리콘관이전방안으로 1.5 mm 정도삽입될수있도록실리콘관끝을경사지게절단하여경사면이각막쪽을향하도록삽입하였다. 실리콘관은 10-0 nylon을이용하여두곳을공막에고정하였다. 4 3 mm 2 크기의전층공여공막편을윤부쪽의실리콘관위에덮고 10-0 nylon으로공막에고정하였으며, 테논낭과결막을함께 10-0 nylon으로연속봉합하였다. 수술중전방이얕아진 13 안에서 5-0 nylon (P-1, Johnson-Johnson, USA) 을실리콘관옆에대고 8-0 vicryl (TG140-8, Johnson-Johnson, USA) 을이용하여아메드관결찰술을시행하였다. 이때사용한 5-0 nylon은수술후필요에따라제거할수있도록일부를결막밖으로노출시켜두었다. 이들은수술후평균 6.5일에모두제거하였으며특별한문제는발생하지않았다. 수술후 1% atropine sulfate (Ocutropine, Samil, Seoul, Korea) 점안약을 3일간사용하였으며, 0.3% ofloxacin (Ocuflox, Samil, Seoul, Korea) 과 0.12% prednisolone acetate (Ocupred, Samil, Seoul, Korea) 점안약을 1일 4회점안으로시작하여 3개월간에걸쳐점차용량을줄여사용하였다. 의무기록을통해성별, 연령, 전신질환, 녹내장유병여부및기간, 녹내장수술과거력, 녹내장종류, 수술전안압, 수술전녹내장약제수등여러수술전인자들을수집하였다. 수술후 1일, 1주일, 2주일, 1개월, 이후 6개월까지월간격으로시력, 안압, 사용중인녹내장약제수, 안구지압시행여부및시기, 합병증여부등의무기록을확인하였고수술후 1년째부터 5년간은 1년단위로확인하여정보를수집하였다. 안압의측정은골드만압평안압계를사용하여 2회측정한평균을사용하였으며, 안구지압을시행하는환자의경우는안구지압을시행하기이전의안압을기록하였다. 아메드방수유출장치삽입술의최종관찰시성공의정의는녹내장약제의사용여부및개수에상관없이안압이 6-21 mmhg 로유지되는경우로, 실패는안압이 5 mmhg 이하, 22 mmhg 이상인경우, 두줄이상의시력감소가나타난경우, 심각한합병증으로수술적조치가필요하거나, 녹내장약제의사용에도불구하고안압조절이불가능하여추가적인녹내장수술을시행한경우로정의하였다. 본연구에서는고안압기를수술후 6개월이내에외래방문시 2회연속안압이 22 mmhg 이상으로상승한경우로정의하였고, 이중 3주이내에안압이 26 mmhg 이상으로비교적급격하게증가한경우안구지압을시행하였다. 안구지압은손가락이나손바닥을이용해눈을감은상태에서안검위로각막의중앙부에중등도의압력을가하는방식을사용하였고협조가가능한환자의경우스스로안구 316
3 - 남기엽외 : 고안압기에대한안구지압의효과 - 지압을시행하도록하였다. 안구지압은중간에 5초의간격을두고 10초간 3회씩, 1일 3회시행하도록하였다. 안구지압후녹내장약제를사용하지않고안압이 15 mmhg 미만으로떨어진경우, 2회또는 3회이상의안구지압에도안압하강효과가없는경우, 합병증이발생한경우안구지압을중단하였으며, 수술 6개월후시점에서안압이 21 mmhg 이하로유지되는경우에도안구지압을중단하였다. 안구지압의결과는성공과실패로나누었는데, 성공은필요시녹내장약제를사용하면서안구지압으로안압이 6-21 mmhg 이내로계속유지되는경우로정의하였다. 시력이 0.1 미만으로통증조절을목표로수술한경우에는안구지압이후통증이없고안압이 30 mmhg 이하이면서안구지압시행전안압에비하여 30% 이상안압이감소한경우를성공으로정의하였다. 안구지압의실패는지압을시행하며외래로추적관찰하는상태에서 2회이상연속으로위의성공기준을충족시키지못하는경우와안구지압이후새로운합병증이발생한경우로정의하였다. 결과의분석에는 SPSS (version 12.0K, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하였고수술전인자와고안압기발생및안구지압과의관련성분석은 independent t-test 및 Chi-square test를시행하고, 이상에서유의수준이 0.05 이하인변수들을 logistic regression analysis로써다변량분석을시행하였다. 고안압기발생여부혹은안구지압의결과와최종수술결과와의관련성분석에는각각 Chi-square test, Fisher s exact test를사용하였다. 수술후고안압기가나타난군과그렇지않은군간의안압및녹내장약제수의비교, 안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은두군간의안압및녹내장약제수의비교에는 independent t-test 를실시하였다. 수술의누적성공률은 Kaplan-Meier 생존분석을이용해분석하였다. 결 이연구의대상은아메드방수유출장치삽입술을받은 131명 131안이었고, 평균나이는 54.7세였으며, 남자가 94 명 (71.8%), 여자는 37명 (28.2%) 이었다. 당뇨병과고혈압이있는환자는각각 53명 (40.5%), 32명 (24.4%) 이었다. 평균경과관찰기간은 34.0개월이었다. 평균녹내장유병기간은 3.0년이었고, 녹내장수술력 (Nd-YAG 레이저홍채절개술, 모양체광응고술포함 ) 이있는경우는 30안 (22.9%) 이었다. 녹내장종류로는신생혈관녹내장이 60안 (45.8%), Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curve: Cumulative success after Ahmed glaucoma valve implant surgery. Success: 5 mm Hg < IOP < 22 mmhg (with or without anti-glaucoma medication). Success rates are 96.2% at 6 month, 90.2% at 1 year, 81.3% at 2 years, 78.4% at 3 years after sugery. 과 Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects No. of patients (No. of eyes) 131 (131) Age (mean ± SD, yr) 54.7 ± 12.2 Male (eyes, %) 94 (71.8) Female (eyes, %) 37 (28.2) Diabetes mellitus (eyes, %) 53 (40.5) Systemic hypertension (eyes, %) 32 (24.4) Duration of glaucoma (mean ± SD, yr) 3.0 ± 5.3 Previous glaucoma surgery (eyes, %) 30 (22.9) Follow-up (mean ± SD, mon) (range) 34.0 ± 18.7 (1-60) Type of glaucoma (%) Neovascular glaucoma 60 (45.8) Secondary glaucoma 40 (30.5) Failed filtering surgery 14 (10.7) Primary open-angle glaucoma 15 (11.5) Primary angle-closure glaucoma 2 (1.5) Preoperative intraocular pressure (mean ± SD, mmhg) 35.7 ± 13.9 No. of glaucoma medication (mean ± SD) 3.3 ±
4 - 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 - 이차성녹내장이 40안 (30.5%) 으로많은부분을차지하였다. 수술전평균안압은 35.7 mmhg였고평균녹내장약제수는 3.3개였다 (Table 1). 아메드방수유출장치삽입술후 6개월의성공률은 96.2% 였 Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curve: Comparison of cumulative success after Ahmed glaucoma valve implant surgery between the group with hypertensive phase and without hypertensive phase. Success: 5 mm Hg < IOP < 22 mmhg (with or without anti-glaucoma medication). Cumulative survival in the group with hypertensive phase: 85.1% at 12 month, 75.0% at 24 month, 69.5% at 36 month postoperatively. Cumulative survival in the group without hypertensive phase was 95.9% at 12 month, 91.4% at 24 month, 88.2% at 36 months. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p = 0.007, log rank test). 으며, 1년, 2년, 3년성공률은각각 90.2%, 81.3%, 78.4% 였다 (Fig. 1). 고안압기는 82안 (62.6%) 에서발생하였으며평균발생시기는 3.3주였다. 고안압기가발생한군의누적성공률은 1년에 85.1%, 2년에 75.0%, 3년에 69.5% 였고고안압기가발생하지않은군에서는 1년에 95.9%, 2년에 91.4%, 3년에 88.2% 로누적성공률은고안압기가발생한군에서통계적으로유의하게낮았다 (Fig. 2, p=0.007, log rank test). 고안압기발생과수술전인자들의관련성을분석하였다. 단변량분석에서는남성, 당뇨병환자, 신생혈관녹내장환자, 수술전안압이높았던환자에서고안압기가더많이발생하는것으로나타났다 (p<0.05, Table 2). 이들을이용하여다시다변량분석을시행한결과남성성별과수술전안압이높았던경우에서만고안압기의발생위험이유의하게더높은것으로나타났다. 고안압기발생위험은여성에비해남성에서 3.18배 (95%, CI= ) 높게나타났고수술전안압의경우 1 mmhg씩높아질때마다 1.03배높아지는것으로나타났다. 한편, 고안압기발생위험은당뇨병이있는환자에서는당뇨병이없는환자에비해 1.92 배높았고, 신생혈관녹내장환자에서는다른녹내장환자에비해 2.05배높았으나이두변수에의한차이는통계적으로유의한수준에는도달하지못하였다 (Table 3). 고안압기가발생한군과발생하지않은군의수술후안압및녹내장약제수의경과를비교하였다. 고안압기가발생한군에서발생하지않은군에비해수술 1일후부터 1년시점까지통계적으로유의하게안압이높게측정되었다. 그 Table 2. Comparison of baseline characteristics of the subjects between the groups with and without hypertensive phase Variables Hypertensive phase (n = 82) No hypertensive phase (n = 49) p-value Age (mean ± SD, yr) 54.4 ± ± * Sex (eyes, %) Male 65 (79.3) 29 (59.2) Female 17 (20.7) 20 (40.8) Systemic disease (eyes, %) Diabetes mellitus 40 (48.8) 12 (24.5) Systemic hypertension 25 (30.5) 7 (14.3) Glaucoma surgery history (eyes, %) 15 (18.3) 15 (30.6) Duration of glaucoma (mean ± SD, yr) 3.8 ± ± * Type of glaucoma Neovascular glaucoma 47 (78.3) 13 (22.7) Secondary glaucoma 21 (52.5) 19 (47.5) Failed glaucoma surgery 5 (35.7) 9 (64.3) Primary open angle glaucoma 9 (60.0) 6 (40.0) Primary angle closure glaucoma 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) Preoperative IOP (mean ± SD, mmhg) 38.3 ± ± * No. of glaucoma medication (mean ± SD) 3.3 ± ± * * Independent T-test; Chi-square test; Neovascular glaucoma developed hypertensive phase more frequently compared to the other types of glaucomas (Chi-sqaure test, p = 0.001)
5 - 남기엽외 : 고안압기에대한안구지압의효과 - Table 3. Results of logistic analysis on the variables of the development of hypertensive phase Variables N Multivariate Odds ratio (95% CI) p-value Sex Female Male ( ) Diabetes mellitus Non-DM DM patient ( ) Glaucoma Others Neovascular glaucoma ( ) Preoperative IOP 1.03 ( ) * CI = confidence interval. * Odds ratio when intraocular pressure rise by 1 mmhg. Table 4. Comparison of baseline characteristics of the subjects between massage group and no massage group Variables Massge group No massage (n = 30) group (n = 52) p-value Age (mean ± SD, yr) 51.3 ± ± * Sex (eyes, %) Male 25 (83.3) 40 (76.9) Female 5 (16.7) 12 (23.1) Systemic disease (eyes, %) DM 19 (63.3) 32 (61.5) Hypertension 11 (36.7) 14 (26.9) Glaucoma surgery History (eyes, %) 4 (13.3) 11 (21.2) Duration of glaucoma (mean ± SD, yr) 2.6 ± ± * Preoperative IOP (mean ± SD, mmhg) 37.2 ± ± * No. of glaucoma medication (mean ± SD) 3.5 ± ± * * Independent T-test; Chi-square test. Figure 3. Changes in intraocular pressure in the groups with and without hypertensive phase. * Significantly higher IOP between 2 groups (p < 0.05, independent T-test). 이후에는고안압기가발생한군에서안압이더높게관찰되기는하였으나고안압기가발생하지않은군과통계적인차이는보이지않았다 (Fig. 3). 녹내장약제수는수술후 2개월에서 1년까지는고안압기가나타난군에서통계적으로유의하게더많이사용되었지만이외의기간에서는유의한차이는보이지않았다 (Fig. 4). 고안압기가발생한군중조기에안압이높게상승한 30 Figure 4. Change in the number of glaucoma medications in the groups with and without hypertensive phase. * Significantly higher number of medication between 2 groups (p < 0.05, independent T-test). 안에서안구지압을시행하였다. 평균안구지압시작시기는 27일이었다. 고안압기가발생한 82안을안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은군으로나누어성별, 연령, 전신질환, 녹내장유병여부및기간, 녹내장수술과거력, 녹내장종류, 수술전안압, 수술전녹내장약제수등여러가지수술전임상인자를비교하였으나통계적으로의미있는차이는없었다 (Table 4). 안구지압을시행한군과안구 319
6 - 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 - 지압을시행하지않은군의수술후안압경과와녹내장약제수의변화를비교하였는데, 안구지압을시행한군에서수술다음날부터수술후 2개월까지안압이통계적으로의미있게높았으나이후에는차이가없었다 (Fig. 5). 수술후사용된녹내장약제의수는수술후경과관찰전기간에 Figure 5. Change in intraocular pressure in the groups with and without ocular massage. * Significantly higher intraocular pressure between 2 groups (p < 0.05, independent T-test). 걸쳐두군간에유의한차이가없었다 (Fig. 6). 평균고안압기발생시기가 3.3주이고안구지압을시행한평균시작시기가 27일이었기때문에아메드방수유출장치삽입술후 1개월시점의안압과비교한 2개월이후의안압변화량을안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은군으로나누어비교하였다. 안구지압을시행한군에서는수술후 1개월에비해 2개월부터 3년까지안압이하강하는경과를보였으나안구지압을시행하지않은군에서는 3개월, 4 개월, 5개월에는수술후 1개월에비해안압이증가한것으로나타났다. 수술후 1개월째에대한안압하강정도는안구지압을시행한군에서시행하지않은군에비해수술후 6개월, 1년, 2년, 3년에통계적으로유의하게더크게나타났다 (Fig. 7). 안구지압의결과는성공과실패로나누어보았을때성공은 14안 (46.7%), 실패는 16안 (53.3%) 으로나타났다. 안구지압으로안압조절에실패한군에서이전에녹내장수술을받은기왕력이있는눈이 2안있었으나, Figure 6. Change in the number of glaucoma medication in the groups with and without ocular massage. There is no significant difference between two groups at all the time points. Figure 7. The change in intraocular pressure from 1 month after surgery (reference IOP at the beginning of the ocular massage) in the groups with and without ocular massage. * Significantly greater change in intraocular pressure in massage group (p < 0.05, independent T-test). Table 5. Comparison of baseline characteristics and final surgical outcome between successful massage group and massage failure group Variables Massage success Massage failure (n = 14) (n = 16) p-value Age (mean±sd, yr) 52.3 ± ± * Sex (eyes, %) Male 11 (78.6) 14 (87.5) Female 3 (21.4) 2 (12.5) Systemic disease (eyes, %) DM 9 (64.3) 10 (62.5) Hypertension 5 (35.7) 6 (37.5) Glaucoma surgery history (eyes, %) 0 (0.0%) 2 (100%) Duration of glaucoma (mean ± SD, yr) 3.6 ± ± * Preoperative IOP (mean ± SD, mmhg) 34.1 ± ± * No. of glaucoma medication (mean ± SD) 3.4 ± ± * Final outcome of operation (eyes,%) Success 11 (78.6%) 7 (43.7%) Failure 3 (22.4%) 9 (56.3%) Failure from complications: 2 hyphema and 1 epithelial defect. * Independent T-test; Chi-square test; Fisher's exact test; Failure from poor IOP control: 9 cases (30%)
7 - 남기엽외 : 고안압기에대한안구지압의효과 - 안구지압으로안압조절에성공한눈에서는녹내장수술의기왕력이없었다. 그외에안구지압의성공군과실패군에서성별, 연령, 전신질환, 녹내장유병여부및기간, 녹내장수술과거력, 녹내장종류, 수술전안압, 수술전녹내장약제수등여러가지수술전인자를비교하여보았으나두군간에통계적으로유의한차이는발견할수없었다. 한편, 안구지압에의해안압조절을성공한경우는방수유출장치삽입술의최종성공률이 78.6% 로, 안구지압으로안압이조절되지않았던군의최종성공률 43.7% 에비하여더높게나타나는경향을보였으나통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (p=0.072, Table 5). 고찰 방수유출장치는도관을이용하여전방에서부터안구적도부후방의테논낭밑에위치시킨저류부까지방수의통로를만들어줌으로써방수를안구밖으로유출시켜안압을조절하는장치이다. 이는포도막염이나외상으로인한이차성녹내장, 신생혈관녹내장, 이전의고식적여과수술에실패한녹내장등을포함한난치성녹내장의치료에사용되고있다. 난치성녹내장에서방수유출장치삽입술의 1년성공률은보고에따라 % 로다양하게나타나고있다. 13,19-21 이번연구의 1년성공률은 90.2% 로나타났다. 고안압기는방수유출장치삽입술후 3개월혹은 6개월이내에일시적으로안압이상승하는기간을말하는것으로 Molteno 장치, Krupin 장치, 아메드방수유출장치등의수술후발생한것이보고되었다 ,21-24 이번연구에서사용한아메드방수유출장치삽입술후발생한고안압기에대한보고로, Wu et al 12 과 Ayyla et al 13 은수술후 6개월이내에안압이 22 mmhg 이상상승하는경우를고안압기로보았고각각 63% 와 82% 에서발생하였다고하였다. Nouri-Mahdavi and Caprioli 11 와 McIlraith et al 25 은아메드방수유출장치삽입술후 3개월이내에안압이 22 mmhg 이상으로상승하는경우를고안압기로정의하였으며 56% 와 38% 의발생률을보였다고하였다. 본연구에서는수술후 6개월이내에안압이 22 mmhg 이상으로높아지는경우를고안압기로정의하였고그결과 62.6% 에서고안압기가발생하는것으로나타났으며평균발생시기는 3.3 주였다. 이번연구에서는고안압기발생과통계적인연관성을가지는수술전인자를찾아보았는데, 단변량분석에서는남성, 당뇨병환자, 신생혈관녹내장환자, 수술전안압이높았던환자에서고안압기가더많이발생하는것으로나타났다. 이들변수를다변량분석으로검사한결과성별과수 술전안압에서만유의한차이를나타내어남성은여성에비하여 3.18배고안압기의발생위험이높았고, 수술전안압이 1 mmhg 높아질때마다고안압기의발생위험은 1.03 배로유의하게상승하는것으로나타났다. 반면, 당뇨병을앓고있는경우, 그리고다른녹내장에비하여신생혈관녹내장에서더높은발생률을나타내기는하였으나이는통계적으로유의하지는않았다. 따라서이런남성성별, 수술전높은안압등의고위험인자를가지는환자에서아메드방수유출장치삽입술을시행할때고안압기의발생에대한주의가필요할것으로생각되며비록다변량분석결과통계적으로유의한결과를보이지는않았지만당뇨병환자, 신생혈관녹내장환자에서도고안압기의발생위험성이높을개연성이있다. 이전의보고들에서고안압기는단순한일시적인안압상승기간의의미이상이며아메드방수유출장치삽입술의최종성공여부에영향을미치는인자로작용한다고하였고 11,24 본연구에서도역시고안압기가발생한군에서수술성공률이통계적으로유의하게낮은것으로나타났다. 이번연구에서고안압기가발생한군과발생하지않은군의안압및녹내장약제수를비교하였을때, 안압의경우고안압기가발생한군에서발생하지않은군에비해 1년까지통계적으로유의하게높게측정되다가그이후두군간에통계적인차이를보이지않았고녹내장약제수의경우에도수술후 2개월에서 1년까지통계적으로의미있게많게나타났지만그이후에는유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이를통해볼때고안압기가발생한군에서수술후초기에적극적인안압의관리가필요하며, 수술후약 1년정도의기간동안안압을조절해줄수있으면, 그이후에는안압이스스로안정화될것을기대할수있을것으로보인다. 이러한고안압기의치료방법으로써베타차단제, 스테로이드의사용과함께안구지압이이용될수있다. McIlraith et al 25 은아메드방수유출장치삽입술후고안압기가발생한모든눈에안구지압을시행하여안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은군에서 1년째경과관찰시녹내장약제수의차이를보이지않으면서안압이통계적으로의미있는차이를보이지않아안구지압이고안압기에대한효과적인치료라고보고하였다. 하지만이연구는대상군의수가적고고안압기가발생한모든안에서안구지압을시행하여그결과를고안압기가발생하지않은군과비교했기때문에고안압기가발생한눈에서의안구지압효과를직접적으로대변하지는못할것으로보인다. 이번연구에서는고안압기가발생한눈에서안구지압을실시한군과실시하지않은군을비교하여보았는데, 안구지압을성공한경우와실패한경우로나누어분석하였다. 성공은필요시녹 321
8 - 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 - 내장약제를사용하면서안구지압으로안압이 6-21 mmhg 이내로계속유지되는경우로정의하였는데임상적으로유용한시력을나타내지않는눈에서는통증등의증상호전을목표로하여적극적으로안압을조절하려는노력을하지않았기때문에지압후통증없이안압이 30 mmhg 이하로유지되면서지압전안압보다 30% 이상감소한경우로정의하였다. 안구지압으로안압조절에성공한경우는수술의최종성공률이 78.6% 로안구지압으로안압조절이실패한경우의최종성공률 43.7% 보다더높게나타났으나, 안구지압의성공여부와수술의최종성공률간의통계적인유의성은보이지않았다 (p=0.072). 따라서고안압기가발생한눈에서수술후 1년까지안구지압을포함한모든방법을동원하여안압을조절하여줄경우, 최소한일부의환자에서는방수유출장치삽입술후초기안압상승으로인한수술의실패를막을수있을것으로보인다. 안구지압과같은임상경과에도움이될수있는처치의효과를판단하기위해서는동일한조건의대조군을설정해야하지만임상연구에서는윤리적문제로이러한시술을하지않은대조군을설정하기어려운제한점이있다. 본연구에서는고안압기가발생한군중비교적빠른시기에안압이 26 mmhg 이상으로급격히상승한 30안에서안구지압을시행하였으며그결과를상대적으로느리고완만하게안압이상승하여안구지압을시행하지않은나머지의고안압기군과비교하였다. 평균고안압기발생시기가 3.3주이고안구지압을시행한평균시작시기가 27일이었기때문에아메드방수유출장치삽입술후 1개월시점의안압과그이후의안압변화량을분석하였다. 안구지압을시행한군에서수술후경과관찰전기간에걸쳐수술후 1개월째에비해안압이감소하는결과를보였으며 2개월째 10.4%, 3개월째 23.3%, 4개월째 24.9%, 5개월째 30.8%, 6개월째 29.6% 의안압강하를나타냈다. 안구지압을시행하지않은군에서는 2개월째 1.7% 의안압강하를보였으나 3개월, 4개월, 5개월째에는수술후 1개월째에비해안압이증가하는결과를보이다가 6개월째 6.0% 의안압강하소견을보여안구지압을시행한군에서유의하게안압의감소가더큰것으로나타났다. 또한이런안압하강의정도는고안압기를지난수술후 1년에서 3년까지의기간에도계속크게유지되어, 수술후 1개월과 2개월째에는안구지압군에서안압이높았지만, 수술후 3개월에서 3년까지의기간에는두군간에통계적으로의미있는안압차이를나타내지않았다. 안구지압군에서수술후 1개월시점이후 2개월, 3개월째안압이감소하는경과를보이는데반해안구지압을시행하지않은군에서는안압이상승하는경과를보임으로써두군간의안압경과의차이가대조된다 (Fig. 5, 6). 녹내장약제수는수술후전기간에걸쳐두군간에유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이상을종합할때, 비록동일한조건에서비교를할수없어정확한효과를판단하기에어려움이있으나안구지압을통해녹내장약제를추가적으로사용하지않고도안구지압을시행하지않은군에비해안압을효과적으로조절할수있었다. 안구지압의성공여부와통계적으로유의한연관성을갖는수술전임상인자는찾을수없었다. 임상적으로안구지압후불과몇시간만에안압이안구지압을시행하기이전의수준으로되돌아오는경우도있으나실제임상에서많은환자들에대해안구지압을시행하면즉시안압이큰폭으로떨어지는점을감안하면안구지압은최소한일시적으로라도안압을하강시킬수있으며, 이번연구에서각시기별안압의측정은안구지압을시행하기이전의안압을측정했기때문에안구지압이안압을일시적으로내렸다고생각하기어렵다. 또한안압이일시적으로내려간다고하더라도아메드방수유출장치삽입술을시행받을만큼심각하게높은안압을나타내는난치성녹내장환자에서안구지압후비록상대적으로짧은기간동안이라도안압을일정수준이하로낮춰줄수있다면시신경과신경절세포에주어지는물리적인스트레스를경감시키고혈액순환에도움을줄수있을것으로보이며, 이는지속적으로높은안압에노출되어있는경우에비하여시신경보호에유리하게작용할수있을것이다. 아메드방수유출장치삽입술후안구지압을시행할때발생가능한합병증으로는각막손상, 저안압, 전방소실, 결막봉합부위의방수누출, 전방출혈, 실리콘관-홍채접촉, 각막- 수정체접촉등이있으나본연구에서는각막미란이 1안에서, 전방출혈이 2안에서발생하였으나안구지압을중단한후수일내에호전되었다. 본연구의제한점은후향적연구로안구지압을시행한군과시행하지않은군이동일한조건으로분류지않았다는것이다. 따라서안구지압의효과를객관적으로확인하기위해서는비록대조군의설정에윤리적인문제를수반하기때문에어려움이있기는하지만, 무작위적으로안구지압을시행하여시신경의변화나시야의변화를장기적으로관찰하는전향적인연구가필요할것으로보인다. 결론적으로안구지압은아메드방수유출장치삽입술후많은환자에서발생하는고안압기에대한치료로이용될수있으며, 최소한일부의환자에서수술후초기의고안압기동안높은안압에의한추가적인녹내장성손상의예방을위한치료로효과가있을것으로보인다
9 - 남기엽외 : 고안압기에대한안구지압의효과 - 참고문헌 1) Molteno ACB. New implant for drainage in glaucoma: clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 1969;53: ) Schocket SS, Lakhanpal V, Richards RD. Anterior chamber tube shunt to an encircling band in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1982;89: ) Lloyd MA, Baerveldt G, Heuer DK, et al. Initial clinical experience with the baerveldt implant in complicated glaucomas. Ophthalmology 1994;101: ) Ahn BH, Kim CS, Kim YB. Use of e-ptfe membrane for glaucoma drainage surgery. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 1990;31: ) Coleman AL, Hill R, Wilson MR, et al. Initial clinical experience with the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120: ) Krupin T, Podos SM, Becker B, Newkirk JB. Valve implants in filtering surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81: ) Joseph NH, Sherwood MB, Trantas G, et al. A one-piece drainage system for glaucoma surgery. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1986;105: ) White TC. Clinical results of glaucoma surgery using the White glaucoma pump shunt. Ann Ophthalmol 1992;24: ) Prata JA Jr, Mérmoud A, LaBree L, Minckler DS. In vitro and in vivo flow characteristics of glaucoma drainage implants. Ophthalmology 1995;102: ) Molteno TE, Dempster AG. Methods of controlling bleb fibrosis around drainage implants. In: Mills KB, ed. AHMED GLAUCOMA VALVE 1007 Fourth International Symposium of the Northern Eye Institute, 1st ed. Vol Manchester, UK: Pergamon Press, 1988; ) Nouri-Mahdavi K, Caprioli J. Evaluation of the hypertensive phase after insertion of the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136: ) Wu SC, Huang SC, Lin KK. Clinical experience with the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in complicated glaucoma. Chang Gung Med J 2003;26: ) Ayyala RS, Zurakowski D, Smith JA, et al. A clinical study of the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in advanced glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1998;105: ) Buys YM, Trope GE. Massage: technique and complications. In: Trope GE, eds. Glaucoma Surgery. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis, 2005; ) Wieland M, Spaeth GL. Use of digital compression following glaucoma surgery. Ophthalmic Surg 1988;19: ) Lerner SF, Parrish RK. Early postoperative trabeculectomy management: days In: Lerner SF, Parrish RK. Glaucoma Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincortt Williams and Wilkins, 2003; ) Morgan KS, Black B, Ellis FD, Helveston EM. Treatment of congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92: ) deluise VP, Anderson DR. Primary infantile glaucoma (congenital glaucoma). Surv Ophthalmol 1983;28: ) Lee YW, Yim JH, Lee SB, Kim CS. The factors associated with the success of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2005;46: ) Englert JA, Freedman SF, Cox TA. The Ahmed valve in refractory pediatric glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127: ) Huang MC, Netland PA, Coleman AL, et al. Intermediate-term clinical experience with the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127: ) Fellenbaum PS, Almeida AR, Minckler DS, et al. Krupin disk implantation for complicated glaucomas. Ophthalmology 1994;101: ) Lieberman MF, Ewing RH. Drainage implant surgery for refractory glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1990;30: ) Ayyala RS, Zurakowski D, Monshizadeh R, et al. Comparison of double-plate Molteno and Ahmed glaucoma valve in patients with advanced uncontrolled glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2002; 33: ) McIlraith I, Buys Y, Campbell RJ, Trope GE. Ocular massage for intraocular pressure control after Ahmed valve insertion. Can J Ophthalmol 2008;43:
10 - 대한안과학회지 2011 년제 52 권제 3 호 - =ABSTRACT= Effects of Digital Ocular Massage in Patients in a Hypertensive Phase after Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation Ki Yup Nam, MD 1, Jong Eun Lee, MD 1, Chang Sik Kim, MD, PhD 1,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine 1, Daejeon, Korea Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University 2, Daejeon, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the course of the hypertensive phase (HP) after Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation and the effects of digital ocular massage. Methods: A total of 131 eyes of 131 patients, who underwent AGV implantation surgery, were studied retrospectively. HP was defined as an IOP (intraocular pressure) 22 mm Hg within 6 months after surgery. Various clinical factors related to the occurrence of HP were analyzed. The HP group was compared to the non-hp group. Ocular massage was performed in patients showing acute elevation of IOP at a relatively early postoperative period, and the effects were compared with the non-massage group. The patients who received ocular massage were divided, based on its effects, and compared. Results: HP developed in 62.6% of the patients after AGV surgery, and the success rate was significantly lower in the HP group. HP occurred more often in males and in patients with high IOP before surgery. HP developed in 82 eyes at 3.3 weeks after surgery in average. Ocular massage was performed in 30 eyes that showed acute IOP increase. The amount of IOP reduction, compared to 1 month after surgery, was greater in massage group than no massage group from 2 months to 3 years after surgery. Successful IOP control by ocular massage was observed in 14 eyes (46.7%), and the success rate was higher in these patients than the patients who showed no significant IOP reduction by ocular massage. But, the difference was not significant (p = 0.072). Conclusions: HP is related to the final outcome of surgery. Digital ocular massage can be used as an effective method to control HP and prevent further glaucomatous damage. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2011;52(3): Key Words: Ahmed glaucoma valve, Hypertensive phase, Ocular massage Address reprint requests to Chang Sik Kim, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital #640 Daesa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon , Korea Tel: , Fax: , kcs61@cnu.ac.kr 324
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