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1 K OREAN N EUROLOGICAL A SSOCIATION 2016 년도추계전공의통합교육 : ( ) : 6
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3 Program 프로그램 KOREAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016 년추계전공의통합교육 2016 년 11 월 6 일 ( 일 ) 서울아산병원동관 6 층대강당 시간 강의제목 연자 09:00-09:10 Welcome address 김재문수련이사 Clinical Approach to Patients with Neuromuscular Disease 09:10-09:45 Pattern approach to neuromuscular disorders 권오현 ( 을지의대 ) 09:45-10:20 Find a clue-signs in neuromuscular disorders 신진홍 ( 부산의대 ) 10:20-10:35 Intermission Tests in Neuromuscular Disease 10:35-11:10 Serologic tests for neuromuscular disorders 홍윤호 ( 서울의대 ) 11:10-11:45 How to design electrophysiological tests 신하영 ( 연세의대 ) 11:45-12:20 Nerve and muscle pathology 박영은 ( 부산의대 ) 12:20-13:20 Lunch Principles and Real World Treatment of Neuromuscular Disease 13:20-13:45 Corticosteroid and immunosuppressants 김지영 ( 서남의대 ) 13:45-14:10 IV immunoglobulin and plasma exchange 안석원 ( 중앙의대 ) 14:10-14:35 Symptomatic management in neuromuscular diseases 오지영 ( 건국의대 ) 14:35-14:50 Intermission Practical Issue - Ultrasonography 14:50-15:20 Overview of neuromuscular ultrasonography 안재영 ( 가톨릭의대 ) 15:20-15:50 The value of US in assessment of compressive neuropathies 석정임 ( 대구가톨릭의대 ) 15:50-16:20 전문의고시안내 최호진고시간사
4 Contents 목차 KOREAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Clinical Approach to Patients with Neuromuscular Disease Pattern approach to neuromuscular disorders 권오현 ( 을지의대 ) 3 Find a clue-signs in neuromuscular disorders 신진홍 ( 부산의대 ) 20 Tests in Neuromuscular Disease Serologic tests for neuromuscular disorders 홍윤호 ( 서울의대 ) 25 How to design electrophysiological tests 신하영 ( 연세의대 ) 27 Nerve and muscle pathology 박영은 ( 부산의대 ) 28 Principles and Real World Treatment of Neuromuscular Disease Corticosteroid and immunosuppressants 김지영 ( 서남의대 ) 33 IV immunoglobulin and plasma exchange 안석원 ( 중앙의대 ) 39 Symptomatic management in neuromuscular diseases 오지영 ( 건국의대 ) 44 Practical Issue - Ultrasonography Overview of neuromuscular ultrasonography 안재영 ( 가톨릭의대 ) 51 The value of US in assessment of compressive neuropathies 석정임 ( 대구가톨릭의대 ) 60
5 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 2016 년 11 월 6 일 ( 일요일 )
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7 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 권오현을지대학교의과대학을지대학교을지병원신경과학교실 Pattern Approach to Neuromuscular Disorders Ohyun Kwon Department of Neurology, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine The diagnosis of some neuromuscular diseases can be frustrating, time consuming and costly. Regardless of neuropathic or myopathic processes, integrated bedside assessment with detailed history taking and careful physical/neurological examination, with attention to the pattern of involvement, the types of nerve fibers most affected, and other aspects of the physical examination, narrows the differential diagnosis and helps to focus the laboratory evaluation. Key Words: Pattern recognition, Neuromuscular disorders, Neuropathy, Myopathy 신경계질환의평가는현재병력 (history of present illness), 과거병력 (past medical history), 가족력 (family history) 과사회력 (social history), 전신계통검토 (systemic review), 그리고신경학적검사를포함한신체검사 (physical examination) 로구성된다. 신경과의사는여기서얻은증상 (complaints, symptoms) 과징후 (findings, signs) 의정보를통합하고, 의학적인추론 (reasoning) 을통해핵심문제를도출하여, 다양한수준의국소화진단 (localization diagnosis) 을거쳐병인론적진단 (etiological diagnosis) 에이른다. 말초신경계는뇌 (brain) 와척수 (spinal cord) 의중추신경계바깥에있는신경 (nerve) 와신경절 (ganglion) 로구성되어있으며, 눈과귀를포함한전신의감각기관, 근육 (muscle), 혈관, 분비샘 (gland) 들을중추신경계에연결한다. 말초신경계와운동신경계의지배조직인횡문근을침범하는질환을통칭하여신경근육질환 (neuromuscular disorders) 라정의한다. 일부에서는협의로운동신경, 신경근육이음부 (neuromuscular Ohyun Kwon, M.D. Professor Department of Neurology, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University College of Medicine 68 Hangeulbisuk-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01830, Korea Tel: Fax: junction), 그리고근육을침범하는질환으로규정하기도한다. 자율신경계질환을별도로기능적으로는운동기능 (motor function), 감각기능 (sensory function), 그리고자율신경기능 (autonomic nervous function) 계으로분류할수있으며, 신경근육질환은이세기능중단일기능이나복수의기능에다양한조합의기능부전 (dysfunction) 을주된임상소견으로한다. 신경근육질환의말초신경계의기능적위계 (hierarchy) 에따라크게구분하며, 1. Spinal muscular atrophy and other disorders of motor neurons 2. Disorders of motor nerve roots 3. Disorders of peripheral nerve 4. Disorders of neuromuscular transmission 5. Disorders of muscle 로나누며, 각질환별비교하여구분되는기본적인특징은 Table 1과같다. 신경원성질환 (neurogenic disorders) 는일반적으로병리적과정이있어나는해부학적위치에따라, 예를들어, 앞뿔세포병이말초신경병과는구분하여분류되고, 근육병은이와는달리선천성혹은후천성으로분류되고, 특별히잘알려진다발근육염 (polymyositis) 등은별도로분류한다. 이런분류의차이는신경원성질환은앞뿔세포, 신경 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 3
8 권오현 Table 1. Classification of neuromuscular disorders Sites Motor neuron Root Peripheral nerve Neuromuscular junction Muscle Example Motor neuron disease, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Radiculopathy Peripheral neuropathy Neuromuscular junction disorders, e.g., myasthenia gravis Myopathy, e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy, polymyositis Distribution Widespread Segmental Distal part Proximal and Proximal part oculobulbar area Sensory involvement Absent Present Present Absent Absent Tendon reflex Exaggerated, or weak Weak or absent Weak or absent Normal Relatively preserved or absent Others Fasciculation Radiating pain Glove and stocking type Fatigability, fluctuation of weakness Laboratory and electrodiagnostic findings -EMG: neurogenic changes -NCS: abnormal findings -EMG: neurogenic changes -Nerve biopsy -RNST (Jolly test): decremental responses -Anti-AchR antibody -EMG: myogenic changes -serum muscle enzymes: increased -Muscle biopsy 뿌리, 수초를포함한말초신경, 운동종말판등이다른병리적과정으로주로침범되는반면에근육은보다균일한조직인점에기인한다.(Table 2) 1, 2 최신의유전자검사나면역학등분자생물학적방법으로신경근육질환은더욱세분화되고, 유전자적진단이나특정자가면역항체검출, 혹은특정대사장애를확인하는수준의진단에이르지못하면, 마치온전하게진단적과정을완료하지않은것으로느껴질정도이다. 그러나, 실제임상진료현장에서는환자의문제를적절히분류하고, 경우에따라, 비교적간단한혈액검사나신경근전도검사등의신경생리학적평가로정확한진단을내리고그에따라관리하는것이임상신경과의사의핵심역할이다. 최신의유전자적진단과정을거쳐야하는환자는매우드물다. 근육디스트로피등유전자진단이필요한환자라도, 임상적진단이뒷받침되지않으면, 그다음의병리조직검사나유전자검사가그에맞춰진행되지못한다. 매우광범위한주제이지만, 간략하게나마신경근육질환의임상적접근에대해토의하고자한다. 신경인성질환 (Neurogenic Disorders) 신경질환을평가하는데있어운동기능감각기능, 자율신경계기능중침범한기능영역, 신경병증성통증의유무, 병리과정의신체분포, 발생이나경과의시간적유형을살펴보는것이신경해부학적국소화진단 (localization diagnosis) 과신경원병 (neuronopathy), 수초병 (myelinopathy), 그리고축삭병 (axonopathy) 로대별되는병리적과정의유추 (nerve fiber loss; axonal degeneration; axonal atrophy; demyelination Table 2. Classification of neuromuscular disorders 1, 2 1. Spinal Muscular Atrophy {SMA) and Other Disorders of Motor Neurons Spinal muscular atrophies Type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) Type 2 (intermediate SMA) Type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease) Type 4 (proximal SMA of adult onset) Other types of SMA distal SMA scapuloperoneal SMA bulbospinal atrophy (Kennedy SMA) Vialetto-Van La ere syndrome arthrogryposis syndromes Fazio-Londe syndrome restricted forms of SMA (monomelic SMA) Motor neuron disease Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Viral disorders Poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome Herpes zoster myelitis HIV infection Creutzfeldt-]akob disease Motor neuron disorders with hyperactivity Stiff man syndrome Myoclonic encephalomyelitis Myokymia Isaac's syndrome Tetanus 2. Disorders of Motor Nerve Roots Physical compression of nerve roots Disc prolapse Bony compression Tumour Trauma Radiation Infective and post-infective Immunologically mediated radiculopathies Neoplastic infiltration 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
9 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 3. Disorders of Peripheral Nerves Genetically determined polyneuropathies Charcot-Marie- Tooth (CMT) syndromes (also classified by specific mutations) CMT 1 (hypertrophic demyelinating) CMT 2 (neuronal) CMT 3 (infantile onset: Dejerine-Sottas) other CMT syndromes (including familial liability to pressure palsies) Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies Hereditary neuropathies with known biochemical abnormalities Familial amyloid polyneuropathies Porphyria Metachromatic leukodystrophy Refsum's disease Lipoprotein deficiencies Others Miscellaneous hereditary polyneuropathies Familial liability to pressure palsies (see CMT syndromes) Giant axonal neuropathy Friedreich's ataxia Acquired polyneuropathies Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders Acute demyelinating or axonal polyneuropathy Chronic relapsing demyelinating polyneuropathy Miller- Fisher syndrome Polyneuropathy with paraproteinaemia or dysproteinaemia Multiple myeloma Benign monoclonal gammopathy Macroglobulinaemia and cryoglobulinaemia Polyneuropathy with malignant disease Paraneoplastic neuropathies Infiltrative polyneuropathy Polyneuropathy with connective tissue disease Polyneuropathy with infection Leprosy Herpes zoster HIV Metabolic polyneuropathies Nutritional neuropathy Alcoholic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy Uraemic neuropathy Hepatic neuropathy Others Polyneuropathy with other systemic diseases Critical care neuropathy Sarcoidosis Toxic polyneuropathy Diphtheria Heavy metal poisoning Organic solvent toxicity Drug toxicity Polyneuropathies of unknown cause Mononeuropathies Physical injury Trauma Compression Radiation Ischaemic and vasculitic Haemorrhage Tumours arising in nerves 4. Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission Myasthenia gravis Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Congenital myasthenic syndromes Botulism and other toxins Envenomation 5. Disorders of Muscle Genetically determined myopathies X-linked muscular dystrophies Dystrophinopathies Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy McLeod syndrome Scapulo-peroneal myopathy Centronuclear myopathy Emery-Dreifuss syndrome Autosomal muscular dystrophies Facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy Scapulo-peroneal muscular dystrophy Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy syndromes Distal muscular dystrophy (Welander disease) Oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy Myotonic disorders Myotonic dystrophy Congenital myotonic disorders Childhood myopathies Central core disease Nemaline myopathy Myotubular myopathy Myopathy with tubular aggregates Congenital myopathies Others Acquired myopathies Myopathies due to toxins or drugs Drug-induced myopathies Steroid myopathy Alcoholic myopathy Inflammatory myopathies Polymyositis Dermatomyositis Inclusion body myositis Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis Others, e.g. sarcoidosis, granulomatous myositis Metabolic myopathies Acquired endocrine myopathies Dysthyroid myopathies Osteomalacic myopathy Cushing's syndrome Hereditary metabolic myopathies Glycogen storage diseases Periodic paralysis Mitochondrial and lipid storage diseases Malignant hyperthermia Rhabdomyolysis syndromes and myoglobinuria and remyelination and axonal degeneration; segmental demyelination; fiber regeneration; nodo-paranodopathy) 를가능하게한다. 3, 4 (Table 3, 4) 증상은또한양성이나음성증상으로구분할수있다. 양성증상은부적절한자발신경활동에 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 5
10 권오현 Table 3. Categorization of neuropathy by clinical anatomic criteria 3 1. Cranial mononeuropathy 2. Multiple cranial mononeuropathies 3. Cranial polyneuropathy 4. Monoradiculopathy 5. Multiple monoradiculopathy 6. Polyradiculopathy 7. Monoganglionopathy 8. Polyganglionopathy 9. Brachial plexopathy 10. Lumbosacral plexopathy 11. Mononeuropathy 12. Multiple mononeuropathy 13. Motor neuron degeneration 14. Motor and sensory neuron degeneration 15. Motor neuropathy 16. Sensory neuropathy 17. Autonomic neuropathy 18. Polyradiculoneuropathy 19. Polyneuropathy 20. Sensorimotor polyneuropathy 21. Other Table 4. Recommended evaluation of chronic, length-dependent peripheral neuropathy 18 Complete blood cell count Renal function Liver function tests Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (extractable nuclear antigen if dry eyes/mouth and sensory neuropathy are present) Fasting glucose a (11%) or hemoglobin A1c a (26%) Thyroid stimulating hormone Monoclonal protein a (serum protein immunofixation electrophoresis) (10%) Vitamin B12 (2%) (with methylmalonic acid 9%) a Infectious (if risk factors or endemic region): Lyme disease, human immunodeficiency virus Family history of peripheral neuropathy, pes cavus, hammer toes a a Indicates highest-yield serologic tests with percentage of cases identified. 의하며, 음성증상은신경활동의감소를반영한다. 음성운동증상은위약, 피로, 그리고근위축이며, 양성운동증상은근육경련 (cramps), twitching, myokymia 이다. 위약은 50-80% 의신경섬유가소실될때까지인지하지못할수있는반면에양성증상은질환의초기경과에서부터나타날수있다. 음성감각증상은감각저하 (hypesthesia) 나운동실조 (ataxia) 에의한보행이상, 불균형 (imbalance) 등이며, 양성감각증상은 burning or lacinating pain, buzzing, and tingling/paresthesia, allodynia, hyperalagesia 으로나타난다. 자율신경계기능이상은 early satiety, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, impotence, urinary incontinence, 발한이상 (hyperhidrosis, anhidrosis), 일어설때머리띵함 (lightheadedness) 등이며, vasomotor instability 가있는경우엔피부색변화나 trophic changes 를동반하는차가운팔다리를보고하기도한다. 5 이러한증상은환자의기술에만의지하지말고, 일상생활의기능에장애를동반하는지물어보는것도중요하다, 손글씨, 귀금속이나단추잠그기, 열쇠로열기등에변화나어려움은없는지, 발걸려넘어지거나, 변기에서일어나기어렵지않은지물어볼수있다. 다른동반된증상으로의식의변화나, 복시, 삼킴장애, 발음장애, 신경뿌리성통증 (radicular pain), 자율신경계증상, 배변이나배뇨의기능이상은없는지확인하는것도중요하다. 사회력으로는직업 ( 용매, 접착제, 비료, 기름, 윤활제등에독성노출의가능성 ), sexual history (HIV, hepatitis C), 마약사용, 과도한음주, 식사습관 ( 엄격한체식 ), 그리고흡연 ( 부종양성질환 ) 등을포함한다. 어릴적둔했다거나체육활동을잘수행하지못했다면, 유전성원인을제시한다. 과거력이나가족력으로는 endocrinopathy (DM, hypothyroidism), 콩팥병, 간질환, 결체조직질환, 암에대해확인해야하며, 수술력으로는 bariatric surgery, 여러차례의정형외과적처치, 신경압박에대한여러차례의수술등을확인한다. 약제복용력과신경병의발생과의시간적관계를확인한다. 화학요법제가가장흔한독성신경병의원인이나, quinolone 등의항생제나비처방약제 ( 매일 mg을넘는 vitamin B6) 등도신경병을일으킬수있다. 계통문진은피부변화, 관절통, 기립어지럼, 위장관계증상 ( 발열, 체중감소, 야간발한 ) 등을포함한다. 5 이학적검사로는기립활력징후, 혈관염에의한변화 (purpura, livedo reticularis), hyperpigmentation (POEMS), 구강궤양 (Behçet disease, HIV), 침샘부종, 안구나구강건조 (sarcoidosis, Sjögren syndrome), 팔다리탈모 (hair follicle denervation), 잇몸의 lead lines ( 납노출 ) 등이다. 손톱의 Mee lines는비소 (arsenic) 나 thallium 중독을시사하며, 탈모는 hypothyroidism, SLE, 혹은 thallium 중독을, curly hair는 giant axonal neuropathy, 먼쪽종아리의탈모는 symmetric axonal polyneuropathy를시사할수있다. Hammer toes, pes cavus, kyohscoliosis는유전다발신경병을시사한다. 신경의비후 (enlargement) 는탈수초신경병, 신경섬유종의신생물, 나병 (leprosy) 에서보일수있다. 신경을잘만질수있는부위는 ulnar groove 를지나는척골신경, 손목바로위의요골위를지나는요골신경등이다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
11 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 뇌신경의평가는 anosmia (Refsum disease, vitamin B12 deficiency), 시신경위축 ( 중추와말초의탈수초를동반하는유전신경병 ), anisocoria 나대광반사장애 ( 부교감신경계자율신경기능부전 ), 안구운동장애 (botulism, Miller Fisher syndrome), 안면위약 (GBS), 삼차신경감각소실 (Sjögren syndrome) 등을확인한다. 대부분의신경병은먼쪽의위약을일으키므로, 발의내재근이먼저침범되어, 갈퀴모양발 (clawed feet), hammer toes 형태를보일수있고, 새끼발가락의굽힘과폄, 그리고엄지발가락의폄위약초기에나타난다. 손에서는 2번째손가락과 5번쨰손가락의벌림근육의위약이종종처음으로나타난다. Manual muscle testing 에서이상이없는경우라도, 보행이상으로경미한위약을확인할수있는데, 특히, toe walking, heel walking, tandem walking, 쪼그려앉고일어나기, 한발로뜀뛰기를통해더민감하게확인할수있다. 감각기능은질환의유형과말초신경해부구조에따라검사를하며, 대섬유 ( large-fiber ) 의감각기능은진동, 관절위치, 그리고가벼운촉각이고, 소섬유 ( small-fiber ) 의감각기능은 pinprick 과온도감각으로평가한다. 가벼운촉각은낮은역치의 mechanoreceptor 의기능을평가하며, 소섬유및대섬유모두에의해전달된다. Monofilament probe로 light touch를평가하며, stroking도낮은역치의감각인지를평가한다. Pinprick 으로날카로운통증과둔한통증을잘구별하지못한다면낮은역치의 mechanoreceptor 에비해 nociceptive fiber의소실을지지한다. 진동감각은 128-Hz 의 tuning fork로검사하며, 젊은성인은엄지발가락에서 15초이상진동을감지할수있어야한다. 이시간은연령의 10세증가마다 1초정도감소할수있다. 그러나엄지발가락에서 10초이상진동감각을감지하지못한다면어느연령이나비정상이다. 다른방법으로처음에약한진동을가해느낄수있다면정상으로고려할수도있다. 관절위치감각은진동감각검사보다민감하지못하고다소진행한경우에나손상될수있다. 다발신경병의대다수를차지하는만성길이의존성 (length-dependent) 신경병의일차적인검사실검사는 Table 4와같다. 신경병에대한적절한임상평가를위해전문가들의다양한조언이나충고들이있다. 근본적으로는유사하다할수있으나, 본인의개인적취향으로 Barohn과 Amato의조언을기반으로소개하고자한다. 4 병력과이학적검사에서얻어야할중요한정보를다음과같은 6개의핵심질문으로 What Systems are Involved? What is the Distribution of Weakness? What is the Nature of the Sensory Involvement? Is There Evidence of Upper Motor Neuron Involvement? What is the Temporal Evolution? Is There Evidence for a Hereditary Neuropathy? 으로요약할수있다. 4 What Systems are Involved? 환자의증상과징후가운동기능, 감각기능, 자율신경계기능, 혹은두개이상의조합중어느영역에속하는것인지아는것이중요하다. 발병당시운동기능이상만있거나, 자율신경계기능부전이뚜렷한경우, 몇가지신경질환을고려할수있다.(Table 5, 6) What is the Distribution of Weakness? 위약이 (1) 먼쪽팔다리 (distal extremities) 만침범하는지먼쪽과몸쪽 (proximal) 을모두침범하는지, (2) 국소적고비대칭적인지아니면대칭적인지살펴보아야한다. 몸쪽과먼쪽팔다리를대칭적으로침범하는양상은길랑바레증후군 (Guillain-Barré syndrome, GBS) 과만성염증탈수초다발신경 Table 5. Neuropathic disorders that may have only motor symptoms at presentation Motor neuron disease Multifocal motor neuropathy GBS a CIDP a Lead intoxication a Acute porphyria a Hereditary motor sensory neuropathy a (CMT disease) Hereditary motor neuropathy a Usually has sensory signs on examination. Table 6. Peripheral neuropathies with autonomic nervous system involvement Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy Diabetes mellitus Amyloidosis (familial and acquired) GBS Vincristine induced Porphyria HIV-related autonomic neuropathy Idiopathic pandysautonomia 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 7
12 권오현 뿌리신경병 (chronic inflammatory demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, CIDP) 의후천성염증탈수초다발신경병의특징이다. 근위축가쪽굳음증 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS) 은 bulbar, cervical and lumbosacral segment의어디에서든발현하여전신으로진행할수있으며, 비대칭적인유형도가능하다. 척수근육위축병 (Spinal muscular atrophy, SMA) 은많은근육병처럼팔다리이음부 (limb girdle) 를주로침범하고, 유전운동신경병 (hereditary motor neuropathy, HMN) 의경우대칭적인먼쪽팔다리위약을보인다. 국소적이거나비대칭적인침범유형을보이는경우는 ALS를포함해서, 다양한원인의신경뿌리병 (radiculopathy), 신경얼기병 (plexopathy), 다발성단일신경병 (multiple mononeuropathy), 포착단일신경병 (entrapment mononeuropathies) 에서가능하다. 대칭적이고먼쪽의감각과운동기능이상을동반할경우, 일반적으로축삭병일가능성이높고치료에대한반응도불량한것이일반적이다. 그러나, 예외적으로, 다초점운동신경병 (multifocal motor neuropathy, MMN) 과 multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (MADSAM) 은비대칭적으로먼쪽팔다리를침범하는데, 이들질환은면역억제치료에반응하기에유념해야한다. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 을표적으로하는 IgMκ 단클론항체와동반하는 DADS-M (distal acquired demyelinating symmetric with monoclonal gammopathy) neuropathy 환자는몸쪽의위약은거의없이먼쪽으로대칭적감각저하와위약을주된임상소견으로한다. What is the Nature of the Sensory Involvement? 감각증상은감각소실 (numbness), 이상감각 (altered sensation, tingling), 혹은통증으로나타날수있으며, 이들증상은감각신경계의침범을시사하는소견이나각각은비특이적이라특정신경병을진단하는데도움되지않는다. 그러나심한통증의환자의주증상중에하나일때는몇몇진단을우선적으로고려할수있다.(Table 7) 고유감각 (proprioception) 의소실, 보행의불안정정도는감각신경을침범하는다양한신경병에서나타날수있으나, 균형장애 (disequilibrium) 나팔다리의운동실조가심한경우는감별할진단을국한할수있다. 진동감각을포함해서고유감각소실이심하고, 이증상이뚜렷하게비대칭적이며, 근력이정상일경우, 감각신경세포병 (sensory neuronopathy, gangliopathy) 를바로고려해야한다. 모든감각신경세포가손상을받기에촉각이나통각에도역시기능저하가있다. 부종양증후군이나쇼 Table 7. Peripheral neuropathies often associated with pain Cryptogenic sensory or sensorimotor neuropathy Diabetes mellitus, e.g. distal polyneuropathy, lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy (diabetic amyotrophy) Vasculitis GBS Amyloidosis Toxic (arsenic, thallium) HIV-related distal symmetric polyneuropathy Fabry disease 그렌증후군에병발하는경우가대표적이나, 특발감각신경세포병 (idiopathic sensory neuronopathy) 이나 cisplatinum과그유사체들의독성, Vitamin B6 독성, HIV에연관된감각신경세포병등도있다. 감각기능의이상을 large-fiber 나 small-fiber 에속한기능에따라임상소견을구분하도록강조하기도하나, 3 CSPN 이나당뇨다발신경병과같이감각신경을흔히하는경우, 가벼운촉각 (light touch), pin, 그리고진동감각이함께떨어지고, 더진행한경우엔관절위치고유감각이침범되는것이일반적이다. Is There Evidence of Upper Motor Neuron Involvement 앞에서언급하였다시피, 감각소실은없이아래운동신경세포 (lower motor neuron, LMN) 징후와함께위운동신경세포 (upper motor neuron, UMN) 징후가함께있다면, 이는 ALS 의전형적인특징이다. LMN의징후는전혀없이 UMN 징후소견만있은경우는 primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), 혹은 hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) 의발현양상이다. 주의할점으로가족력이없다는이유로 HSP를배제할수는없으며, 이런 HSP를 apparently sporadic HSP라한다. 먼쪽의감각증상과함께 UMN의소견이함께있다면 vitamin B12 결핍이가장흔한원인이다. 다른것으로 copper deficiency, HIV 감염, 심한간질환, adenomyeloneuropathy 등이있다. What is the Temporal Evolution? 발생이나경과의시간적양상에따라원인질환을추정할수있다. 발생이급성 (4주이내 ), 아급성 (4주에서 8주사이 ), 만성 (8주초과 ) 인지, 경과가단상성 (monophasic), 진행성 (progressive), 재발성 (relapsing) 인지파악한다. CIDP나 porphyria 는재발의경과를가질수있으며, 선행하는혹은동반한감염, 질환력, vitamin B6 등의보충제를포함한약물 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
13 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 사용, 음주, 그리고식이습관에대해묻고파악하는것이중요하다. Is There Evidence for a Hereditary Neuropathy? 유전성신경병은오랜기간에걸쳐매우느리게서서히진행하는먼쪽위약을특징으로한다. 감각증상은거의없는경우가많다. 이럴경우, 가족력에특별히관심을가져야하며, 가까운친척에서발처짐 (foot drop) 이있는경우를문의해야한다. 이학적검사에서는감각증상은없지만, 발가락에진동감각이떨어진경우가많고, 발이나발가락의이상 (high or flat arches, hammer toes) 그리고척추의측만증 (scoliosis) 는없는지관심을기울어야한다. 필요한경우환자의가족을신경학적검사나전기생리학적검사로평가한다. 위와같은질문을거치면, 운동기능과감각기능의침범, 그리고신체분포등으로여러가지의유형으로나눌수있다.(Table 8, 9) 각유형은처음보단제한된감별진단을제시할수있다. 그리고나서, 질환의경과, 다른질환의동반, 가족력, 그리고검사에서얻는정보에근거하여최종진단에이를수있다.(Figure 1) 근육인성질환 (Myogenic disorders) 근육질환은다양한원인에의해발생할수있는바, 급성혹은일시적인경우에서부터일생에걸쳐심각한장애를유발하는근육디스트로피등원인이매우다양하다 (Table 2). 모든원인의근육질환의유병률은 1,000명당한명수준으로추산한다. 진단적인측면에서보았을때, 근육질환이의심되는환자에서임상의의첫째목표는환자의증상이근육이상에의한것인지아니면근육질환과유사한전신적혹은정신심리적질환등다른계통의질환인지국소화진단 (localization) 을하며 (Table 10), 둘째근육의일차적인이상에의한증상및징후, 즉근육질환으로평가한다음에는그원인을쫓아최종진단에이르고그에따른적절한치료및관리를제공하는데있다. 본원고의중요한참고자료로서, 근육질환의임상적접근에대해서미국신경과학회발간의 Continuum의 Jackson과 Barohn의 2006년도및 2013년원고를추천한다. 6-8 가족력, 사회력을포함하는병력 (clinical history), 호소하는증상이나이학적검사에서확인되는소견개개에대한올바른해석및추론이적절한진단및치료의가장중요한첫째단계이다. 근육질환의증상으로위약 (weakness), 피로 (fatigue), Table 8. Ten patterns of neuropathic disorders Pattern 1: Symmetric proximal and distal weakness with sensory loss Consider: Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (GBS and CIDP) Pattern 2: Symmetric distal sensory loss with or without distal weakness Consider: Cryptogenic sensory polyneuropathy (CSPN) Metabolic disorders Drugs, toxins Hereditary (CMT, amyloidosis, and others) Pattern 3: Asymmetric distal weakness with sensory loss Multiple nerves, consider: Vasculitis HNPP MADSAM neuropathy Infectious (leprosy, Lyme, sarcoid, HIV) Single nerves/regions, consider: Compressive mononeuropathy and radiculopathy Pattern 4: Asymmetric proximal and distal weakness with sensory loss Consider: Polyradiculopathy or plexopathy due to diabetes mellitus, meningeal carcinomatosis or lymphomatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, Lyme, idiopathic, hereditary (HNPP, familial) Pattern 5: Asymmetric distal weakness without sensory loss With upper motor neuron findings, consider: Motor neuron disease/als/pls Without upper motor neuron findings, consider: PMA Brachial amyotrophic diplegia Leg amyotrophic diplegia Multifocal motor neuropathy Multifocal acquired motor axonopathy (MAMA) Juvenile monomelic amyotrophy Pattern 6: Symmetric sensory loss and distal areflexia with upper motor neuron findings Consider: B12 deficiency and other causes of combined system degeneration with peripheral neuropathy Copper deficiency (including zinc toxicity) Inherited disorders (adrenomyeloneuropathy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Friedreich ataxia) Copper deficiency (including zinc toxicity) Pattern 7: Symmetric weakness without sensory loss a Proximal and distal weakness, consider: SMA Distal weakness, consider: Hereditary motor neuropathy Pattern 8: Focal midline proximal symmetric weakness a Consider: Neck extensor weakness: ALS Bulbar weakness: ALS, PLS Pattern 9: Asymmetric proprioceptive sensory loss without weakness Consider: Sensory neuronopathy (ganglionopathy) chronic immune sensory Polyradiculopathy (CISP) Pattern 10: Autonomic symptoms and signs Consider: Neuropathies associated with autonomic dysfunction (see Table 6) a Overlaps with myopathies and neuromuscular junction disorders 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 9
14 권오현 Table 9. Clinical patterns of neuropathic disorders 4 Pattern 1: symmetric proximal and distal weakness with sensory loss Pattern 2: distal sensory loss with/without weakness Pattern 3: distal weakness with sensory loss Weakness Sensory Severe UMN Autonomic Diagnosis Prox Distal Asym Sym Sxs Prop Loss Signs Sxs/Signs GBS/CIDP CSPN, metabolic, drugs, hereditary Multiple: vasculitis, HNPP, MADSAM, infection Single: mononeuropathy, radiculopathy Pattern 4: asymmetric proximal and Polyradiculopathy, distal weakness with sensory loss plexopathy Pattern 5: asymmetric distal + + ± LMN and UMN ALS weakness without sensory loss Pure UMN - PLS Pure LMN - MMN, PMA, BAD, LAD, MAMA Pattern 6: symmetric sensory loss and B12 deficiency, copper upper motor neuron signs deficiency, Friedreich ataxia, adrenomyeloneuropathy Pattern 7 a : symmetric weakness ± + + Proximal and distal SMA without sensory loss Distal SMA Hereditary motor neuropathy Pattern 8 a : focal midline proximal + Neck + + ALS symmetric weakness + Bulbar + + Pattern 9: asymmetric proprioceptive Sensory neuronopathy loss without weakness (ganglionopathy) Pattern 10: autonomic + HSAN, diabetes, GBS, dysfunction amyloid, porphyria, Fabry Abbreviations: ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Asym, asymmetric; BAD, brachial amyotrophic diplegia; CIDP, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; CSPN, cryptogenic sensory polyneuropathy; GBS, Guillain-Barré syndrome; HNPP, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy; HSAN, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy; LAD, leg amyotrophic diplegia; MADSAM, multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor; MAMA, multifocal acquired motor axonopathy; MMN, multifocal motor neuropathy; PMA, progressive muscular atrophy; Prop, proprioceptive; SMA, spinal muscular atrophy; Sxs, symptoms; Sym, symmetric; UMN, upper motor neuron. a Overlap patterns with myopathy/neuromuscular junction disorders. 운동불내성 (exercise intolerance), 근육위축 (muscle atrophy) 의음성증상과근육통 (myalgias), 연축 (cramps), 구축 (contracture), 근육긴장 (myotonia), 미오글로불린뇨증 (myoglobulinuria), 근육경직 (muscle stiffness) 의양성증상이있다. 1. 현병력위약은가장기본적인증상으로침범된근육군에따라해당하는증상및기능적장애를일으킨다. 근육위약의분포양상을이해 (pattern recognition) 하는것은근육질환의원인적평가에대단히중요하다. 병력에서는근육위약에따른기능적장애는없는지확인한다.(Table 11) 피로는근육위약에비해비특이적인증상으로, 환자의심폐기능, 전체적인건강이나정서적인상태를반영하는것일수있다. 전신적인위약감과피로감호소가신경학적검사에서의객관적인위약을동반하지않는다면, 근육질환에의하지않는것이일반적이다. 그러나, 운동후에발생하는비정상적인피로는대사성혹은미토콘드리아근육질환에의해발생할수있다. 근육통은관절통이나섬유근통처럼정형외과적, 혹은류마티스성질환에의한통증과의감별해야한다. 전체적으로광범위한부위에서지속되는근육통증은근육질환외에다른원인에의한경우가많다. 9 기질적인원인없이기능적인위약을호소하는환자들은전반적인근육통을호소하는경우나 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
15 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 INHERITED ACQUIRED MINI Metabolic Immune Neoplastic Infectious Motor or sensorimotor Sensory > Motor Variable What PNSS uncommon PNSS very common Where Distal, symmetric Not distal, symmetric When Insidious/gradual onset, slow progression Definite date of onset, more rapid progression What Setting Family history, foot deformities, foot ulcers Risk factors, diseases or exposures Symptoms of vasculitis or systemic illness Symptoms of cancer? Paraproteinemia? Symptoms /risks for infection? Differential diagnosis CMT/HMSN HNPP Diabetic Uremic Alcohol B12 deficiency B1 deficiency Hypothyroid Medications Non-vasculitic: GBS CIDP MMN Sarcoid Sjögren s Vasculitic: PAN Wegner s Churg-Strauss SLE RA Paraneoplastic Paraproteinemic (monoclonal gammopathies) Hepatitis B & C Lyme HIV West Nile Syphilis Diphtheria Leprosy A suggested construct for the approach to neuropathy, using the what, where, when, and what setting approach to characterizing the neuropathy and placing the neuropathy into a presumed etiologic category. PNSS, positive neuropathic sensory symptoms; CMT, Charcot-Marie-Tooth; HMSN, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies; HNPP, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy; GBS, Guillain-Barre syndrome; CIDP, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; MMN, multifocal motor neuropathy; PAN, polyarteritis nodosa; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; RA, rheumatoid arthritis. Modified and reprinted with permission from Mauermann ML, Burns TM. The evaluation of acquired neuropathies. Semin Neurol 2008;28: , 22 Figure 1. Pearls for classification of peripheral neuropathies 우울증, 불안장애, 공황장애등의빈도가높았으며, 상당한기능적장애및그에따른실직 (unemployment) 이동반되기도한다. 10 휴식시팔다리이음부의통증은염증성근육병을, 그리고운동에의해유발되는통증은대사성근육병을고려해야한다. 운동을시작한지 30분이내에통증이비교적짧은기간동안발생하였다가운동을지속하면서통증이해소되는양상은탄수화물대사의장애에전형적이다. 이보다더늦게운동으로인한근육통이발생한다면지방산산화 (fatty acid 6, 11 oxidation) 장애를염두에두어야한다. 연축에의한통증이발생할수있는데, 일반적으로수초에 서수분간지속되며, 특별한신경근육질환이없는정상인에서발생하는경우도흔하며, 탈수, 저나트륨혈증, 뇨혈증, 점액부종 (myxedema), 그리고신경병증이나운동신경세포질환에의하기도한다. 근육구축 (muscle contracture) 는보기에연축과비슷하기도하나이는해당효소 (glycolytic enzyme) 장애환자에서운동으로인해유발된다. 연축에비해지속기간이길며, 근전도검사에서전기적활동이전혀없는것이특징이다. 근육긴장으로환자는악수등손을쥐었다가펴기가힘들다든지, 눈을꼭감았다가뜰때힘들다고호소할수있다. 일 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 11
16 권오현 Table 10. Differential diagnoses of myopathy Neuropathic problems Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, sporadic inclusion body myositis Muscular dystrophies Duchenne, Becker's, oculopharyngeal, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral Denervating conditions Neuromuscular junction disorders Myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome Neoplasm Paraneoplastic syndromes, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, carcinomatosis Drug-related conditions Alcohol, amiodarone, clofibrate, cocaine, colchicine, enalapril, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, glucocorticoids, heroin, hydroxychloroquine, ketoconazole, levodopa, lovastatin and other statins, nicotinic acid, D-penicillamine, phenytoin, valproic acid, zidovudine (AZT) Infections Viral Adenovirus, coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, echovirus, Epstein-Barr, HIV, influenza, rubella Bacterial Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium welchii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spirochetal Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme spirochete) Fungal Cryptococcus Parasitic Toxoplasma gondii Helminthic Trichinella Electrolyte disorders High or low serum levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium Nutritional/metabolic Uremia Hepatic failure Vitamin E or D deficiency Endocrine disorders Thyroid disorders, hyperparathyroidism, adrenal disorders, hypopituitarism, aldosteronism, carcinoid, osteomalacia Inborn errors of metabolism Disorders of glycogen metabolism or glycolysis Disorders of lipid metabolism Disorder of purine metabolism Congenital myopathies Miscellaneous causes Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease), brancher enzyme deficiency, phosphorylase b kinase deficiency, phosphofructokinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency, aldolase deficiency, lactate dehydrogenase deficiency, acid maltase deficiency Carnitine deficiency (may also be secondary), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, very long chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency, long chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency, short chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency, mitochondrial myopathy, deficiencies in complexes I IV, succinate dehydrogenase deficiency, cytochrome b deficiency Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency Central core disease, nemaline myopathy, centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy Sarcopenia of aging, sarcoidosis, atherosclerotic emboli, Behçet s disease, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, psychosomatic Table 11. Functional assessment of muscle weakness Location Facial Ocular Bulbar Neck Trunk Shoulder girdle Forearm/hand Pelvic girdle Leg/foot Respiratory Signs or symptoms of weakness Inability to bury eyelashes, horizontal smile, inability to whistle Double vision, ptosis, dysconjugate eye movements Nasal speech, weak cry, nasal regurgitation of liquids, poor suck, difficulty swallowing, recurrent aspiration pneumonia, cough during meals Poor head control Scoliosis, lumbar lordosis, protuberant abdomen, difficulty sitting up Difficulty lifting objects overhead, scapular winging Inability to make a tight fist, finger or wrist drop, inability to prevent escape from hand grip Difficulty climbing stairs, waddling gait, Gower s sign Foot drop, inability to walk on heels or toes Use of accessory muscles 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
17 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 반적으로반복되는활동으로근육긴장은차츰사라진다. 이와달리, 선천이상근육긴장증 (paramyotonia congenital) 에서는운동이반복될수록근육긴장이증가하는 paradoxical myotonia 를보인다. 저온에노출되면근육긴장그리고이상근육긴장 (paramyotonia) 모두증상이악화된다. Table 12. Diagnosis of myopathy based on age of onset Myopathies presenting at birth Congenital myotonic dystrophy Centronuclear (myotubular) myopathy Congenital fiber-type disproportion Central core disease Nemaline (rod) myopathy Congenital muscular dystrophy Lipid storage diseases (carnitine deficiency) Glycogen storage diseases (acid maltase and phosphorylase deficiencies) Myopathies presenting in childhood Muscular dystrophies Duchenne Becker Emery-Dreifuss Facioscapulohumeral Limb-girdle Congenital Inflammatory myopathies Dermatomyositis Polymyositis (rarely) Congenital myopathies Nemaline Centronuclear Central core Lipid storage diseases (carnitine deficiency) Glycogen storage diseases (acid maltase deficiency) Mitochondrial myopathies Endocrine-metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Myopathies presenting in adulthood Muscular dystrophies Limb-girdle Facioscapulohumeral Becker Emery-Dreifuss Inflammatory myopathies Polymyositis Dermatomyositis Inclusion body myositis Viral (human immunodeficiency virus) Metabolic myopathies Acid maltase deficiency Lipid storage diseases Debrancher deficiency Phosphorylase b kinase deficiency Mitochondrial myopathies Endocrine myopathies Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pituitary disorders Toxic myopathies Alcohol Corticosteroids Local injections of narcotics Colchicine Chloroquine Statins Myotonic dystrophy Distal myopathies Nemaline myopathy Centronuclear myopathy Myopathies presenting at the elderly Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies Sporadic inclusion body myositis Polymyositis dermatomyositis Late onset muscular dystrophies Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy Oculopharyngeal dystrophy Late onset limb girdle dystrophy Late onset mitochondrial myopathy Axial myopathies Thoracolumbar kyphosis (bent spine syndrome; camptocormia; cormoptosis) Dropped head syndrome 횡문근융해 (rhabdomyolysis) 로인해근육손상이발생하면미오글로불린뇨증이발생하는데, 환자는운동도중이나이후에소변색깔이붉거나콜라색처럼짙게나오는것을경험한다. 정상인에서도평소에하지않았던과격한운동을한이후에발생할수있으나반복적인미오글로불린뇨증은대사성근육질환을시사한다. 2. 질환의시간적경과 (temporal course) 발병연령 (age of onset) 은정확한진단을위해결정적인정보이다. 대표적으로 Duchenne근육디스트로피는일반적으로 3세이전에그리고얼굴어깨상완근육디스트로피 (facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy) 이나팔다리이음부근육디스트로피는청소년기나그이후에, 발현한다. 염증성근육병에서피부근염은소아와성인에서, 그러나다발근염은소아에선드물고성인에서는어느연령에서나발병할수있다. 봉입체근염은대부분노령층에서발생한다.(Table 12) 대부분의근육질환에서위약은일정한수준으로지속되나위약정도가일정하지않고일시적이거나호전과악화가반 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 13
18 권오현 19, 20 Table 13. Drug induced muscle disorders Disorder Myalgia Myotonia Necrotizing myopathy Mitochondrial myopathy Inflammatory myopathy Autophagic myopathy Hypokalemic myopathy Critical illness myopathy Type 2 atrophy Localized myopathy Inducing drug Suxamethonium, danazol, clofibrate, salbutamol, lithium, captopril, colchicine, procainamide, metolazone, cytotoxics, zidovudine, isoetherine, zimeldine, labetalol, pindolol, cimetidine, penicillamine, gold, enalapril, rifampicin, tryptophan, nifedipine Diaz cholesterol,,β-blockers, β-agonists (fenoterol, ritodrine), clofibrate, diuretics (frusemide, ethacrynic acid, mersalyl, acetazolamide) Alcohol, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, simvastatin, clofibrate, E-aminocaproic acid, cyclosporin, zidovudine, cocaine, emetine Zidovudine, other HIV-related antiretrovirals D-penicillamine, tryptophan, cimetidine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, interferon-α, hydroxyurea, imatinib Chloroquine, vincristine, colchicine, amiodarone, perhexiline Diuretics, laxatives, amphotericin, toluene abuse, licorice, corticosteroids, alcohol abuse Corticosteroids, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents Corticosteroids Intramuscular antibiotics, narcotics 복된다면, 신경근육이음부질환 (neuromuscular junction disorder), 대사성근육질환, 혹은통로병증 (channelopathies) 를고려할수있다. 운동과의연관성이높다면대사성근육병이고려되어야한다. 주기성마비나일부해당효소장애에의한대사성근육병에서는삽화적위약을보이기도한다. 이러한삽화적위약이있을경우, 유발요인을확인하는것이중요하다. 주기마비는전형적으로운동이나고탄수화물식사를하고휴식중에발생한다. 감초나이뇨제등약물복용력도반드시확인한다. 운동이후에위약, 근육통, 미오글로불린뇨증이발생할경우해당경로 (glycolytic pathway) 의장애를시사한다. 위약이발열과함께있다면 carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency 의가능성을고려한다. 고착한일정한위약을보이는근육질환에서도시간적진행양상이질환군에따라다양한데, 피부근염이나다발근염과같은염증성근육병이나감염성근육병은급성이나아급성으로, 대부분의근육디스트로피, 퇴행성근육병, 그리고내분비장애에의한근육병은만성의서서히진행하는경과를보인다. 그밖에선천성근육병은수십년에걸쳐거의변화하지않는위약수준을보인다. 3. 과거병력및가족력 약물등의화학물질에의해다양한근육관련증상이발생할수있으므로복용약물을반드시확인한다.(Table 13) 12 많은근육질환이유전되기에꼼꼼하게가족력을파악하는것이매우중요하다. 가족력에관한질문은 가족중에근육병을앓은분이있습니까? 하는광범위한질문보다는지팡이나휠체어를이른나이에사용하는지여부, 골격계기형, 기능적장애등의구체적인질문을하는편이보다많은정보를얻을수있다. 근육질환에이환된가족이나친척이있을경 Table 14. Diagnosis of myopathy based on pattern of inheritance X-linked Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy Autosomal dominant Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy Periodic paralysis Paramyotonia congenital Thomsen disease Central core myopathy Autosomal recessive Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy Metabolic myopathies Becker Myotonia Maternal transmission Mitochondrial myopathies 우, 유전형태가상염색체우성혹은열성, 혹은반성유전을 6, 13 하는지파악해야한다. (Table 14) 4. 근육외전신기관의침범여부 심장질환및호흡부전과잘동반되는근육질환은 Table 15에제시되어있다. 근긴장디스트로피는백내장, 이마탈모, 여성형유방, 그리고정신지체와잘동반되며, 간비대는 acid maltase, debranching enzyme의부족에서동반된다. 피부발진은피부근염을진단하는데결정적이며, 선천성근육병환자가이형증 (dysmorphism) 을보일수있다. Emery-Dreifuss 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
19 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 근육디스트로피, 팔다리이음부근육디스트로피 1B (laminopathy), Bethlem 근육병은질환초기에관절구축, 특히팔꿈치의구축이발생한다. 전신성침범의소견은아밀로이드증, 사르코이드증, 내분비질환, 결체혈관질환 (collagen-vascular disease), 감염질환, 그리고미토콘드리아병증에서빈번히확인할수있다. 5. 이학적소견 뚜렷한근력저하이전에건반사가감소되는경우가많은신경병증과달리근육병증에서는분명한위약이발생하기전 Table 15. Diagnosis of myopathy based on other system involvement Cardiac disease Arrhythmias Kearns-Sayre syndrome Anderson s syndrome Polymyositis Muscular dystrophies Myotonic Limb-girdle 1B, 2C-2F, 2G Emery-Dreifuss Congestive heart failure Muscular dystrophies Duchenne Becker Emery-Dreifuss Myotonic Limb-girdle 1B, 2C-2F, 2G Nemaline myopathy Acid maltase deficiency Carnitine deficiency Polymyositis Respiratory insufficiency Muscular dystrophies Duchenne Becker Emery-Dreifuss Limb-girdle Myotonic Congenital Metabolic myopathies Acid maltase deficiency Carnitine deficiency Mitochondrial myopathies Congenital myopathies Nemaline Centronuclear Polymyositis 에는건반사가상대적으로유지된다. 근육병증임에도불구하고건반사감소가뚜렷하거나감각이상이동반되면신경병증의동반을고려해야하며, 약물유발성신경근육병증 (drug induced neuromyopathy), 결체조직질환, 봉입체근염, 종양딸림증후군 (paraneoplastic syndrome), 미토콘드리아근육병증에서이러한침범조합이나타날수있다. 12 근육병증이의심되는환자에서가장중요한검사는근력평가를비롯한근육평가이다. 근위축에따른다양한근골격계변화가있는데, 엄지맞섬근 (opponens pollicis) 의위축으로엄지손가락이다른손가락들과같은방향을보게되는 simian hand, 벌레근 (lumbricalis) 등내재손근육 (intrinsic hand muscle) 이위축되고전완부의손가락굽힘근이나폄근은상대적으로유지되어나타나는 claw hand, 척추옆근 (paraspinalis) 의위축으로발생하는허리척추앞굽음 (lumbar lordosis), 가슴척추뒤굽음 (thoracic kyphosis), 옆굽음 (scoliosis), 앞쪽종아리근육의위축으로정강뼈 (tibia) 의앞모서리가날카롭게보이는 saber s edge 등이있으며, 발내재근육의상대적위축에의한 high arch feet, hammer toe, 아킬레스건의단축도있다. 허리척추과다앞굽음 (lumbar hyperlordosis) 는엉덩이폄근의위약에따른보상기전으로나 Table 16. Myopathies characterized by predominantly distal weakness Distal myopathies Late adult-onset distal myopathy type 1 (Welander) Late adult-onset distal myopathy type 2 (Markesbery/Udd) Early adult-onset distal myopathy type 1 (Nonaka) Early adult-onset distal myopathy type 2 (Miyoshi) Early adult-onset distal myopathy type 3 (Laing) Desmin myopathy Childhood-onset distal myopathy Myotonic dystrophy Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy * Scapuloperoneal myopathy * Oculopharyngeal dystrophy Emery-Dreifuss humeroperoneal dystrophy Inflammatory myopathies Inclusion body myositis Metabolic myopathies Debrancher deficiency Acid-maltase deficiency * Congenital myopathies Nemaline myopathy * Central core myopathy * Centronuclear myopathy * Scapuloperoneal pattern can occur 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 15
20 권오현 타나는자세일수있다. 일부근육병에서는종아리근육의가성비후 (pseudohypertrophy) 가보이는데 Duchenne, Becker 근육디스트로피, caveolin-3 및 calpain 의돌연변이에의한근육디스트로피, acid maltase부족의소아형에서보인다. 근력감소의분포양상은질환의감별진단에결정적인역할을한다. 이에대한구체적인언급은다음장에별도로한다. 신경학적검사에서소아나통증을호소하며최대한의근력을주지않는환자처럼신경학적검사의협조가부족할경우, 개별적인근력의측정보다는각해당근육군의기능에해당하는일상생활능력을확인하는것이보다효율적일수있다.(Table 11) 근긴장증이있을경우, 반사망치로엄지두덩이나설압자사이에놓인혀를치면국소적인근긴장을유발할수있다. 보행에서도근육의위약에따라특징적인양상이나타날수있는데엉덩이벌림근 (hip abductor) 의위약에의한오리걸음 (waddling gait), 무릎굽힘근의위약으로인해다리로받히고설때무릎의과도한신전에의한젖힌무릎 (genu recurvatum), 발목위굽힘근의위약에의한발처짐 (foot drop) 등이대표적이다. 6. 근력위약의유형파악 (Table 17) 각근육질환마다주로침범되는근육의분포양상이일반적으로일정하다. 이런침범양상을파악하면감별질환군을보다좁혀진단적접근을할수있다. Table 17. A and B. Ten patterns of myopathic disorders A. Pattern 1: Proximal Limb-Girdle Weakness Most hereditary and acquired myopathies Pattern 2: Distal Weakness Distal myopathies Late-adult-onset distal myopathy type 1 (Welander) Late-adult-onset distal myopathy type 2 (Markesbery/Udd) Early-adult-onset distal myopathy type 1 (Nonaka) Early-adult-onset distal myopathy type 2 (Miyoshi) Early-adult-onset distal myopathy type 3 (Laing) Centronuclear myopathy Debrancher deficiency Hereditary inclusion body myopathy Inclusion body myositis Myofibrillar myopathy Myotonic dystrophy Pattern 3: Proximal Arm/Distal Leg (Scapuloperoneal) Weakness Acid maltase deficiency Central core myopathy Emery-Dreifuss humeroperoneal dystrophy Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy Limb-girdle dystrophy 2A (calpain), 2C-F (sarcoglycans), 2I (FKRP) Nemaline myopathy Scapuloperoneal dystrophy Central core myopathy Emery-Dreifuss Pattern 4: Distal Arm/Proximal Leg Weakness Inclusion body myositis, asymmetric Myotonic dystrophy type 1, symmetric Pattern 5: Ptosis With or Without Ophthalmoparesis Ptosis Without Ophthalmoparesis Congenital myopathies Nemaline myopathy Central core myopathy Desmin (myofibrillary) myopathy Myotonic dystrophy Ptosis With Ophthalmoparesis Centronuclear myopathy Mitochondrial myopathy Multicore disease Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy Oculopharyngodistal myopathy Neuromuscular junction disease (myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, botulism) Pattern 6: Prominent Neck Extensor Weakness Isolated neck extensor myopathy Dermatomyositis Polymyositis Inclusion body myositis Carnitine deficiency Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy Congenital myopathy Hyperparathyroidism Dermatomyositis Pattern 7: Bulbar Weakness Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy LGMD type 1A (myotilinopathy) Neuromuscular junction disease (myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome) ALS and other motor neuron disorders Pattern 8: Episodic Pain, Weakness, and Myoglobinuria Related to Exercise Couch potato syndrome Glycogenoses (eg, McArdle disease) Lipid disorders (carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency) Not Related to Exercise Central non-neuromuscular causes Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Status epilepticus Drugs/toxins Malignant hyperthermia 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
21 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 Polymyositis/dermatomyositis (rarely) Viral/bacterial infections Pattern 9: Episodic Weakness Delayed or Unrelated to Exercise Periodic paralysis Ca++ channelopathies (hypokalemic) Na++ channelopathies (hyperkalemic) Andersen-Tawil syndrome Secondary periodic paralysis (thyrotoxicosis) Other: Neuromuscular junction diseases Pattern 10: Stiffness and Decreased Ability to Relax Improves With Exercise Myotonia: Na or Cl channelopathy Worsens With Exercise/Cold Sensitivity Paramyotonia: Na channelopathy Brody disease With Fixed Weakness Myotonic dystrophy (DM 1) Proximal myotonic myopathy (DM 2) Becker disease (AR Clchannelopathy) Other Malignant hyperthermia Neuromyotonia Rippling muscle Stiff-person syndrome 1) 몸쪽팔다리이음부의위약양측에대칭적으로팔다리이음부의위약이오는것은가장흔한양상이다. 팔다리먼쪽근육도침범하지만몸쪽근육에비래그정도가경미하다. 목근육의침범도함께있는경우가많다. 이런패턴은대부분의유전성혹은후천적근육병에서확인할수있는것으로감별진단적측면에서비특이적이라할수있다. 2) 먼쪽팔다리의위약팔과다리의먼쪽근육을침범하는일련의근육병들이있다 (Table 16). 이러한패턴은병력이나신경학적검사를통해신경병증과감별이필요하다. 3) 몸쪽팔근육과먼쪽다리근육의위약어깨뼈주위근육과종아리의앞쪽근육이주로침범되는형태로어깨뼈종아리형분포 (scapuloperoneal distribution) 이라고불린다.(Table 16) 위약은비대칭적일수있으며어깨뼈날개 (scapular winging) 이잘관찰된다. 이러한패턴에안 B. Pattern Weakness Diagnosis Proximal Distal Asymmetric Symmetric Episodic Trigger Pattern 1 a Limb-girdle + + Most myopathies, hereditary and acquired (overlap with SMA) a Pattern 2 a Distal + + Distal myopathies (overlap with neuropathies) a Pattern 3 Proximal arm/distal leg scapuloperoneal Pattern 4 Distal arm/proximal leg Pattern 5 Ptosis/ophthalmoplegia Pattern 6 a Neck extensor Pattern 7 a Bulbar (tongue, pharyngeal) Pattern 8 Episodic weakness/pain/rhabdomyolysis + trigger Pattern 9 Episodic weakness delayed or unrelated to exercise Pattern 10 Stiffness/inability to relax + Arm + Leg a Overlap patterns with neuropathy/motor neuron disease. + FSHMD + Others FSHMD, Emery-Dreifuss, acid maltase, congenital, scapuloperoneal + Leg + Arm + Inclusion body myositis, myotonic dystrophy Oculopharyngeal dystrophy, MG, myotonic MG Others dystrophy, mitochondrial + + Isolated neck extensor myopathy, myasthenia gravis, (overlapwith ALS) a + + MG, LEMS, oculopharyngeal dystrophy (overlap with ALS) a McArdle, carnitine palmitoyltransferase, drugs, toxins /- Primary periodic paralysis; channelopathies: Na, Ca; secondary periodic paralysis + +/- Myotonic dystrophy, channelopathies, rippling muscle (other: stiff-person, neuromyotonia) 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 17
22 권오현 면위약까지있으면얼굴어깨상완근육디스트로피를강력히시사한다. 그밖에어깨종아리근육디스트로피, Emery-Dreifuss 근육디스트로피, 팔다리이음부근육디스트로피 1B, 2A, 2C-2F, 선천성근육병, 그리고 acid maltase 결핍에서도이러한분포가동반된다. 4) 먼쪽팔근육과몸쪽다리근육의위약손목과손가락의굴곡근과사두근 (quadriceps) 의무릎폄근을침범한다. 다른부위의근육을다양하게침범할수있으며종종양측에비대칭적이다. 이러한양상은봉입체근염에질병특이적이라할수있다. 드물게긴장성디스트로피도이러한양상을보일수있으나봉입체근염과달리일반적으로대칭적이다. 5) 눈근육마비 (ophthalmoplegia) 를동반하거나하지않는안검하수눈주위근육을침범한근육질환에의한안검하수나눈근육마비의경우복시가없이진행하는경우가많다. 얼굴근육의위약이함께있는경우가드물지않다. 중년이후안검하수, 눈근육마비와함께인두부근육 (pharyngeal muscle) 침범이있으며눈인두근육디스트로피를의심해야한다. 안검하수와눈근육마비가함께있으며인두부근육의침범이뚜렷하지않다면미토콘드리아근육병을, 눈근육마비없이안검하수와얼굴근육의위약이있다면긴장성디스트로피의가능성 이높다. 그러나안검하수외에다른부위에근육질환의징후가없다면, 근육성안검하수 (myogenic ptosis) 뿐만아니라신경성, 혹은기계성안검하수 (neurogenic or mechanical ptosis) 의다양한원인을고려해야한다 14, 15. 6) 목폄근의위약 목폄근의심한위약은 dropped head syndrome 이라불리는데질환에따랄다양한정도의팔다리근육의위약이동반된다. 목폄근만침범한경우독립목폄근육병 (isolated neck extensor myopathy) 라고한다. 근위축성측삭경화증과중증근무력증도특징적으로목폄근의위약을가져올수있다. 이와같은침범된부위의분포가특정근육디스트로피를의심하는데도움된다.(Figure 2) 16, 17 신경병의유형에따른분류처럼근육병도위에언급한위약의분포뿐만아니라, 미오글로불린뇨증, 일시적위약, 근육의 tone 등을고려한유형분류가가능하여이에따른감별진단을좁힐수있다.(Table 17) 과거병력, 가족력등을포함한꼼꼼함병력청취, 그리고근육질환과관련있는증상및징후를체계적으로점검하지않고그냥근전도검사나근육생검을실시하고이에따라진단을얻으려고기대하는것은비현실적인발상이다. 또한각종검사에서나온소견을단순히받아들이는것보다는임상적소견에부합되게해석하는자세가필요하다. (A) Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. (B) Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. (C) Limb girdle muscular dystrophy. (D) Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. (E) Distal muscular dystrophy. (F) Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Shading represents aff ected areas. 16, 17 Figure 2. Patterns of distribution of weakness in muscular dystrophies 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
23 신경근육질환의유형에기반한접근 References 1. Swash M, Schwartz MS. Classification of Neuromuscular Diseases. In. Neuromuscular Diseases: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Management. 3rd ed. London: Springer London. 1997; Swash M, Schwartz M. Classification of Neuromuscular Disorders. In. Neuromuscular Diseases: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Management. 1st ed. London: Springer London. 1988; Dyck PJ, Dyck PJ, Grant IA, Fealey RD. Ten steps in characterizing and diagnosing patients with peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1996;47: Barohn RJ, Amato AA. Pattern-recognition approach to neuropathy and neuronopathy. Neurol Clin 2013;31: Alport AR, Sander HW. Clinical approach to peripheral neuropathy: anatomic localization and diagnostic testing. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology 2012;18: Jackson C. A clinical approach to the patient with suspected myopathy. Continuum 2006;12: Jackson CE, Barohn RJ. A pattern recognition approach to myopathy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013;19: Barohn RJ, Dimachkie MM, Jackson CE. A pattern recognition approach to patients with a suspected myopathy. Neurol Clin 2014;32: , vii. 9. Wortmann RL, Vladutiu GD. The clinical laboratory evaluation of the patient with noninflammatory myopathy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;3: Stone J, Warlow C, Sharpe M. The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients. Brain 2010;133: Hoffmann GF, Zschocke J, Nyhan WL, Kahler SG. Metabolic Myopathies. In. Inherited Metabolic Diseases. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2010; Mastaglia FL, Laing NG. Investigation of muscle disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60: Emery AE. The muscular dystrophies. Lancet 2002;359: Edmonson BC, Wulc AE. Ptosis evaluation and management. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38: Finsterer J. Ptosis: causes, presentation, and management. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27: Emery AE. The muscular dystrophies. BMJ 1998;317: Mercuri E, Muntoni F. Muscular dystrophies. Lancet 2013; 381: Watson JC, Dyck PJ. Peripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90: Mammen AL. Toxic myopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013;19: Pasnoor M, Barohn RJ, Dimachkie MM. Toxic myopathies. Neurol Clin 2014;32: , viii. 21. Mauermann ML, Burns TM. Pearls and Oy-sters: evaluation of peripheral neuropathies. Neurology 2009;72:e28-e Mauermann ML, Burns TM. The evaluation of chronic axonal polyneuropathies. Semin Neurol 2008;28: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 19
24 실마리찾기 - 신경근육질환의징후 신진홍양산부산대학교병원신경과 Find a clue signs in neuromuscular disorders Shin, Jin-Hong Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital Diagnostic flow in the neuromuscular disorders begins with the meticulous examination of the patient based on history taking. It is crucial in setting up the initial direction of evaluation as well as the final genotype-phenotype correlation. Assessments of shape and function, from face to toes, are familiar to the neurologists, while some signs may be subtle to notice without special attentions. Some signs, like hatchet face with grip myotonia, are so characteristic that are almost diagnostic. Facial asymmetry may help identify carriers of muscular dystrophy without obvious limb weakness. Axial weakness may herald respiratory weakness before the patients complain. Neurophysiology, pathology and genetic testing add a great deal of information. However, the physical examination still lies critical in the final clinical correlation as well as in the follow-up of the patients. Key Words: Neuromuscular manifestations, Physical examination, Muscle weakness 골격근의위약및위축은말초신경-근육질환의가장기본적인증상이다. 근육질환은근위부위약, 말초신경질환은원위부위약으로구분하는것은원위형근육병또는운동신경원질환의근위부위축등을고려하지않은일반화이므로적용에있어주의가필요하다. 심부건반사또한원인과무관하게근위축이진행되면저하되므로근육병과신경병을감별하는기준이되지못한다. 감각이상이단독으로또는위약과함께있을경우에는말초신경병을시사한다. 형태학적및기능적진찰은신경과의사에게있어익숙한부분이나, 일부징후들은주의를기울이지않으면놓칠수있다. 신체각부분에서진찰할수있는주요임상소견들을아래에나열하였다. Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital 20 Geumoro Yangsan, Gyongsangnamdo 50612, Korea Tel: shinzh@gmail.com 얼굴 얼굴은사람을대할때가장먼저보는부분이며, 가장직관적인진찰이가능한부분이기도하다. 근긴장성근디스트로피환자는대칭적인눈꺼풀쳐짐이있고, 턱근육이약하여입을벌리고있는경우가많다. 눈운동에장애가있는경우가있으나매우천천히진행하므로복시를일으키지는않는다. 측두근의약화로인해얼굴은갸름해지며, 동반되는전두부탈모로인해얼굴이더욱길어보이게된다. 이러한손도끼얼굴 (hatchet face) 은매우특징적이어서, 근긴장소견과함께근긴장성근디스트로피의진단에가장유용한소견이다. 한편세대를내려갈수록증상이심해지는경향이있어부모중환자는외형상알아보기는힘들수도있다. 1 선천성근육병의경우에도얼굴이갸름하고턱이약하여입을열고다니는경우가많다. 2 높은입천장 (high-arched palate; Fig. 1) 은여러선천성근육병및선천성근무력증후군에서볼수있는유용한소견이다. 안면근의근력약화가동반되는경우는다소무표정하게보이며, 눈세게감기나입모양움직임을통해위약을확인할수있다. 비대칭안면위약은안면견갑윗팔근디스트로피 (facioscapulohumeral dys 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
25 실마리찾기 - 신경근육질환의징후 Figure 1. High-arched palate. trophy; FSHD; Fig. 2) 를시사하며, 얼굴의움직임을진찰하지않으면놓칠수도있다. 사립체근육병, 근무력증, 선천성근육병등의경우에서대칭적또는비대칭적인안검하수가흔히발견되며, 안구운동장애를동반하기도하나복시가없는경우진찰을통해확인할필요가있다. 폼페병에서는비대칭안검하수가자주보고된다. 두셴근디스트로피 (Duchenne muscular dystrophy; DMD), 당원축적병, 아밀로이드증등에서큰혀증 (macroglossia) 를보일수있다. 혀위축은거리의존성의말초신경병에는흔치않은소견이나, 척수근위축이나근위축성측삭경화증과같은운동신경원질환, 또는뇌신경병의경우에도동반될수있다. 피부병변 눈주변의연보라발진 (heliotrope rash) 은피부근염의가장특징적인소견이며눈주위부종을동반하기도한다. Gottron 구진은손등쪽손가락관절에생기는보라색병변이다. 손가락끝측면에보이는과각질성병변은기계공손 (mechanic s hand) 이라고부르며, anti-synthase 증후군을시사하는소견이다. 점상출혈또는홍반이손톱주름, 눈꺼풀, 잇몸등에발생할수있다. 피하석회증 (calcinosis) 은소아피부근염에잘관찰된다. 피부근염환자는햇빛에노출되는부분에홍반이발생하곤하는데, 목주변등쪽으로생긴것을숄징후 (shawl sign), 목앞쪽윗가슴팍에생긴것을 V 징후라고한다. 3-5 소신경병에해당하는파브리병 (Fabry disease) 는말단이상 Figure 2. Facial asymmetry in FSHD. 감각 (acroparesthesia) 과함께자율신경이상을동반하여땀분비저하를만든다. 특징적인혈관각화종은손바닥또는입술, 등과배를포함한신체여러부분에서관찰된다. 파브리병환자들은얼굴선이굵은경향이있으며, 각막에회오리모양 (cornea verticillata) 이보일수있다. 6 걸음걸이 걸을때짚는발의골반이밖으로밀리는뒤뚱걸음 (waddling gait) 은근위부위약이뚜렷한근육병환자에게서볼수있으며, 일어설때무릎을짚어올라와허리를펴는 Gower 징후가동반되기도한다. 한편발목힘이약한환자들은내딛는발을높게들고짚는쪽고관절에힘을싣는발처짐걸음 (steppage gait) 을보이게된다. 봉입체근염 (inclusion body myositis) 에서는대퇴사두근의위약이가장심하여보행시에갑자기무릎이굽혀져넘어지는좌굴요절 (buckling) 을보일수있다. 7,8 Gower 징후는 DMD의아이들에서잘알려진현상이며, 근위부위약환자에서공통적으로관찰된다. 9 Gower 징후는협조가원활하지않은환아에서근위약을시사하는중요한소견이며, 청소년이나어른에서는손을짚지않고쪼그려앉고일어설수있는정도를시험해보는것이편리하다. 근위부위약이중력을저항하지못할정도로심한환자의경우에도 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 21
26 신진홍 잘적응한경우에는평지에서원활히걸을수있지만, 쪼그려앉기는매우어렵다. 사지골격근 근육영상이널리이용되면서근위축의세부양상자료가축적되고있다. DMD, 베커근디스트로피 (Becker muscular dystrophy; BMD) 나팔다리이음근디스트로피 (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy; LGMD) 등에서는팔다리의근위부근육에서부터위약과위축이진행하는데, 의외로엉덩허리근은잘보존되어있다. 근긴장성근디스트로피에서는손의위약이먼저발생하여, 단추를잠그거나병을따는동작에불편을겪는경우가많다. 미요시근육병은종아리, GNE 근육병은정강이부터위약및위축이진행하는것이전형적이나근위부위약으로부터시작하는경우도있음을유의하여야한다. 봉입체근염은대퇴사두근과전완부굴근의위약및위축이특징적인증상이나, 비슷한근병리를보이는 GNE 근육병은대퇴사두근이보존되는것이특징이다 FSHD 는얼굴에서부터상지, 몸통, 하지로진행하는데, 상지에서는상완이두근과삼두근, 승모근이심하게위축된반면, 삼각근과전완부는비교적침범되지않아상지외곽선이울퉁불통해지며, 이를뽀빠이팔 (Popeye s arm) 또는 poly-hill 징후라고부른다 (Fig.3). 14,15 FSHD 는심한비대칭적인근위축으로잘알려져있으며, 심한척추측만을동반하기도한다. 한편 FSHD 외에도현성두셴보인자나 BMD, McArdle병에서비대칭적인근위축을일으킬수있다. DMD/BMD 에서종아리가굵고딱딱해지는현상을가성비대라부른다. 대퇴의근위축이한참진행한뒤에도종아리가성비대는없어지지않으며, 아킬레스건구축의원인이된다. 한편비슷한현상이척수근위축 (spinal muscular atrophy; SMA) 또는 FSHD에서도발생할수있음을유의해야한다. 대표적인원위형근육병인미요시근병증의초기에도근위약진행전에종아리의비대가보일수있으며, 일부 LGMD에서도종아리가성비대가보고되고있다. 엄지발가락의배굴장애는 MYH7 변이에의한원위형근육병에서볼수있다. 체간 목과체간부위위약은많은근육병에서동반되나자주무시되는증상이다. 정상인에서목굽힘은체중을지탱할수있 을정도의근력을가진다. 목굽힘약화는염증성근육병의대표적인증상이며, 일부선천성근육병에서도동반된다. 날개어깨뼈 (winged scapula) 는 FSHD에서비대칭적으로발생하는것이특징적이며, 다양한 LGMD에서동반될수있지만특히 calpain 병증 (LGMD2A) 에서흔히볼수있다. 앞쪽겨드랑이주름 (axillary fold) 은대흉근의위축에의해발생하며, FSHD에서비대칭적으로관찰된다 (Fig. 3). 척추근육의위약이오는경우에는측만또는전만이생기는데, 정도가경하고옷으로가려져있는경우에는알아보기힘든경우가있으므로, 만져서확인해보아야한다. 요추부전만또는복벽근약화에의해배가나오는경우는단순복부비만과구별할필요가있다. 축성근위약이심한경우에는누웠다가바로일어나지못하며, 몸을돌려손으로땅을짚어일어나게된다. 사지근위약에비해축성근위약이심한경우폼페병을고려해야한다. 상복부근이보존된상태에서하복부위약이있는경우누워서상체를일으키면배꼽이위로끌려올라가는것을 Beevor 징후라고부른다. 척수손상환자에서처음기술된증상이나, 근위축성측삭경화증이나 FSHD에서도관찰된다. 근긴장이상꽉쥐기근긴장증 (grip myotonia) 과타진근긴장증 (percussion myotonia) 는특징적인얼굴모양과함께근긴장성근디스트로피의진단에가장유용한소견이다. 근긴장성근디스트로피환자들은자신의근긴장증을대수롭게여기지않는경우가많으므로진찰을통해확인해야한다. 근위축없이근긴장증만있는경우, 반복꽉쥐기를통해근긴장이완화되면 (warm-up), 염소통로이상에의한선천성근긴장증 (myotonia congenita), 온도저하에의해유발또는악화되면선천이상근긴장증 (paramyotonia congenita) 를시사한다. 중심핵근육병 (centronuclear myopathy), 폼페병, EMG 병등에서는근전도에서근긴장파가보일수도있으나임상적근긴장이상은보이지않아가성근긴장 (pseudomyotonia) 으로간주한다. 호흡곤란 삼킴장애진행된근육디스트로피에서는호흡곤란이동반되는경우가많은데, 폼페병과같은일부근육병에서는사지위약의정도에비해유난히심하게호흡곤란이동반되기도한다. 환자 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
27 실마리찾기 - 신경근육질환의징후 Figure 3. Poly-hill sign (upper panel) and winged scapula (lower panel) in FSHD 는똑바로눕는것이불편하여상체를세운상태로쉬는기립성호흡 (orthopnea) 을선호하게된다. 대화중에호흡보조근을사용하여짧게들이쉬게되며, 진행하면안정시에도그러한모습을볼수있다. 또한긴문장을한숨에말할수없어대화중짧게숨을들이쉬게되는데이때그렁거림 (stridor) 가들린다. 삼킴장애가있는경우자주사래들림을호소하게되는데, 오랜기간에걸쳐천천히삼킴장애가진행하는경우에는환자가스스로턱당김 (chin-tuck) 자세를터득하기도한다. 관절구축 관절구축은근위약과별도로환자의삶의질을떨어뜨리는큰요소이며, 재활또는수술적방법으로예방하거나호전시킬수있으므로잘관찰할필요가있다. 가장흔히발생하는곳은발목관절이며 DMD에서종아리가성비대와연계되어또는발목처짐이있는신경-근육질환에서발생한다. 오랫동안진행하는말초신경질환은족저궁이깊이패인휜발 (pes cavus) 를만들게되며, 망치발가락 (hammer toe) 를동반하게된다. 한편일부원위형근육병에서위축이진행하면서발변형이동반되기도하나말초신경병의경우와같은전형적인휜발보다는경한모습을보인다. 신생아에서손가락관절구축은다양한선천성신경근육질 Figure 4. Calf pseudohypertrophy in spinal muscular atrophy (left), and muscle CT (right upper, thighs; right lower, lower legs) of the same patient. 환에서관찰되며, 중증근무력증임산부의아이에서태아아세틸콜린수용체불활성증후군 (fetal acetylcholine receptor inactivation syndrome) 에서도볼수있다. 16 여러손가락관절에서군날개 (pterygium) 가있는경우는 Escobar 증후군이라고부르는데아세틸콜린수용체유전자의결함에의해발생한다. 콜라겐변이에의한심한형태인 Ullrich 선천성근디스트로피또는경한형태인 Bethlem 근육병은원위부관절의과신전과함께근위부관절의구축을동반한다. 17 이경우척추변형을동반할수있으며, 기운목 (torticollis) 이동반되기도한다. 강직척추증후군 (rigid spine syndrome) 은전형적으로 SEPN1 변이와연관되어있으며, 이외다양한선천선근육병에서동반된다. 18 맺음말 신경전도및근전도검사는말초신경질환과근육질환을구별하고분포및양상을파악하는중요한도구이며, 근육질환의경우근생검이, 일부말초신경질환에서는신경생검이결정적인정보를제공하기도한다. 최근수년간차세대유전자분석이도입되면서신경-근육질환의유전자검사는비약적으로발전하였으며유전성질환의세부진단에있어핵심도구로자리잡고있다. 하지만, 모든종류의질환변이를포괄하여검사할수는없으며, 개별변이의병인성이불확실한경우도많다. 정확한진찰을통한임상양상의파악은여전히진 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 23
28 신진홍 단의가장중요한과정으로, 초기방향의설정으로부터최종진단의확인은물론추적진료에까지큰영향을미친다. References 1. Bird TD. Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJH, et al. GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; Jungbluth H, Voermans NC. Congenital myopathies: not only a paediatric topic. Curr Opin Neurol. 2016;29(5): Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ, Amato AA. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neurol Clin. 2014;32(3): Dugan EM, Huber AM, Miller FW, Rider LG; International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group. Photoessay of the cutaneous manifestations of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(2):1. 5. Khan S, Christopher-Stine L. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and autoimmune necrotizing myopathy: clinical features. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2011;37(2): Ranieri M, Bedini G, Parati EA, Bersano A. Fabry Disease: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neurological Features. Curr Treat Options Neurol Jul;18(7): Malik A, Hayat G, Kalia JS, Guzman MA. Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: Clinical Approach and Management. Front Neurol. 2016;7: Needham M, Mastaglia FL. Sporadic inclusion body myositis: A review of recent clinical advances and current approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Clin Neurophysiol ;127(3): Brandsema JF, Darras BT. Dystrophinopathies. Semin Neurol. 2015;35(4): Park YE, Kim HS, Choi ES, Shin JH, Kim SY, Son EH, Lee CH, Kim DS. Limb-girdle phenotype is frequent in patients with myopathy associated with GNE mutations. J Neurol Sci. 2012;321(1-2): Aoki M. Dysferlinopathy. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJH, et al. GeneReviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ. Distal myopathies. Neurol Clin. 2014;32(3): Barohn RJ, Dimachkie MM, Jackson CE. A pattern recognition approach to patients with a suspected myopathy. Neurol Clin. 2014;32(3): Wang LH, Tawil R. Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2016;16(7): Pradhan S. Poly-Hill sign in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Muscle Nerve May;25(5): Hacohen Y, Jacobson LW, Byrne S, Norwood F, Lall A, Robb S. Fetal acetylcholine receptor inactivation syndrome: A myopathy due to maternal antibodies. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2014;2(1):e Bushby KM, Collins J, Hicks D. Collagen type VI myopathies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;802: Eymard B, Ferreiro A, Ben Yaou R, Stojkovic T. Muscle diseases with prominent joint contractures: Main entities and diagnostic strategy. Rev Neurol. 2013;169(8-9): 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
29 신경근육질환자가항체검사 홍윤호서울대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 서울특별시립보라매병원신경과 Serologic tests for neuromuscular disorders Yoon-Ho Hong, MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Neurology, Seoul National University (SNU) College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center 질병특이적자가항체가발견된자가면역신경근육질환들에는중중근무력증 (myasthenic gravis, MG) 과 Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) 등신경근접합부질환 (Gilhus & Verschuuren 2015), 만성염증성탈수초다발신경병증 (Latov 2014) 과길랑바레증후군 (Yuki & Hartung 2012), 자율신경병증 (Koike et al. 2013) 등말초신경질환, 다발성근염과피부근염등염증성근육병증 (Simon et al. 2016) 등이있다 (Table). 각질환의역학, 병인과기전, 진단및치료에대한자세한내용은최근에발표된종설들을참고하기바라며 ( 참고문헌 ), 본강의는자가면역신경근육질환의진단및치료과정을중심으로해당자가항체들의임상적의의를살펴보고자한다. References 1. Gilhus, N.E. & Verschuuren, J.J., Myasthenia gravis: Subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. The Lancet Neurology, 14(10), pp Available at: 2. Koike, H., Watanabe, H. & Sobue, G., The spectrum of immune-mediated autonomic neuropathies: insights from the clinicopathological features. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 84(1), pp Available at: [Accessed October 10, 2016]. 3. Latov, N., Diagnosis and treatment of chronic acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. Nature reviews. Neurology, 10(8), pp Available at: 4.Simon, J.P. et al., Autoimmune myopathies: Where do we stand? Frontiers in Immunology, 7(JUN), pp Yuki, N. & Hartung, H., Guillain Barré Syndrome. NEJM. Yoon-Ho Hong, MD, PhD. Neurology, Seoul National University (SNU) College of Medicine SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramaero-5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Tel: Fax: nrhong@gmail.com, yhh@snu.ac.kr 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 25
30 홍윤호 Table. Auto-antibodies in neuromuscular disorders. Auto-antibodies Disease Note Neuromuscular junction disorders Anti-AchR MG Sensitivity -50% in ocular MG, 70-80% in generalized MG Anti-MuSK MG Variable sensitivity (0-70%) in anti-achr-ab negative generalized MG, but rarely detected in ocular MG, IgG subclass (IgG4), often young female, bulbar dominant phenotype, facial muscles/tongue atrophy, intolerance to ACEI Anti-LRP4 MG 7-33% of double seronegative MG (Anti-AchR and anti-musk), clinical characteristics similar to anti-achr rather than anti-musk MG, IgG1 (and G2) subclass Anti-agrin MG Pathgenecity not established Anti-titin/RyR/Kv1.? MG Common in thymomatous MG and late-onset MG Anti-VGCC (P/Q type) LEMS Associated with malignancy in -50% of patients (most commonly associated with small cell lung cancer) Anti-VGKC Neuromyotonia, Morvan s syndrome Mostly autoimmune, but some cases with tumor (thymus and lung), peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, limbic encephalitis Peripheral neuropathies Anti-gangliosides GBS GM1/GD1a in AMAN/AMSAN, GQ1b/GT1a in MFS/Bickerstaff s brainstem encephalitis/pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of GBS Anti-GM1 Multifocal motor neuropathy IgM Anti-MAG Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy -50% in polyneuropathy with IgM monoclonal gammopathy, paresthesia and sensory ataxia followed by a varying degree of sensorimotor deficits Anti-contactin 1 CIDP -3% In CIDP, IgG4, subacute sensory ataxia, poor response to IVIG Anti-NF155 CIDP 3-7% in CIDP, IgG4, younger age of onset, associated with ataxia, CNS demyelination, disabling tremor, poor response to IVIG Anti-AchR (ganglionic) Autonomic neuropathy idiopathic autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy Myopathies Anti-tRNA synthetase Dermatomyositis or overlap myositis Anti-HMGCR, anti-srp Autoimmune necrotizing myopathy Anti-tRNA synthetase syndrome (myositis, interstitial lung disease, arthritis, Raynaud phenomenon, mechanic s hands), anti-jo1 (histidyl-trna synthetase) -60% in autoimmune necrotizing myopathy, statin exposure in -50% of anti-hmgcr positive patients 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
31 신경근육질환에서전기진단검사의적용 신하영연세대학교의과대학신경과학교실 How to design electrophysiological tests Ha Young Shin, MD Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea The electrodiagnostic studies, consisting of nerve conduction studies and needle electrodiagnosis, provide valuable information to neuromuscular function for evaluating patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders. The electrodiagnostic studies play an important role in localization of neuromuscular disorders. In addition, these studies help to define the underlying pathologic processes, such as demyelination or axonal loss. The techniques of electrodiagnostic studies are standardized. However, potential technical problems during the studies may interfere with accurate and reliable information acquisition and the data interpretation. The electrodiagnostic studies must be performed with careful attention to technique and be interpreted in a clinical context. This session will review the basic concept and technical aspects of the nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography. In addition, how to design electrodiagnostic tests will be discussed. Key Words: Nerve conduction study, Electromyography, Electrodiagnostic tests Ha Young Shin Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea Tel: Fax: hayshin@yuhs.ac 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 27
32 근육과말초신경의조직소견 박영은부산대학교의학전문대학원신경과학교실 Histopathology of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve Young-Eun Park MD, PhD Department of Neurology Pusan National University School of Medicine Biopsy of skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve is not a complex procedure. However, full assessment of clinical manifestation and laboratory findings should be preceded before we decide whether biopsy is needed. Biopsies performed in an appropriate situation can be helpful for making some specific diagnoses of myopathy or peripheral neuropathy. Inspection and interpretation of various pathological changes is required for clinical decisions. Thus, clinicians should be well acquainted with a variety of pathological findings of skeletal muscles and peripheral nerves. Key Words: Skeletal muscle, Peripheral nerve, Biopsy, Pathology 다양한선천성또는후천성의근육병증과말초신경병증의진단에서조직소견을보는일은매우중요하다. 그러나조직소견을평가하기이전에충분한병력청취, 자세한신경학적진찰이반드시선행되어야하며, 이를뒷받침할만한검사실소견과혈액검사또는영상의학적평가도필요하다. 이러한절차를거쳐근육또는말초신경의조직소견이필요하다고판단하게되면생검을하기에적절한근육또는말초신경을선택해야한다. 생검대상을잘못선택하는경우조직소견을통해필요한정보를전혀얻을수없게되므로주의해야한다. 말초신경병증의경우신경학적진찰이나검사실소견을통해원인을충분히알수있는경우에는조직검사는일반적으로시행하지않는다. 말초신경의생검이필요한경우는크게두가지인데, (1) 혈관염이의심되는경우와 (2) 말초신경병증에서그원인을알기어려운경우이다. 혈관염에서말초신경을침범하는경우는매우흔하며, 비복신경생검의진단적가치는매우높은것으로알려져있다. 또한, 말초신경병증의 Young-Eun Park, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital Gudeok-ro 179 Seo-gu, Busan Tel: Fax: yepark407@gmail.com 원인을알기어려운경우조직소견이진단을위한중요한정보를제공할수도있다. 그러나, 이러한경우에라도치료의결정과같은중요한임상적가치가있을때에만신중하게고려해야한다. 한편, 근육생검은병력청취, 신경학적진찰소견이근육병증을시사하고근전도검사에서근육성변화를보이는경우대개다음단계로근육생검을결정할수있다. 근육병증이의심될때근육조직소견을관찰하는것은진단에도움이되는많은정보를제공할수있기때문이다. 그러나, 근육조직에서관찰할수있는많은부분이비특이적변화이며생검은명백하게침습적검사에해당하므로이를통해얻을수있는정보가충분히가치가있을것으로판단되는경우에그리고적절한임상적판단을근거로할때에만시행해야한다는것은매우중요한사실이다. 근육과말초신경의생검과정은어렵지않다. 피부절개를통해작은크기의조직을얻는것으로충분하기도하나가능한충분한양을획득하는것이더좋다. 기본적으로조직염색은헤마톡실린-에오신염색, 변형고모리-트리크롬염색, NADH-TR (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase) 염색, SDH (succinic dehydrogenase) 염색, cytochrome oxidase (COX) 염색과 ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) 염색을포함하며, 이외에필요에따라 Oil red O 염 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
33 근육과말초신경의조직소견 색, congo red 염색, PAS (periodic acid-schiff) 염색, acid phosphatase 염색과akaline phosphatase 염색을추가로시행할수있다. 면역조직화학염색법을시행하면염증성질환에서염증세포의유형을분석하는데도움이되며, 골격근세포내단백질의존재유무를확인할수있어서근육디스트로피진단의중요한수단이될수있다. 전자현미경으로관찰을하면광학현미경관찰에비해 10 5 배이상의고배율로미세구조를확인할수있는데근원섬유 (myofibril) 의구조와말초신경의수초 (myelin), 핵, 미토콘드리아와같은세포소기관등을관찰하는데용이하다. 1. 근육조직소견 1. 정상근육조직소견골격근은근외막 (epimysium) 에싸여있으며, 내부에근주막 (perimysium) 에의해근육세포다발 (fascicle) 로분리되고각각의근육세포다발은다수의근육세포와이를둘러싸고있는근내막 (endomysium) 그리고내막사이조직으로채워져있다. 정상성인에서근육세포의크기는직경이 μm 정도이며, 횡단면에서다각형으로보이고서로밀집되어빽빽하게채워져있다. 핵은하나의근육세포내에다수로존재하는데정상적으로는세포의가장자리에근세포막바로아래에위치한다. 근원섬유의구조는 NADH-TR 염색에서간접적으로관찰할수있는데, 고배율에서보면그물망처럼나타난다. 잘염색된조직에서는혈관과유수신경섬유 (myelinated nerve fiber) 를관찰할수도있다. 정상근육에서는 1형 (slow-twitch, oxidative metabolism) 과 2형 (fast-twitch, glycolytic metabolism) 근육세포의비율이근육에따라비교적일정하게유지되며 ATPase 염색을했을때바둑판모양 (checkerboard) 또는모자이크형태의배열을보인다. 전자현미경에서근원섬유는연속된근절 (sarcomere) 로이루어져있는데, 각각의근절은 Z-disk를중심으로 I 밴드와 A 밴드가교차로배열되는구조이며, 핵은가장자리에진하게보이는이질염색질 (heterochromatin) 과가운데에진정염색질 (euchromatin) 이구별되게나타난다. 이외에도근육세포막, 핵, 핵막과미토콘드리아와같은세포소기관들을관찰할수있다. 2. 근육조직의병리학적변화 ; 비특이적변화근육병증에서는정상소견의변화가나타나는데이들대부분은다양한근육질환에서공통적으로나타날수있으며따 라서특정질환을진단하기에는부적합하다. 그러나, 이러한소견들은근력저하가신경병증에서기인하는지근육병증에의한것인지감별하는데도움이될수있다. 1) 근육세포의크기와모양변화근육병증에서근육세포는다각형이아닌둥근모양을보이게되며, 크기가작은세포 (atrophic fibers) 와매우큰근육세포 (hypertrophic fibers) 들을동시에관찰할수있는데이경우근육세포크기의다양성이증가되었다고한다. 위축이심한근육세포는세포질이거의소실되고다수의핵이뭉쳐져있는모습을보이기도하며이것을핵응축 (nuclear clumps) 이라고부른다. 신경병증에의해서도근육세포의크기변화가나타날수있는데, 보통신경병증에의한위축근육세포는각섬유 (angulated fiber) 의형태로나타난다. 한편, 근육세포의위축이근육세포다발의가장자리에위치한세포에서만뚜렷하게관찰되는경우를 perifascicular atrophy 라고하며, 이는다른경우와달리피부근염 (dermatomyositis) 을진단할수있는징후적가치를지닌다. 2) 근육세포의괴사와재생괴사된근육세포 (necrotic fibers) 는모든염색에서세포질이옅게 (pale staining) 나타나며, 때로세포질의염색이거의소실된유령세포 (ghost fibers) 로보이기도한다. 괴사세포는흔히탐식작용 (phagocytosis) 을동반한다. 재생세포 (regenerating fibers) 는 RNA의합성되는양이많아져헤마톡실린- 에오신염색에서푸른자색 (bluish purple) 을띠게되므로호염기성세포 (basophilic fibers) 라고부르기도한다. 재생세포에서핵은세포의가장자리가아니라내측에위치하는경우를자주볼수있으며, 핵이매우커지고내부에핵인 (nucleoli) 이관찰되는경우도있다. 3) 근육세포유형의변화근육세포유형의변화는 ATPase 염색을통해서관찰할수있다. 1형과 2형근육세포가일정비율을벗어나특정유형이수적으로우세해지는경우가있는데 1형근육세포의우세 (type 1 fiber predominance) 는선천성근육병증 (congenital myopathies) 을포함한다양한근육병증에서흔히관찰되며, 2형근육세포우세 (type 2 fiber predominance) 는주로신경병증에의한변화에서나타난다. 또한, 1형과 2형섬유가바둑판모양으로배열되지않고특정유형의근육세포가밀집되어있는형태를근육세포유형의집단화 (fiber type group 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 29
34 박영은 ing) 라고하는데, 이는신경병증에의한변화이며특히 ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 와 SMA (spinal muscular atrophy) 와같은운동신경세포질환에서자주관찰할수있다. 이때집단화된근육세포가동시에위축되기도하는데이를군집위축 (grouped atrophy) 이라고한다. 4) 핵의변화핵은정상적으로근육세포의가장자리에위치하는데세포내측에위치한경우를내측핵 (internal nuclei) 이라고한다. 정상근육세포에서도 1% 미만의내측핵을관찰할수있으나근육병증또는신경병증에의한근육조직변화에서내측핵의빈도가매우증가할수있다. 선천성근육병증중중심핵근육병 (centronuclear myopathy) 은대다수의근육세포핵이세포의정중앙에위치해있는것 (central nuclei) 이특징이다. 5) 섬유화와지방조직의대체정상근육조직에서섬유조직은근육세포사이에매우소량으로존재하며, 근주막주변과근외막에다양한정도로분포되어있다. 근육병증에서는대개근내막사이에섬유조직의침윤이두드러지게관찰되며이때지방조직의침윤과지방조직에의한근육세포의대체가함께동반된다. 3. 근육조직의병리학적변화 ; 특징적변화근육조직에서나타나는특징적변화들은일부특정질환을진단하는데필요충분조건이되기도하며, 다른질환들과감별하는데도움이되는소견들이다. 1) 염증세포의침윤다양한근육병증에서염증세포침윤을관찰할수있으나염증성근육병증에서주로볼수있다. 염증성근육병증에서근내막에서염증세포를관찰할수있으며, 다발성근염에서염증세포가근육세포내부로침투하는경우도있다. 피부근염에서는특히혈관주위염증세포침윤이특징적이다. 간혹듀센근디스트로피나얼굴어깨위팔근디스트로피, 팔다리이음근디스트로피 2B형에서염증세포침윤이나타나는데이경우염증성근육병증으로오인하기도한다. 2) 근원섬유의구조적변화정상적으로근원섬유와근원섬유사이조직 (intermyofibrillar network) 은규칙적으로배열된균일한조직이다. 이러한배열이흐트러지게되면마치 벌레가갉아먹은 모양으로보 인다하여 moth-eaten appearance 라고하는데이러한소견은염증성근육병증을포함한다양한종류의근육병증에서나타날수있다. 3) 중심코어 (central cores) 중심코어는산화효소염색에서가장잘드러나는데근육세포의중심부에산화효소활성도가소실되어염색이되지않는형태로나타난다. 중심코어병 (central core disease) 에서이러한소견이대다수의근육세포에서관찰된다. 가끔중심코어보다작은크기의코어가하나의근육세포에서다수로나타나기도하는데이를 minicore 라고부른다. 한편, 중심코어와유사한형태를띠는표적섬유 (target fiber) 또는표적모양섬유 (targetoid fiber) 는산화효소가결핍된코어영역의가장자리에진하게염색되는중간영역이존재하는것이구별되는점이다. 표적섬유는신경원성변화의일환으로나타난다. 4) 네말린소체 (nemaline body) 네말린소체는변형고모리-트리크롬염색에서붉은색으로염색되는구조이며, 가는실모양과같다고하여붙여진이름이다. 위치와형태가다양하지만주로근육세포의가장자리에군집되어있다. 전자현미경에서는 Z-disk 와동일한전자밀도를가지는결정체로관찰된다. 선천성근육병증중네말린근육병증에서이러한네말린소체가가장특징적으로나타난다. 5) 테두리공포 (rimmed vacuole) 헤마톡실린-에오신또는변형고모리-트리크롬염색에서공포의가장자리가붉은색의과립상으로나타나는것이특징이며자가탐식공포 (autophagic vacuole) 로생각한다. 대표적으로봉입체근염 (inclusion body myositis) 에서관찰되며, 유전적으로는테두리공포를가진원위근육병증 (distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles, DMRV) 이이와관련된대표적질환이다. 이외에도눈인두근육디스트로피와팔다리이음근디스트로피 1A형에서도관찰될수있다. 6) 사립체의변화비정상사립체는변형고모리-트리크롬염색에서호염기성과립상을보이며, 산화효소염색에서특히진하게염색된다. 다양한근육병증에서관찰할수있지만 PEO (progressive external ophthalmplegia) 와 MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes), MEERF 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
35 근육과말초신경의조직소견 (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) 와같은사립체근육병에서대표적이다. 변형고모리-트리크롬염색에서비정상으로증식및확대된사립체를가지는근육세포를 ragged red fiber 라고부르며이세포는 COX 염색에서반응이소실된다. 전자현미경에서 ragged red fiber를관찰하면사립체내에 parking lot 모양의결정체를포함하고있는것을볼수있다. 7) 글리코겐축적글리코겐증 (glycogenois) 에서나타나며폼페병에서PAS 염색을통해가장잘관찰할수있다. 반면, 근육인산분해효소 (myophosphorylas) 의결핍에기인하는제 5형글리코겐증즉 McArdle s disease에서는인산화효소염색의결핍이나타난다. 8) 지방축적카르니틴결핍과같은지방대사질환에서관찰되며, Oil red O 염색을하면붉게염색되는것을관찰할수있다. 4. 근육조직의병리학적변화 ; 면역조직화학염색의변화근육조직의분석에서면역조직화학염색은대상단백질의유무와위치를파악하기위한목적으로사용된다. 면역조직화학염색은조직염색과조직화학염색에보완적으로이루어지는방법이므로반드시임상적특징과다른염색에서관찰되는형태학적변화를기반으로하여해석해야한다. 최근분자유적학적발전에의해많은유전성근육질환에서원인이되는단백질의규명이이루어지고있으며, 특히상염색체또는성염색체열성유전에의한질환의경우진단에많은도움이되고있다. 대표적으로두셴근디스트로피는디스트로핀단백질의결핍에의한성염색체열성질환으로면역조직화학염색을통해단백질소실을확인함으로써진단할수있다. 이외에도다양한근육세포단백질에대한항체를사용하여면역조직화학염색을할수있다. 5. 근육조직의병리학적변화 ; 미세구조변화전자현미경을통해근육조직을관찰하면광학현미경에서보기어려운미세한변화를볼수있으며, 네말린소체나비정상사립체또는봉입체와같은구조를좀더명확히관찰할수있고미세구조에서만관찰할수있는구조를확인할수있다. 그러나, 전자현미경으로는아주작은크기의샘플만관찰할수있으므로이것이전체근육조직을대변하기어려울수 있고대개의경우비특이적변화에지나지않는경우가많다. 전자현미경을통해관찰할수있는미세구조변화는 I-band 또는 A-band 의소실, Z-disk 의변화, 네말린소체, 코어, 핵모양의변화, 염색질의변화, 사립체변화등이있다. 2. 말초신경조직소견 1. 정상말초신경조직소견말초신경은근육과마찬가지로세종류의막으로둘러싸여져서구분된다. 신경외막 (epineurium) 은전체말초신경조직을둘러싸고있으며, 비복신경의경우신경외막내에 5-15 개의신경다발을포함하고있다. 각각의신경다발은신경다발막 (perineurium) 으로둘러싸여있으며, 신경내막 (endoneurium) 은하나의신경섬유와슈반세포를둘러싸고있다. 신경외막내부결체조직에서소동맥과정맥을관찰할수있는데혈관염에서는이들주위에염증세포들이침윤되므로진단에도움이된다. 일반적으로유수신경섬유 (myelinated nerve fiber) 는직경이 2-17 μm 정도이며광학현미경을통해관찰할수있다. 반면, 무수신경섬유 (unmyelinated nerve fiber) 는 μm 정도의직경이며전자현미경을통해서만관찰할수있다. 보통광학현미경관찰을위해서동결절편또는파라핀절편을만들게되는데, 이때에는직경이큰유수신경섬유만관찰할수있다. Semithin 절편을이용하면다양한직경의유수신경섬유와각각의수초를잘관찰할수있다. 2. 말초신경의병리학적변화 1) 혈관내벽 / 주위염증세포침윤가장대표적인것이혈관염이다. 말초신경조직에서혈관내벽의염증세포침윤과섬유소모양괴사 (fibrinoid necrosis) 를관찰한다면혈관염성신경병증 (vasculitic neurpathy) 을쉽게진단할수있다. 결절다발동맥염 (polyarteritis nodosa) 과 Churg-Strauss 증후군과같은전신혈관염에서말초신경침범은매우흔하다. 혈관염의초기에보이는경한반응에서는혈관벽내염증세포침윤없이혈관주위에서만염증세포가관찰될수도있다. 혈관염에서는동반되어축삭변성이함께관찰되는데염증성신경병증에서는오히려부분적인탈수초화가관찰되며신경내막에서염증이동반되므로구별된다. 2) 아밀로이드 (amyloid) 침착말초신경조직에서아밀로이드침착을관찰한다면아밀로 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 31
36 박영은 이드신경병증을진단할수있다. 아밀로이드는파라핀절편에서 Congo-red 염색을하여편광현미경으로관찰하는것이가장좋다. 3) 양파망울형성 (onion bulb formation) 말초신경조직의횡단면에서동심원층 (concentric layers) 의형태로나타나는데대개탈수초화된섬유를둘러싸고있는슈반세포의돌기 (process) 로구성된다. 주로 semithin 절편이나전자현미경을통해서관찰할수있다. 양파망울형성은탈수초화와수초재생이반복되면서발생하며 1형 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 병과선천수초저형성신경병증 (congenital hypomyelinative neuropathy) 에서흔히관찰되고일부만성염증성탈수초신경병증에서도관찰할수있다. 3) 분절탈수초화 (segmental demyelination) 분절탈수초화는 semithin 절편이나동결절편의종단면에서관찰할수있으나갈래섬유 (teased nerve fiber) 에서가장잘관찰할수있다. 이때양파망울형성이나수초의팽대즉, tomacula를볼수있다. Semithin 절편에서는축삭의직경에비해수초가얇아져있는모습을관찰할수있다. 염증세포침윤과함께관찰되면염증성탈수초신경병증의중요한진단근거가된다. 신경내막에염증세포침윤이함께관찰되면진단할수있으나 GBS와같은급성신경병증에서는염증세포를관찰하기어려운경우가많다. 4) 축삭변성 (axonal degeneration) 동결절편에서 myelin-digestion chamber를관찰하거나갈래섬유에서 myelin ovoid를관찰하면진단할수있다. 거대축삭 (giant axon) 소견이있으면간접적으로축삭변성을시사하며독성신경병증과같은축삭신경병증에서흔히나타나는소견이다. 이와같이근육과말초신경의조직에서관찰할수있는다양한소견들을인지하고있으면임상양상과검사실소견만으로판단이어려운경우생검을통해진단을위한많은유용한정보를얻을수있다. 그러나, 이를통해얻은정보를효율적으로활용하여정확한진단을위해도움이되려면생검의결정에앞서반드시임상적판단이선행되어야한다는사실은아무리강조해도지나치지않을것이다. References 1. Dubowictz V, Sewry CA. Muscle Biopsy: a Practical Approach. 4 th ed, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2013; Sunwoo IN. Clinical application of muscle biopsy. J Korean Neurol Assoc 2001;19: Sewry CA, Goebel HH. General Pathology of Muscle Diseases. In: Goebel HH, Sewry CA, Weller RO. Muscle Disease: Pathology and Genetics. 2 nd ed, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. 2013; Oh SJ. Color Atlas of Nerve Biopsy Pathology. 1 st ed, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
37 면역매개성근신경계질환의치료에서코르티코스테로이드와면역억제제 김지영서남의대명지병원신경과 Corticosteroid and immunosuprressants in treatment of immune-mediated neuromuscular diseases Jee Young Kim Department of Neurology, Seonam University College of Medicine, Myongji hospital Immune-mediated neuromuscular disorders including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, or inflammatory myopathy are difficult to treat since they have diverse immunopathological mechanisms and a wide clinical spectrum. Corticosteroids have been widely used as a mainstay treatment for a long period of time. And various immunosuppressants inhibiting proliferation or activation of immune cells by different mechanisms are used as a monotherapy or a steroid-sparing agent. Recently specific monoclonal antibodies targeting different immune cells have been introduced. Since not all treatments have demonstrated their efficacy by large-scale, randomized controlled trials, and these immunosuppressants are associated by various adverse effects, so careful and regular monitoring is necessary. Key Words: Corticosteroids, Immunosuppressant, Autoimmune, Neuromuscular disorders 서론 중증근무력증 (MG), 길랭-바레증후군 (GBS), 만성염증탈수초다발신경병증 (CIDP), 다초점운동신경병증 (MMN) 등의면역매개성근신경계질환의치료에있어가장기본이되는것은스테로이드와여러면역억제제를이용한면역치료이다. 그러나이러한질환의유병률이높지않아각면역치료의효과에대한무작위대조연구가부족하며, 각환자마다그임상경과나중증도, 치료에대한반응도가다르기때문에면역치료에대한일관성있는가이드라인이부족한현실이다. 대부분의면역억제제에대한효과를후향적연구또는환자-대조군연구및증례보고의결과에의존하기때문에치료를언제, Jee Young Kim, MD Assistant professor Department of Neurology, Seonam University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital 55, Hwasu-ro 14beon-gil, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Tel: Fax: nrkjy55@gmail.com 어떻게시작하는것이좋은지, 언제중단해야할지결정하는것은결코쉬운일이아니다. 따라서스테로이드나면연억제제를이용한면역치료를결정하기전에고려해야할사항들은다음과같다. 1. 임상경과, 혈청학적, 전기생리학적검사등을통한환자의질환에대한정확한진단을내려야한다. 2. 진단이내려진다음, 질환의중증도및경과를고려하여면역치료를시행할경우얻을수있는이득과발생할수있는위험성들에대해숙고해야한다. 3. 면역치료를하기로결정하였다면, 환자의동반질환, 연령, 투약력등을고려하여적절한약제를선택한다. 면역치료를언제시작하고중단할것인가진단이내려지면치료를시작하게되는데, 이때중요한것은환자의상태를숙고해야한다는것이다. 1) 현재질환의중증도, 2) 예상되는질환의경과및예후, 3) 환자및보호자의경제적상태, 4) 환자및보호자의치료에대한의지및요구, 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 33
38 김지영 5) 환자의활동성및생활방식등을고려하여환자개개인에맞는치료를선택해야한다. 환자및보호자에게면역치료의목적과이득, 발생할수있는부작용및합병증, 예측되는부작용에대해정기적인모니터링이필요하다는것과이에대해환자가순응해야하는것에대해충분한의견교환및동의가필요하다. 면역치료의궁극적인목표는가능한빨리환자의증상을호전또는관해에도달하도록해야한다는것이다. 이를위해서는비정상적인면역반응을가능한빨리중단시켜야치료효과를높일수있는데, 일반적인면역억제제의경우약제의효과가충분히나타날때까지는최소한 3개월이상의시간이걸리므로병의급성기에또는재발초기에는스테로이드, 면역글로블린, 또는혈장교환술등의빠른효과를얻을수있는방법을선택하게된다. 일반적으로는빠른관해에도달하기위해고용량으로시작하며, 환자가만족할만한상태에도달되면감량을고려하게되는데그일정은약제와환자의증상에따라조정해야한다. 스테로이드의경우 2-6주간격으로단계적으로감량하며, 다른면역억제제들은감량을한후에도그효과가늦게나타날수있어관찰기간을좀더길게잡아야한다. 1 각약제에대한설명을참고하기바란다. 환자의증상이회복되고환자의일상생활유지에장애가초래되지않을정도의경미한신경학적결손만남아있을때, 환자및보호자들은더오래또는더높은용량의치료를요구할수도있다. 이럴때, 이들을안심시키고지나친면역치료는오히려해로울수있음을교육시켜야한다. 1 그러나만일충분한용량까지투약을했어도효과가불충분하다면지체하지말고중단하도록한다. 급성기또는재발초기치료 1. Corticosteroid (CS) CS는수십년동안자가면역및염증성질환의치료에있어중심이되어왔다. 염증반응과선천적및후천적면역반응을억제하여면역시스템에광범위한효과를미친다. 분자단계에서, CS는특이수용체와결합하여복합체를형성하여세포핵으로이동하여 DNA 내에있는선택적조절부위에결합한다. 2 이로써염증및면역반응에관여하는여러유전자들의발현을억제또는촉진한다. 2 세포단계에서, CS는염증부위로백혈구의이동을억제하며, 백혈구, 내피세포, 섬유아세포의기능을방해한다. 2 또한염증반응에관여하는체액성인자 의생성과효과를억제하는역할을하는등다양한기전으로면역반응을억제한다. 2 스테로이드는병의경과, 침범된기관에따라, 침범정도에따라다르게투여하는데, 매일고용량의스테로이드경구치료는주요기관을침범한중증의질환에주로사용하며, 격일로투여하는방법은질환의진행이빠르지않은질환에사용하고, 정맥으로펄스치료 (pulse therapy) 를하는경우는빠르게진행하는, 예후가좋지않을것으로예상되는, 면역매개성질환의초기치료로사용된다. 일반적으로는빠른관해에도달하기위해고용량으로시작하게되는데, MG의경우일부환자에서 (25-75%) 고용량스테로이드치료를시작한후첫수일이내에일시적으로증상이악화될수있다는것을미리환자및보호자에게설명하고이에대한주의를요한다. 3 일반적으로고용량프레드니솔론 (PD) 을 mg/kg/day 또는 mg/day 용량으로아침 1회로초기 2-6주간유지하는방법이선호되는데, 아침에고용량을투약하게되면우리몸에서자연적으로생성되는스테로이드의아침농도가더높아져투여한 PD의대사를경쟁적으로저하시키고, 활동성의, 결합되지않은 PD의제거율을낮춰더큰효과를얻을수있다. 1,4 더불어아침에 PD를투약하게되면저녁에 ACTH의분비를덜억제하여그다음날아침에내인성코티솔의분비가정상적으로이루어질수있다. 1,4 고용량 PD에효과가있는경우, 환자가만족할만한상태에이르면감량을하게되는데, 환자의증상에따라감량일정을조정하며보통은 2-6주간격으로 1주일에 5-10 mg 감량하여천천히단계적으로감량한다. 환자의상태가안정적으로유지되도록하기위해 mg 격일투여요법이유지요법으로필요할수있다. 1,5 만일 PD에만족스러운반응이나타나지않는경우에는, 다음면역억제제를투약하면서 PD는빨리감량해나가도록한다. 하루 1회격일로투약하는방법은부작용을최소한으로줄일수는있지만, 스테로이드에대한효과가뒤늦게나타나거나만족스럽지못할수있으므로, 고용량을매일투약하는방법을선행하지않고처음부터격일로투약하지는않는다. 1 정맥으로펄스치료를하는경우는효능을높이고효과가나타나는시점을앞당길수있는장점이있다. 1 보통 mg을정맥주사 (IV) 로매일 3-5일간주사하며, 이후일주일에 mg 용량을 2주간격으로주사한후서서히감량하거나보통은경구 CS로변경하여감량한다. 1 이러한펄스치료는보통 CIDP, 이상단백신경병증 (paraproteinemic neuropathy), 혈관염성신경병증 (vasculitic neuropathy) 의초기치료로선호된다. 그러나 GBS나 MMN의치료로는권고되지않는다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
39 면역매개성근신경계질환의치료에서코르티코스테로이드와면역억제제 장기적으로 CS를투여할경우발생할수있는많은부작용들을충분히숙지하고있어야한다. 그부작용은대표적으로다음과같다. 1) 비정상적인지방분포, 2) 지질분해성작용으로고지혈증유발, 3) 내당증, 4) 소아환자에서성장지연, 5) 불규칙한생리, 6) 부종및고혈압, 7) 골다공증 ( 특히폐경여성에서 ), 8) 위장관계장애, 9) 피부병변, 10) 후방피막하백내장, 11) 중추신경계증상 ( 불면증, 흥분성, 생리적진전악화 ), 12) 몸쪽근육의위약등이다 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) IVIg는효과적인측면에서도, 장기간투여에도비교적안전하여안정성측면에서도면역매개성근신경질환의치료에새로운길을열었다. 일부질환에서는스테로이드나혈장교환술과동등한효과를보였으며, MMN와같은질환에서는유일하게효과적인치료법으로인정되고있다. 대조임상시험에서 GBS 나 CIDP, 신경근접합부질환 (neuromuscular junction disorder), 염증성근육병증 (inflammatory myopathy), 강직증후구 (stiff-person syndrome) 등에서도그효과가입증되었다. 6 IVIg의작용기전은명확하지않으나, 다음과같은여러작용기전을갖는것으로간주되고있다. 1) 다양한개별특이적 (idiotypic)/ 항개별특이적 (anti-idiotypic) 효과가있어병적인자가항체들을중화시키고그자가항체들이자가항원과결합하는것을방해한다 ) 보체에결합하여보체의기능을억제하며, 막용해성공격복합체 (membranolytic attack complex) 형성을방해한다 ) 면역글로불린분자가대식세포 (macrophage) 의 Fcγ 수용체의 Fc 영역에결합하여염증및면역반응을매개하는신호반응이촉진되는데, 이때억제성과활성 Fcγ 수용체의표현되는정도에따라최종면역반응이결정된다 FcγRI 와 FcγRIII의표현이증가하면포식작용를촉진시키는반면에 FcγRII 의표현이증가하면포식기능과항체매개성-세포독성이억제된다 ) 사이토카인 (cytokine) 과부착분자 (adhesion molecule) 의활성은거의모든면역매개성근신경계질환을일으키는데매우중요한역할을하는데, IVIg는생체내및생체외연구에서용량에비례하여사이토카인과부착분자들이조직에표현되는것을억제하거나혈중농도를감소시키는것으로밝혀졌다 위와같은다양한기전을통해 IVIg는면역학적기전으로유발되는다양한질환들을치료하는데효과를보이고있다. 이뿐아니라투여방법도비교적간단하며장기간투여에도치명적인부작용이발생할위험성이적다는측면이또하나 의큰장점이다. 치료용량은오랫동안 2g/kg 용량을 5일로나눠서 400 mg/kg/day 로 5일연속투여하는방법이선호되었는데, 최근에는신장및심혈관기능이정상인젊은환자들에서는 1g/kg/day 로 2일간투약하는방법도이용되고있다. 1 부작용은비교적경미하며, 10% 미만의환자에서부작용이나타나는것으로보고되었다. 10 중등도미만의, NSAIDs 에반응하는정도의두통이흔하며, 오한, 근육통, 가슴불편감이주사한지 1시간이내에발생할수있는데, 이럴경우 30분정도투여를중지하고더천천히재주사하면된다. 10 특히심혈관계기능이저하된환자나울혈성심부전환자에서는빠른속도로주사하는것을피해야한다. 그외투약후피로감, 발열또는오심이 24시간지속될수있다. 10 심각한부작용으로는뇌졸중, 폐색전증, 또는심근경색등의혈전색전증사건의증가, 무균성뇌막염, 피부반응, 심한아나필락틱반응 (IgA 부족이나결핍이있는경우 ), 급성신장세뇨관괴사 (acute renal tubular necrosis) 등이유발될수있으므로이에대한주의를요한다. 10 유지치료를위한면역억제제 면역억제제의장기간투약은악성질환이나기회감염의위험성을수반하기때문에, 이러한위험성을줄이려면가능한효과를나타내는가장적은용량으로치료하는것이바람직하다. 대부분이러한면역억제제들은단독으로투여되거나스테로이드의용량을줄이는 (steroid-sparing effect) 약제로투여된다. 대표적인약제들은다음과같다. 1) DNA 와 RNA 합성을억제하는 azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MyM), methotrexate (MTX), cyclophosphamide (CP), 2) T세포의활성을억제하는 cyclosporine A (CyA), tacrolimus (FK506), 3) 단일클론항체인 rituximab (RTM), alemtuzumab 등으로분류할수있다 Azathioprine (AZA) 퓨린의길항제로세포주기의휴지기 (G1) 와 DNA를합성하는 S기간을억제하여활발하게증식하는 T세포와 B세포의증식이억제된다. 5,11 비교적안전하고저렴하여여러자가면역질환에널리사용되고있다. 처음에는 50mg/day 로시작을하며, 부작용이없다면일주일에 50mg씩증량하여 2-3mg/kg/day 로유지하며, 대체로환자의체중에따라 mg/day로투약한다. 특이약물반응 (idosyncratic reaction) 으로약 15-20% 의환자에서투약개시일로부터 2주이 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 35
40 김지영 내에독감유사증상이나타날수있다. 1 그외의부작용으로는간독성및백혈구감소증이발생할수있으며, 초기에중단할경우호전될수있으므로정기적으로전체혈구계산 (CBC), 간기능검사, 아밀라제수치를검사하여확인하도록한다. Thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) 결핍이있는환자의경우 AZA을완전히대사할수없어적정용량일지라도위험한정도의백혈구감소증이유발될수있으므로, 개시전에 TPMT의농도를측정하도록한다. 12 투약후 6-12주전에는 AZA의임상효과가나타나지않으며, 충분한효과가나타나려면 6개월이상의기간이필요하므로, 이기간내에치료효과가없다고성급하게중단하지않도록한다. 최대효과는투약시작후 6-24개월이지나야도달한다 Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 선택적으로퓨린합성을억제하여 T세포와 B세포의증식을억제한다. 13 다른면역억제제에비해장기간투약에도부작용이적고내약성이좋은것으로간주되는데, 신경계질환에서는 MG에서장기간투여시효과가있는것으로보고되었다. 14 그러나그외면역매개성근신경계질환에서그효능에대한연구가부족하고확실하지않아 3차약제로고려해볼수있겠다. 투여용량은 1000 mg을하루 2회투약하며, 1일 3000 mg까지증량할수있는데, 고가여서경제적인측면에서제약이있다. 주된부작용으로는고혈당증, 고지혈증, 위장관계증상, 전해질불균형등이생길수있어, 정기적으로 CBC와일반화학검사를시행하여확인하도록한다. 1 드물게적혈구무형성증, 진행성다초점백질뇌병증 (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, PML), 악성질환이부작용으로보고된바있다. 15,16 3. Methotrexate (MTX) 엽산의억제제로서비교적안전하여류마티스관절염및다른자가면역질환에서널리사용되고있으며, 염증성근육병증에서스테로이드용량을줄이는약제로가장흔하게사용되는면역억제제이다. 1,17 몇몇용량및투여방법이사용되고있으나, 가장흔하게는첫 3주동안일주일에한번씩 7.5 mg으로시작하는데, 처음 7.5 mg은 12시간간격으로 3번으로나눠투약하며, 일주일에 2.5 mg씩천천히증량하여 1주일에 1회총 mg을복약하게한다. 1 장기간 MTX를투약할때는엽산을매일 1 mg씩보충해준다. 17 폐섬유증을일으킬수있어일부간질성폐질환 (interstitial lung disease) 을동반한염증성근육병증환자에서사용이제한된다. 17 그외 부작용으로는구내염, 위장관계증상, 백혈구감소증, 혈소판감소증, 신독성, 간독성, 악성질환이발생할수있다. 1,17 AZA 보다효과가빠르게나타나므로좀더빠른치료효과를얻어야할때 MTX를고려해볼수있다. 1 MTX 정맥주사이후 24 시간후에 leucovorin recue를투약하면 MTX의부작용을줄일수있다 Cyclophosphamide (CP) CP는 DNA의구아닌에알킬기를붙이는알킬화항암제로가장강한면역억제제중의하나이다. 11 질환의중증도와투약방법에따라정맥주사나경구로투약할수있다. 일반적으로주사제투여가선호되며심한부작용을줄이고자펄스치료가선호되는데, 한달에 1회 0.5-1mg/ m2으로 6개월간정맥으로주사한다. 출혈성방광염을예방하기위해서투여전에충분한수분공급을해야하며, 흔하게발생하는오심, 구토를줄이기위해진토제를투여하는것이도움이된다. 부작용으로는오심, 구토, 탈모증, 출혈성방광염, 골수억제, 악성질환, 불임등이발생할수있다. 1 여성환자의경우피임을권장하고남성환자의경우피임을권고할뿐만아니라 testosterone 을함께투약하도록한다. 1 백혈구수치가 이하가되지않도록, 림프구는 1000이하가되지않도록정맥주사후에 7일째, 10일째, 14일째, 21일째혈액검사를시행하고투약을중지한후라도몇달간은소변검사를자주시행한다 Cyclosporine A (CyA) 세포질의특정단백질에결합하여칼시뉴린신호전달을억제하는 CyA 와 FK506은기전이유사한데, CyA 는 cyclophilin에 FK506은 FK506- 결합단백질에결합한다. 11 T세포의기능에중요한 IL-2 및그외단백질의합성을담당하는칼시뉴린신호전달을손상시켜 T세포활성을억제하는면역효과를나타내는데, 다른면역억제제에효과가없거나내약성이없는환자들에서주로사용된다. 1 처음에는 4-6 mg/kg/day 를 2회나누어투약하며, 이후 3-4 mg/kg/day 이하로투여하고투약 1달후에혈중농도가 ng/ml 로유지되도록한다. 1,17 임상효과는 AZA보다빠르게나타나는것으로알려져있다. 약 35% 이상의환자들에서부작용으로투약중지를고려하게되는데, 고혈압과신독성이가장중요한부작용이며, 그외다모증, 진전, 잇몸과형성증, 빈혈등이발생할수있다. 1 중추신경계에작용하여진전, 발작, 환각, 가역성백질뇌병증 (leukoencephalopathy) 등을유발할수있어주의를요한다. 18,19 신기능을주의깊게모니터링해야하며, 비스테로 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
41 면역매개성근신경계질환의치료에서코르티코스테로이드와면역억제제 이드성소염제는병용해서투약하지않도록한다. 정기적인혈액검사를통해혈중 Cr 수치가치료전의수치를기준으로 150% 이상증가하지않도록한다 Tacrolimus (FK506) FK506은 CyA와유사한기전을가지는데, 몇몇 MG환자를대상으로한연구에서효과가있는것으로발표되었다. 20, mg/day 용량으로투약하며 CyA에비해신독성이덜하지만, 신독성및중추신경계부작용이가장중요하며주의를요한다. 1 CyA과마찬가지로, Cytochrome p450 대사과정을거치므로약물상호작용에유의를해야한다 Rituximab (RTM) RTM은사람 / 쥐키메라단일클론항체 (chimeric monoclonal antibody) 로 B세포의표지자 CD20에특이적으로결합하여말초혈액에서 B세포를현격하게감소시킨다. 자가반응성 B세포를특이적으로공격하기때문에자가면역질환의치료에이용되고있다. 1,11 흔히 375 mg/ m2용량으로 1주마다주사하여총 4회를투여하며, 일반적으로다른면역억제제에효과가없는경우에사용된다. 1 부작용으로는전신증상, 주사와관련하여오심, 두통, 피로감, 발진, 독감유사증상이나타날수있는데, 이러한부작용은 paramacetol, 항히스타민제, 스테로이드를전처지하여예방할수있다. 1 RTM과같은단일클론항체를투여할경우, JC바이러스전사 (replication) 를억제하는체액성면역 (humoral immunity) 의저하로 PML이나타날수있으므로주의를요한다. 1,11 8. Alemtuzumab 성숙림프구의 CD52 항원에결합하는단일클론항체로 B세포와 T세포를현저히감소시켜면역억제효과를나타내므로, 심각한림프구감소로인한기회감염의위험이증가한다. 1,22 치료에불응하는일부 CIDP 환자와 IBM 환자에서효과가있는것으로보고되었다. 23,24 References 1. Bansal VK, Meriggioli MN. Immunotherapy in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. In: Katirji B, Kaminski HJ, Ruff RL. Neuromuscular disorders in clinical practice 2 nd ed. New York: Springer, 2014; Boumpas DT, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL, Cupps TR, Balow JE. Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates. Ann Intern Med 1993;119: Hoffmann S, Kohler S, Ziegler A, Meisel A. Glucocorticoids in myasthenia gravis if, when, how, and how much? Acta Neurol Scand 2014;130: Dalakas MC. Pharmocologic concerns of corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with immune-related neuromuscular diseases. Neurol Clin 1990;8: Kraker J, Zivković SA. Autoimmune neuromuscular disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011;9: Donofrio PD, Berger A, Brannagan TH 3rd, Bromberg MB, Howard JF, Latov N et al. Consensus statement: the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuromuscular conditions report of the AANEM ad hoc committee. Muscle Nerve 2009;40: Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular disease. JAMA 2004;291: Dalakas MC. Mechanisms of action of IVIg and therapeutic considerations in the treatment of acute and chronic demyelinating neuropathies. Neurology 2002;59: S13-S Lünemann JD, Quast I, Dalakas MC. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in neurological diseases. Neurotherapeutics 2016;13: Kim JY, Park KD, Richman DP. Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis Based on Its Immunopathogenesis. J Clin Neurol 2011;7: Slanar O, Chalupná P, Novotný A, Bortlík M, Krska Z, Lukás M. Fatal myelotoxicity after azathioprine treatment. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008;27: Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Illa I, Harms L et al. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders. Eur J Neurol 2010;17: Hehir MK, Burns TM, Alpers J, Conaway MR, Sawa M, Sanders DB. Mycophenolate mofetil in AChR-antibody-positive myasthenia gravis: outcomes in 102 patients. Muscle Nerve 2010;41: Engelen W, Verpooten GA, Van der Planken M, Helbert MF, Bosmans JL, De Broe ME. Four cases of red blood cell aplasia in association with the use of mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant patients. Clin Nephrol 2003;60: Neff RT, Hurst FP, Falta EM, Bohen EM, Lentine KL, Dharnidharka VR, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and use of mycophenolate mofetil after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2008;86: Sanders DB, Evoli A. Immunosuppressive therapies in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010;43: Palmer BF, Toto RD. Severe neurologic toxicity induced by Cyclosporine A in three renal transplant patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;18: Groen PC, Aksamit AJ, Rakela J et al. Central nervous system toxicity after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1987;317: Konishi T, Yoshiyama Y, Takamori M, Yagi K, Mukai E, Saida T, et al. Clinical study of FK506 in patients with myas 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 37
42 김지영 thenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 2003;28: Ponseti JM, Gamez J, Azem J, López-Cano M, Vilallonga R, Armengol M. Tacrolimus for myasthenia gravis: a clinical study of 212 patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1132: Gorson KC. An update on the management of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012;5: Marsh E, Hirst C, Llewelyn J, Cossburn M, Reilly M, Krishnan A et al. Alemtuzumab in the treatment of IVIG-dependent chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol 2010;257: Dalakas MC, Rakocevic G, Schmidt J, Salajegheh M, McElroy B, Harris-Love MO et al. Effect of Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1-H) in patients with inclusion-body myositis. Brain. 2009;132: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
43 신경계질환들에서면역글로불린정맥주사와혈장분리교환술의임상적용및치료효과 안석원중앙대학교병원신경과학교실 Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis for the neurological diseases Suk-Won Ahn, MD, PhD. Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been used for nearly three decades and is proving to be efficient in a growing number of neurological diseases. IVIG therapy has been firmly established for the treatment of Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), either as first-line therapy or adjunctive treatment. IVIg is also recommended in patients with worsening myasthenia gravis and is beneficial as a second-line therapy for dermatomyositis. Therapeutic plasmapheresis has been used for intractable neurological diseases that cannot be cured by conventional immune therapy. Currently, the use of therapeutic plasmapheresis has been approved for immune-medicated neurological diseases. This review describes current therapeutic mechanisms in the immunobiology and clinical applications of IVIg and plasmapheresis in neurological diseases. Key Words: Intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIg, Plasmapheresis, Plasma exchange, Neuroimmunology 1. 서론 면역글로불린정맥주사 (Intravenous immunoglobulin; IVIg) 과혈장교환술 (plasmapheresis) 은다양한면역매개성신경계질환의치료에이용되고있다. 특히 IVIg는길랭바레증후군 (Guillain-Barre syndrome, GBS), 만성염증성탈수초신경병증 (chronic inflammatory demyelinaintg neuropathy,cidp), 다초점성운동신경병증 (multifocal motor neuropathy, MMN) 와다발성근염 (polymyositis), 피부근염 (dermatomyositis), 램버트이튼증후군 (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, LEMS), 중증근무력증 (myasthenia gravis, MG) 등의면역관련신경계질환들에서비교적안전한치료법임이밝혀져왔으며, 현 Suk-Won Ahn, MD, PhD. Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea Tel: Fax: icandr@hanmail.net 재도수많은연구들에서이의유효성을입증되고있다. 혈장교환술 (plasmapheresis) 은 IVIg에비해접근성이떨어지고, 부작용의빈도가비교적높지만, 면역관련신경계질환들에서치료효과를보여주고있다. 저자는현재까지알려진 IVIg 와혈장교환술의작용기전및자가면역신경계질환들에서의임상적용등에관하여알아보고자한다. 2. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) 1) 신경계질환들에서임상적용성인 GBS 환자에게서 IVIg는혈장교환술과마찬가지로매우효과적이다. 이미이론적으로나연구결과에서혈장교환술은효과적인 GBS 치료로잘정립되어있는데, IVIg 역시비슷한정도의치료효과를보여주는것으로알려져있다. 물론아직까지 GBS 의치료를위한적절한 IVIg의용량에대한권고사항을만들기에는연구자료가부족하다. 또한, 기존의연구에서혈장교환술과 IVIg 치료를병행하는것이각각의치료를단독으로시행하는것보다우월하지는않은것으로여 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 39
44 안석원 겨진다. GBS에서 methylprednisolone 를 IVIg에추가하여병용하는것에대해서는아직까지지지하거나반박할만한근거가불충분하다. 소아 GBS 환자의경우에는 IVIg의효과가지금까지의데이터로만보면명확하지않고, 소아 GBS 환자에게 IVIg을사용하는것은그효과에대해지지하거나반박할만한근거가불충분하다. 하지만대다수의전문가들은 IVIg의투여가성인에게효과적인것처럼, 소아 GBS 환자에서도 IVIg의투여는합당할것이라고생각하고있다. CIDP 환자의임상악화및장기적인치료를위해 IVIg 의투여는매우효과적인것으로알려져있다. CIDP 치료에서 IVIg의용량이나투여기간및빈도는임상적평가에따라매우다양하다. CIDP 치료에있어다른치료제 ( 예 : 스테로이드, 혈장분리교환술, 면역억제제 ) 와의비교에대해서는아직까지자료가부족하다. MG 환자의치료에 IVIg 는매우효과적으로사용된다. 주로중증의 MG 환자들을위해사용되는데, 이는기존의연구에서중증 MG 환자들을포함한연구에기반하고있다. 따라서, 경증의 MG 환자에서 IVIg 를적용할때안전성과유효성을고려하여신중해야한다. 또한아직까지 MG 치료에있어 IVIg와혈장교환술의치료효과를비교하기에는근거가부족하다. LEMS 환자 10명을대상으로하여 IVIg의효과를평가하였을때위약과비교하여 IVIg는폐활량및사지근력, 삼키는시간 (drinking time), 항체역가에어느정도의효과를보여주고있어, IVIg는 LEMS의치료로고려될수있지만, 하지만확실한치료효과를입증하기위해서는향후대규모연구가필요하다. IVIg는 MMN의치료에매우효과적인것으로알려져있고스테로이드의치료효과가입증되지못했기때문에일차치료요법으로고려된다. MMN은지속적인치료를필요로하는만성질환으로아직까지정확한치료제의용량, 치료간격이나치료기간에대해서는적절한자료가없는상태이다. IVIg는스테로이드치료에반응이없거나진행하는성인피부근염환자의치료제로고려될수있다. 하지만다발근염이나 IBM의치료에있어 IVIg의임상적인효과가일관되거나유의하게증명되지는못했다. 다발근염의경우치료효과가있을것으로대부분의전문가들이받아들이고있으나일차치료제로는스테로이드가추천된다. 이에반해 IBM의 IVIg 치료에대해서는지지하거나반박할근거가불충분하다. IgM 파라단백질관련말초신경병증에는 IVIg 의뚜렷한효과가입증되지는못했다. 물론, 각연구의표본수가적어, 향 후지속적인연구가필요하고어느정도효과가있는것을완전히배제할수는없다. 소아마비증후군환자에서 IVIg 치료가유효하다는연구결과도있으나, 근력향상에대한평가에서는 IVIg가임상적으로중요한차이를나타내지못했다. 또다른연구에서는근력과피로에는효과가없으나소아마비증후군의통증에대해서 IVIg가효과가있다는것이보고되었다. 소아마비증후군환자에게서 IVIg의관습적사용에대해서는지지하거나반박할만한근거가부족하지만, 아직까지소아마비증후군에서 IVIg 를대체할만한치료제는없다. 그외에, 당뇨병성뿌리얼기신경병증, Miller-Fisher 증후군에서 IVIg의효과를평가한대조연구는없다. 2) 신경계질환에 IVIg 의치료기전 IVIg는 3,000-60,000 명의공여자로부터얻은혈장을 cold ethanol precipitation 방법으로정제생산하는데, 현재치료약물로시판되고있는 IVIg는 IgG를 95% 이상 (IgG 1; 55-70%, IgG 2; 0-6%, IgG 4; %), IgA를 2.5%, IgM를극소량포함한다. 생산되는 IVIg 제품들이농도, 안정화제제, IgA 구성비, IgG 세부구성비, 산도등에서완벽하게동일하지는않으나, 그생물학적작용기전이제품마다크게다르지않다. 약동학적으로살펴보면, 2g/kg IVIg를정주하면혈청중의 IgG 가 5배증가되나, 72시간에는 50% 정도감소되며, 21-28일후에는정주전의농도와같아진다. 제제의반감기는 18-32일이므로, 혈청에서초기 72시간에 50% 정도감소되는것은혈 Table 1. Efficacy of intravenous IgG in neurological diseases: evidence from clinical trials Indication Guillain Barré syndrome CIDP Multifocal motor neuropathy Myasthenia gravis Dermatomyositis Stiff-person syndrome Polymyositis Neuromyelitis optica Autoimmune encephalitis Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Necrotizing autoimmune myositis Multiple sclerosis Alzheimer disease Anti-MAG paraproteinemic neuropathy Inclusion body myositis Postpolio syndrome Level of Evidence Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class I Class IV Class IV Class IV Class IV Class IV Class I (not effective) Class I (not effective) Class I (not effective) Class I (not effective) Class I (not effective) 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
45 신경계질환들에서면역글로불린정맥주사와혈장분리교환술의임상적용및치료효과 관외로재배치되기때문이다. 혈청 IgG가최고치인정주후초기 48시간동안, 뇌척수액에서는 IgG의농도가 2배로증가되며 1주일후에는정상으로돌아온다. a. 자가항체에대한작용 (Effect on autoantibodies) 우선, 정주된 IVIG는 anti-idiotypic 항체로서중화작용을한다. IVIg의 Fab부위가면역질환과관계있는자가항체 (autoantibodies; anti-acetylcholine receptor, anti-gm1, anti-thyroglobulin 등 ) 에결합하여결국자가항체의자가항원 (autoantigen) 과의결합을방지하는작용을한다. 둘째로 IVIg의 anti-idiotypic 항체가자가항체생성에관여하는 CD20+ B세포에대하여억제신호를주어, 자가항체의생성을억제한다. 셋째로 IVIg는 endocytic vesicle에있는 protective transport receptor (FcRn) 를포화시킴으로써, 전체적으로병을일으키는자가항체가분해되어줄어들게된다. b. 보체결합억제와세포막공격체형성방지작용 (Inhibition of complement binding and prevention of membranolytic attack complex formation) IVIg 치료는보체 (C3, C4) 의흡수및활성을억제시킴으로써질환관련보체의존성면역작용이감소하게된다. C3의활성화가감소되면 C5 convertase assembly 의형성이줄어들고결국 MAC의침착이억제된다. c. 대식세포에대한조절 (Modulation or blockade of Fc receptors on macrophage) IvIG는대식세포에존재하는 Fc수용체를포화시키고 Fc수용체의친화도를떨어뜨림으로써대식작용을억제시킨다. GBS와 CIDP에서대식세포의 Fc수용체기능을막음으로써항원을나타낸표적세포의대식세포에의한포식작용을억제하여대식세포에의한탈수초화를방지할수있다. d. 사이토카인등면역조절물질의억제 (Suppression of pathogenic cytokines and other immunoregulatory molecules) 대개의자가면역신경근육질환들에서사이토카인이나부착분자 (adhesion molecule) 의활성이증가하는데, IVIg는 dose-dependent 하게 IL-1, TNF-α, IL1B, TGF-β, TGF-β mrna, MHC-I, ICAM-I, LFA-1과같은사이토카인이나부착분자 (adhesion molecule) 의활성을억제한다고알려져있다. e. T세포에대한조절 (Modulation of T-cell function and antigen recognition) IvIG는 T세포의항원인식을간섭하는 CD4, CD8, HLA-I, HLA-II, TGF-β를포함하고있어 T 세포자체의기능이나팽창을억제한다. f. 슈퍼항원에대한작용 (Effect on superantigen) 슈퍼항원은 Vβ chain을나타내는비감작 T세포를자극하여사이토카인을분비시켜자가면역신경근육질환을일으키거나질환의재발을유도한다. IvIG에는이러한슈퍼항원과 T세포수용체의 V β3, V β8, V β17 에대한항체를포함하므로, 슈퍼항원의자극에의한세포독성 T세포의증가를억제시킬수있다. g. 항원소개세포와의상호작용 (Interaction with antigen-presenting cells) IvIG는수지상세포 (dendritic cell) 의분화와성숙을억제하며사이토카인분비와항원소개와연관된자극물질들을또한억제시킨다. 이러한기전은자가면역질환대부분의치료에적용된다. 3. 혈장교환술 ( 혈장분리교환법, plasmapheresis) 치료적혈장교환술은정확하게분류하자면환자의혈장자체를비선택적으로제거하고신선동결혈장과같은치환용액으로보충하는혈장교환술 (therapeutic plasma exchange, TPE) 과환자의혈장내에존재하는병적인물질을여과또는흡착에의해선택적으로제거하는선택적혈장성분채집술 (selective plasmapheresis) 로분류할수있다. 혈장교환술이진행되는동안병적물질을함유하고있는환자의혈장은제거되고제거된양만큼치환용액으로보충된다. 1회혈장교환량은대개환자혈장량의 배범위에서시행하는데이에따른혈장제거율은 % 정도된다. 혈장교환술을시행하면질병유발항체또는독성물질뿐만아니라혈장내중요단백성분들도함께제거되는데, 특히제거되는혈액응고인자도 77% 이상제거되므로이때는혈액응고인자를보충하기위해반드시신선동결혈장을치환용액으로사용해야한다. 혈소판도약 10% 이상감소한다. 제거해야할물질의생성속도와혈액내외의분포가제거효율에큰영향을준다. 예를들어 IgM은혈관내 (intravascular) 에 75% 가분포하고생성속도가느리므로제거가잘되지만, IgG인경우에는혈관내에 45%, 혈관외 (extravascular) 에 55% 정도로분포하고생성속도가빠르므로제거후혈관외의 IgG가재유입되고재 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 41
46 안석원 생성되므로반동반응 (rebound reaction) 이나타나게된다. 혈장교환술은환자의임상상태에따라대개 1주에 3-5회시행한다. 혈장교환술의임상적효과는혈장에서병적물질 (circulating autoantibodies, immune complexes, cytokines including chemokines & complement, other inflammatory mediators) 을제거하여나타난다. 하지만임상적효과는오래지속되지는않는데, 그이유는다음과같다. 첫째, 병적물질이완전히제거되지않으면서반복적인항원자극에의해지속적인병적물질의합성이일어난다. 둘째, 갑작스러운항체역가의감소는항체생산을오히려증가시킬수있다. 셋째, 앞에서언급했듯이혈관내항체가제거됨으로써혈관외에존재하던항체가혈관내로재분배 (redistribution) 되는현상이발생한다. 따라서반복적인혈장교환술이필요하게된다. 최근연구에서는혈장교환술이항체제거뿐아니라, 면역세포의증식을증가시키고, 면역글로불린의생산을증대시키며, 억제성 T 세포의기능을촉진하고, Th1과 Th2 세포의균형을재조정한다고알려져있다. 치환용액으로대부분 5% 알부민또는신성동결혈장을사용하며필요에따라결정질용액 (crystalloid) 또는헤타스타치 (hydroxyethyl starch, HES) 등도사용된다. 환자의임상상태와검사소견에따라복합적으로사용되기도하며, 이들은각각장단점을가지고있다. 5% 알부민은염증매개물질이나바이러스가없으나, 가격이고가이고혈액응고인자등의감소를가져올수있다. 신성동결혈장는혈액응고인자등의혈액내단백성분을모두포함하고있으나고가이고바이러스감염이나알레르기반응이나구연산독성의위험성이있다. HES 는가격이저렴하다는장점이있으나혈장단백성분이없고저혈압을야기할수있고체내대사속도가느리다. 4. IVIg와혈장교환술의시행과부작용면역글로불린은대개 2 g/kg를투여하며 5일간투여하는것이일반적이다. 정주속도는 200 ml/hr 또는 0.08 ml/kg/min 을넘지않아야한다. 일반적으로 IvIG 치료법의부작용의빈도는 10% 정도이다. 경도의두통이가장흔한부작용이며, 오한, 근육통, 가슴통증등이정주 1시간내에발생될수있고 30 분정도정주중단시대개사라지며, 이경우정주속도를더느리게하여야한다. 정주후의피로감, 열, 오심등의증세가올수있고 24시간정도지속되기도한다. 이러한부작용의원인은뚜렷하지않으나보체활성화에따른반응일가능성이높다. 심장질환, 울혈성심부전의경우에는정주속도를늦춘 다. 간혹 IVIg는혈액의점도를올리는데특히 hypercholesterolemia, cryoglobulinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia의경우점도는더올라갈수있다. 이경우에 thromboembolic event 의위험이증가되어뇌경색, 심근경색, 폐색전등이발생할수도있다. IVIg는편두통을유발시킬수있으므로편두통병력이있는경우는 propranolol 을전처치하여예방하기도한다. 무균성수막염은정주속도나 IVIg제제의첨가성분등과는특별히연관이없으며, 강한진통제에반응하고대개는 시간내에두통은가라앉는다. 특별한진단적인검사는필요치않다. 정주후 2-5일후에다양한피부발진이나타날수있으며 30일정도지속되기도한다. IgA가없거나감소된환자들에서 Severe anaphylactic reaction 발생하기도한다. IgA 감소는비교적흔하여유병율은 1:1,000 정도이며, IgA 감소환자모두에게발생하는것으로아니며환자중 29% 는이러한부작용이나타나지않는다. IVIG 가운데소량들어있는 IgA가 circulating anti-iga 항체와반응하여 macromolecular complex 를형성하여나타난다. 급성신세뇨관괴사 (Renal tubular necrosis) 가드물게신장질환이있고탈수상태, 노인, 당뇨등을지닌환자에서나타날수있다. 혈청크레아티닌이정주후 1-10일사이에증가하며정주를중단하면 2-60일후정상화된다. 이는 IVIg제제중포함된고농도의 sucrose 와관련있으며삼투압에의한세뇨관손상의결과이다. IVIg를희석또는정주속도를늦추거나삼투압이적은제제를사용하여세뇨관괴사의위험을줄이도록하며신질환이있는경우 IVIg를사용할때 creatinine 과 BUN을잘확인해야한다. IVIg 투여후 ESR이 6배까지상승하기도하는데 2-3주지속되기도하며, 저나트륨혈증이관찰되기도한다. 혈장교환술은효과가동등한다른치료방법이존재하는경우, 중심정맥 (central venous access), 항응고제요법, 치환용액에대한부작용이있으므로시술에신중해야한다. 항응고제를주입하기위해서사용한 citrate 또는신선동결혈장이저칼슘혈증또는산-염기항상성의변화를야기할수있다. 반복적인혈장교환술을시행하면서알부민을치환용액을사용한경우, 응고인자의결핍이나면역글로불린의감소를유발하여출혈과감염을일으키기도하며, 중심정맥으로인한합병증으로색전증, 패혈증, 기흉등이발생하기도한다. 여과기법이사용된다면용혈과저혈압을유발할수있으며, 가능성은낮지만신선동결혈장으로인한바이러스감염의위험성도존재한다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
47 신경계질환들에서면역글로불린정맥주사와혈장분리교환술의임상적용및치료효과 5. 결론 IVIg와혈장교환술은면역이상에의한각종신경계질환의치료에이용되어왔고점차임상적용의범위와사용량이증가하고있다. 수많은임상연구결과들을바탕으로 IVIg와혈장교환술의치료적응증이점점늘어나고있지만, 아직까지유용성이확증되지못한신경계면역질환들에대해다양한임상연구가요구된다. 더불어유지용량, 투여빈도, 다른치료법과의병용요법에따른효과, 약물안전성등에대해서도연구가활발히이루어져야한다. References 1. Lünemann JD, Quast I, Dalakas MC. Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Neurological Diseases. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13: Dalakas MC. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases: evidence-based indications and safety profile. Pharmacol Ther 2004;102: Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. Jama 2004;291: Wittstock M, Benecke R, Zettl UK. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins: complications and side-effects. Eur Neurol 2003;50: Goto H, Matsuo H, Nakane S, Izumoto H, Fukudome T, Kambara C, et al. Plasmapheresis affects T helper type-1/t helper type-2 balance of circulating peripheral lymphocytes. Ther Apher 2001;5: Kambara C, Matsuo H, Fukudome T, Goto H, Shibuya N. Miller Fisher syndrome and plasmapheresis. Ther Apher 2002;6: Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 2007;17: Keegan M, Pineda AA, McClelland RL, Darby CH, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response. Neurology 2002;58: Watanabe S, Nakashima I, Misu T, Miyazawa I, Shiga Y, Fujihara K, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2007;13: Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005;202: Lewanska M, Siger-Zajdel M, Selmaj K. No difference in efficacy of two different doses of intravenous immunoglobulins in MS: clinical and MRI assessment. Eur J Neurol 2002;9: Sorensen PS, Wanscher B, Jensen CV, Schreiber K, Blinkenberg M, Ravnborg M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G reduces MRI activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998;50: Motomura M, Hamasaki S, Nakane S, Fukuda T, Nakao YK. Apheresis treatment in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ther Apher 2000;4: Raphael JC, Chevret S, Harboun M, Jars-Guincestre MC. Intravenous immune globulins in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and contraindications to plasma exchange: 3 days versus 6 days. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71: van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, Meche FG, Visser LH, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA. Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome: randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363: Mori M, Kuwabara S, Fukutake T, Hattori T. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 2007;68: Trikha I, Singh S, Goyal V, Shukla G, Bhasin R, Behari M. Comparative efficacy of low dose, daily versus alternate day plasma exchange in severe myasthenia gravis: a randomised trial. J Neurol 2007;254: Hughes RA, Donofrio P, Bril V, Dalakas MC, Deng C, Hanna K, et al. Intravenous immune globulin (10% caprylate-chromatography purified) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (ICE study): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7: Lee DH, Linker RA, Paulus W, Schneider-Gold C, Chan A, Gold R. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin infusion: a new therapeutic option in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2008;37: Haas DC, Tatum AH. Plasmapheresis alleviates neuropathy accompanying IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraproteinemia. Ann Neurol 1988;23: Comi G, Roveri L, Swan A, Willison H, Bojar M, Illa I, et al. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in IgM paraprotein associated demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol 2002;249: Wolfe GI, Barohn RJ, Foster BM, Jackson CE, Kissel JT, Day JW, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 2002;26: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 43
48 신경근육질환의대증치료 오지영건국대학교병원신경과 Symptomatic Management in Neuromuscular Disorders Jeeyoung Oh Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center Neuromuscular disorders eventually result in various type of complications as well as progressive neurological deficits. Among them, neuropathic pain or abnormal sensation and symptoms related with autonomic dysfunction reduce quality of life of the patients and make them more distressed. This chapter will focus on the common and pharmacologically manageable symptoms facing in the course of treatment of neuromuscular disorders, especially of peripheral neuropathies. Key Words: Neuropathy, Pain, Orthostatic intolerance, Gastrointestinal, Lower urinary tract symptoms 서론 신경근육질환은운동, 감각신경계를침범하는신경학적결손증상외에도질병의진행에따라여러합병증을초래한다. 발음혹은삼킴장애, 호흡곤란과같은신경학적인증상외에도변비, 설사, 배뇨장애등여러신체장기이상증상이나타날수있다. 환자들에게는신경계질환자체보다이런증상들이더괴로울수있고또삶의질을떨어뜨리는중요한요인이되기도한다. 본고에서는이들중흔히임상에서만날수있고약물로어느정도조절이가능한몇가지증상에초점을두고기술하고자한다. 신경병통증 신경근육질환에서통증은체감각신경계침범에의한신경 Jeeyoung Oh, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center Neungdong-no, Kwangjin-gu Seoul Korea Tel: Fax: 병통증이주된원인이지만, 이차적인관절구축등에의해서근골격계통증으로도나타날수있다. 말초신경병에의한통증을유발할수있는질환으로는소섬유를주로침범하는당뇨신경병, 아밀로이드신경병, 파브리병등이대표적이지만, 이외에도다수의급성, 아급성, 만성말초신경병증에서도통증과이상감각이동반될수있다. 한편대표적인운동신경원질환인근위축성측삭경화증에서도후근신경절의퇴행성변성에따라신경병통증이유발됨이보고되었다. 1, 2 현재까지신경병통증의일차약제로는항우울제와항전간제가추천된다 (Table 1) 항우울제 삼환계항우울제와선택적세로토닌-노르에피네프린재흡수억제제가신경병통증에효과적이다. 신경병통증감소효과가있는노르에피네프린의농도를증가시키고내인성 μ-, δ- 아편양수용체를활성화하는한편, 소디움채널을차단하고 NMDA 수용체를억제하는등광범위한작용기전을가지고있다. 이들효과는우울증의동반여부에상관없이나타나지만, 통증에동반된우울감이있는경우일차적으로고려해볼수있다. 삼환계항우울제는당뇨신경병, 뇌졸중후통증에서 NNT 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
49 신경근육질환의대증치료 Table 1. Currently recommended first line drugs for neuropathic pain Drug Total daily dose Major adverse effects Contraindication TCAs Cardiac conduction block, Recovery phase of myocardial infarction, Amitriptyline, mg anticholinergic effects, arrhythmia, concomitant use of MAO-I, Nortriptyline orthostatic hypotension porphyria SNRIs Duloxetine Venlafaxine Gabapentinoid Gabapentin Pregabalin mg mg 300-3,600 mg mg Nausea, constipation, anxiety, sedation, dry mouth Sedation, dizziness, edema blurred vision, weight gain Concomitant use of MAO-I, uncontrolled hypertension (number needed to treat) 의좋은효과를보였지만항콜린성부작용을비롯한기립저혈압, 부정맥발생의위험이있기때문에고령, 이미자율신경병이동반된환자에는매우주의해투약해야하며, 최근심근경색을앓은환자에는금기이다. 이에비해선택적세로토닌-노르에피네프린재흡수억제제는항콜린성부작용이거의없는약제로 NNT 의효과를보인다. 간으로대사되므로다른약제들특히경구항응고제와의상호작용에주의해야하며, 잘조절되지않는고혈압환자에게는피하는것이좋다 항전간제 여러항전간제중칼슘체널의 α2δ리간드인 gabapentin 과 pregabalin 이당뇨신경병통증, 대상포진후통증, 중추성통증에일차약제로추천된다. 5 이들은다른약제와상호작용이거의없어병용약물에구애되지않고처방이가능하나대부분신장을통해배설되기때문에신기능이저하된환자에게는감량해투약한다. 졸림, 어지럼, 부종이흔한부작용이다. 두약제는기전이같지만역동학적인면에서차이가있는데, pregabalin 은선형역동학을가져빠르게혈중농도가증가하므로빠른통증완화효과를기대할수있으며, 같은용량의 gabapentin 에비해약 6배의효능이있다. 3. 마약성진통제 Morphine, oxycodone, tramadol등이신경병통증에시도되었으며임상연구에서 NNT 의효과를보였다. 그러나최근메타분석에서 fentanyl, oxycodone, hydromorphone 모두신경병통증에효과적이라는근거가아직은불충분한것으로발표되었다. 6-8 이중 Tramadol은 acetaminophen 과의복합제제로처방되는경우가많은데, 이는 tramadol 의효과를증가시키기때문이며다른마약진통제보 다처방에제한이없는편이다. 이들은약물의존성, 변비, 진정등의부작용으로이차혹은삼차약제로추천되며, 다른일차약제들의효과가나타나기전신속한통증조절이필요할때투여할수있다. 한편 tramadol 은경련역치를낮추므로뇌병변이있는환자에게는주의해야한다. 기립저혈압 자율신경을침범하는말초신경병증에서발생하지만, 치료약제 (diuretics, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, amlodipine, tamsulosin 등 ) 에의해서도유발될수있으므로자세한병력청취와복용중인약물확인이중요하다. 기립후 3분이내에수축기혈압 20 mmhg, 이완기혈압 10 mmhg 이상감소가지속되면진단할수있다. 환자들은가벼운경우경미한어지럼이나피로감으로느끼며, 뒷목과어깨부위의동통 (coat hanger headache), 기립시호흡곤란, 오심, 전신쇠약감으로표현하기도한다. 9 증상이가벼운경우비약물치료를우선시행하고비약물치료에실패하거나증상이심한경우약물치료를병행한다 (Table 2). 1. 비약물치료 혈장량을늘리기위해서내과적으로문제가되지않는다면충분한수분을섭취하도록한다. 적어도하루 2-3리터의물을마시도록하며, 염분섭취량도하루 6-9 g으로늘리도록교육한다. 한번에 500 ml 정도의물을마시면빨리혈압을올릴수있는데, 저장용액이삼투압차이를유발해위장내교감신경을흥분시키기때문으로이해된다. 수축기혈압을약 40 mmhg까지도상승시킬수있으며, 이효과는물을마신뒤 5-10분후나타나약 1시간후에는소실되므로, 아침기상직후에효과적이다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 45
50 오지영 Table 2. Treatment of orthostatic hypotension Nonpharmacological treatment Reduce or discontinue drugs that potentially induce clinical manifestation of OH Avoid hot environments, carbohydrate-rich meals, alcohol Avoid prolonged recumbence during daytime Take in at least 8 g of NaCl daily Provide water repletion, l/day Move to head-up position slowly Sit on the edge of the bed for some minutes after recumbence Use abdominal binders or compression stockings Regular practice of isotonic exercises and swimming Activate calf muscle whilst supine Activate physical counter maneuvers (leg crossing with tension of the thigh, buttock and calf muscle party position bending over forward, squatting) Provide rapid cool water ingestion Sleep with elevated bed head (20 30 cm) Pharmacological treatment Fludrocortisone acetate mg/day Erythropoietin U per kilogram three times a week Desmopressin acetate nasal spray (10 40 μg/day) or per os ( μg/day) Midodrine mg t.i.d. Yohimbine 5.4 mg/day Pseudoephedrine 30 mg t.i.d. Pyridostigmine 60 mg/day Ergotamine/caffeine 1 mg/100 mg/day Octreotide subcutaneous mcg/day, half an hour before a meal Droxidopa 600 mg t.i.d. 일상생활중에복대나팬티형압박스타킹을착용하는것이도움이되며, 수면중상체를올리면항이뇨호르몬분비가증가해증상완화에도움을줄수있다 약물치료 1) Midodrine 기립저혈압에처음 FDA 승인을받은약제이다. 대사물인 desglymidodrine은선택적인 α1-교감신경효현제로기립시와앙와시모두혈관수축을일으킨다. 작용시간이짧아기상후 2.5 mg을 4시간간격으로투약하며, 앙와위고혈압 (supine hypertension) 을피하기위해취침 4-5시간전에는투약하지않는다. 증상에따라 1회용량을 mg까지증량할수있다. 12 2) Fludrocortisone 합성광물코르티코이드 (mineralocorticoid) 로혈관내용적과신장의소디움재흡수를증가시킨다 mg으로시작해서하루 0.2 mg까지증량할수있다. 저칼륨혈증, 두통, 말초 부종, 심부전을유발할수있으므로주의해야하며, 이미앙와위고혈압이있는환자에게는부적합하다. 3) Pyridostigmine 이론적으로는 acetylcholinesterase 를억제하여교감신경절전달을촉진함으로써기립혈압을상승시킬수있으나, 실제혈압상승폭은크지않아단독투여로증상이완전히호전되기를기대하기는어렵다. 누워있을때는서있을때보다신경절사이의전달이적어앙와위고혈압발생위험은낮다는장점이있다. 4) Droxidopa (L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) Dopa-decarboxylase 에의해노르에피네프린으로전환되어말초혈관을수축시킴으로써혈압을상승시킨다. 2014년 FDA 승인을얻은약제로하루 3회 100 mg씩투약하여하루최대 1,800 mg까지증량할수있으나, 앙와위고혈압발생위험이높으므로주의해야한다. 13 최근메타분석에서안전하며단기치료에효과적임이확인되었으나장기사용에대한자료는아직부족하다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
51 신경근육질환의대증치료 5) 기타 합성 somatostatin 유사체인 octreotide 는내장혈관을수축시키고정맥저류를감소시켜서혈압을올릴수있다. 이외에도교감신경효현제인 pseudoephedrine, ergotamine을투약해볼수있으나부작용에주의해야한다. 소화기장애 만성혹은난치성변비와설사와같은소화기장애는간과되기쉽지만, 환자의삶의질에큰영향을미칠뿐아니라영양상태와직결되기때문에본래의신경근육질환의진행에도영향을끼치게된다. 1. 위마비 (gastroparesis) 우선충분한물을마시고식사는소량을자주하는편이좋다. 지방분이많거나섬유소입자가큰곡물류섭취는제한하도록한다. 15 위장운동촉진제 (prokinetics) 로는이전부터사용되던 metoclopramide나 domperidone이있는데각각 tardive dyskinesia와 QT연장과같은부작용이있으므로신중히사용해야한다. Motilin 수용체효현제인 eryrhtomycin 을투약하기도하나항생제라는제한점과장기투약시에는내성으로인해효과가감소한다 (tachyphylaxis). 약물치료에실패한경우내시경을통해 pyloric 보톡스를주사하거나전기자극기를삽입하는방법도있다. 2. 변비 자율신경손상으로인해 myenteric plexus가손상되면장운동이감소해변비가발생하고심한경우 overflow incontinence 가발생할수있다. 또장운동정체에의해소장에서세균이과다증식 (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; SIBO) 하면설사가유발된다. 이렇게반복되는변비와설사는당뇨내장신경병의특징으로통증이없는수양성설사가밤중에발생하는특징을보인다. 당뇨병환자의약 60% 에서변비가발생하는것으로알려지며, 심한경우거대결장 (megacolon) 이나가성장폐색이발생하기도한다. 16 1) 비약물요법 물을충분히마시고운동량을늘리는등생활습관을교정하고섬유소섭취를늘려야하나잘용해되지않는곡물의겨 (bran) 는증상을더악화시킬수있으므로피하도록한다. 변비를유발하는약물들을복용하고있는지확인하고가능하다면약을교체혹은중단한다. 신경과에서처방하는약물로항콜린제, 아편양진통제, 항우울제, 칼슘채널길항제, 항경련제등이있으며알루미늄이포함된제산제나철분제도변비를유발할수있다. 2) 완화제 부피형성완화제 (Psyllium, methylcellulose, calcium polycarbophil), 삼투성완화제 (magnesium hydroxide, polyethylene glycol, lactulose), 자극성완화제 (senna, bisacodyl) 가있으며, 이중부피형성완화제를일차적으로사용해볼수있다. 복부팽만과같은불편감이있을수있으므로충분한물과함께복용하도록해야하며, 1-2주간격으로서서히증량한다. 물을충분히마시지않고복용하면오히려장폐색을일으킬수있으므로주의해야한다. 장내변정체가심한경우에부피형성완화제만투약하면복부불편감이더심해지기때문에삼투성완화제를함께투약하는것이좋다. 삼투성완화제는심한서행성변비, 약물에의한변비에더효과가좋다. 마그네슘은저렴하나신기능장애환자에게는투약하면안되며, lactulose 는가스형성으로인한복부팽만감이나단맛으로인한순응도저하가있을수있으나신기능장애환자, 임산부에게도투약가능하다. 두약제병용에도효과가없는경우자극성완화제를투약할수있으나, 장기사용에대한안전성자료가불충분하여단기치료로추천된다. 6개월이상장기치료가필요한경우안전성이입증된 polyethylene glycol 이추천되며, 장내로수분을이동시켜배변횟수를증가시키고변의성상을부드럽게함으로써복통도감소시키지만아직보험적용이되지않는단점이있다. 17 3) 5-HT4 효현제 세로토닌은자율신경과내장신경말단에서아세틸콜린유리를촉진하여내장운동과분비를항진시키는한편, 장점막의구심신경에작용하여연동반사 (peristaltic reflex) 를개시하는작용을한다. Tegaserod 는세로토닌효현제로는처음으로여성과민대장증후군에승인을받았지만심혈관독성으로인해철수되었다가 FDA 사전심사를거친환자군에만처방이가능하다. 18 우리나라에서사용가능한약제는 prucalopride (Resolor ) 로고도의선택적이고조직특이성을가진약제이다. 완화제치료에실패한여성환자들을대상으로한세개의연구에서 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 47
52 오지영 모두치료효과를보였다. 19 하루 2 mg 내지 4 mg을투약할수있으며가장흔한부작용은두통, 복통, 설사, 구토이나 cisapride 나 tegaserod 와는달리심혈관독성은아직보고되지않았다. 최근에는남성환자에도효과가입증된연구들이보고되고있지만, 아직여성환자에만보험적용가능하다. 4) Prosecretory agents 프로스타글란딘E 유사체로 lubiprostone (Amitiza ) 가남녀특발성만성변비환자와성인여성변비형과민대장증후군에, linaclotide (Linzess ) 가남녀변비형과민대장증후군에승인되었으나아직우리나라에서처방이불가능하다. 16 5) 기타 변비형과민대장증후군에프로바이오틱스 (Bifidobacterium infantis), 침술이효과가있다는보고도있어서보조요법으로병행해볼수있다. 3. 설사 장운동정체에의한 SIBO 외에도담즙흡수장애, 현미경적장염 (microscopic colitis), 혹은 metformin과같은당뇨치료제도설사를유발할수있으므로우선원인을확인하는것이중요하다. 괄약근기능저하에의한변실금도설사로오인될수있다. 탈수와전해질불균형을교정하면서원인을제거해야한다. 약물로는아래와같다. 1) Loperamide 일반적으로가장많이사용되는지사제로장관의평활근에분표된아편양수용체를통해장관의소장운동을감소시키고장내수분과항문괄약근압을증가시키는효과가있다. 장기복용시안정성과효과에대해서는아직연구되지않았으나, 오히려변비를유발할수있으므로환자의증상에따라투여를조절해야한다. 2) 항생제 Rifaximin 은그람양성, 음성, 호기성및혐기성세균에모두효과적인경구용항생제로 SIBO에의한설사에효과적이어서약 84% 의치료성공율을보인연구도있다. 비교적내성율이적은것으로보고되며, 비슷한목적으로 amoxicilline-clavulanic acid, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, neomycin 을투약하기도한다. 3) 5-HT3 길항제 장점막에분포하는 5-HT3 수용체를억제하여연동운동을방해하고감각신경의탈분극을억제함으로써복통이나복부불편감을초래하는감각신호가뇌로전달되는것을막는다. 20 Ramosetron (Irribow ) 은우리나라와일본, 태국에서남성설사형과민대장증후군환자에승인된약제로이전의약제와달리허혈성대장염발생은아직보고되지않았다. 최근여성 21, 22 환자에도효과가있음이입증되었다. 4) Somatostatin analogue Octreotide (Sandostatin ) 는 gastrin, cholecystokinine, vasoactive intestinal peptide 의분비를억제하면서장관운동을감소시키는효과가있어서난치성설사나항암제에의한설사에효과적인것으로보고되나, 23 주사제라는단점이있으며, 장기투약에의한고혈압이보고되기도했다. 배뇨장애 신경계이상으로인해초래되는여러비뇨기장애를 neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) 이라고총칭하며, 이중흔한증상은빈뇨나실금과같은저장 (storage) 기능장애와배뇨곤란이다. 치료의목적은환자들이적절한배뇨를함으로써삶의질을개선시킬뿐아니라요로감염을예 24, 25 방해신기능을보존하는것이라고할수있다 (Fig. 1). 1. 저장장애 1) 항무스카린약물 과민성방광에가장흔히일차적으로처방되는약물이나구갈, 변비, 빈맥, 혼돈과같은부수적인항콜린부작용이종종문제가된다. 최근에는 M3 수용체에선택적으로작용하는약물이개발되어중추신경계부작용을줄일수있다. 2) 베타 -3 수용체효현제 Mirabegron (Betamiga ) 은 beta-3 수용체효현제로특발성과활동방광에승인을받았으나, 아직신경계질환환자들에서의연구는거의없다. 빈맥, 혈압상승이부작용으로나타날수있다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
53 신경근육질환의대증치료 Figure 1. Recommended treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction 24 AM, antimuscarinics; BoNT-A, botulinum neurotoxin-a; DSD, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia; IC, intermittent catheterization; IDC, indwelling catheter; PVR, postvoid residual; SARS, sacral anterior-root stimulator; SDAF, sacral deafferentation; TUI, transurethral incision. 3) 기타 Desmopressin은 arginine vasopressin의합성유사체로야간빈뇨에효과적이다. 그러나부종을동반한 65세이상고령자에게투약할때는주의해야한다. 배뇨근과다활동환자에게배뇨근에보톡스를주사하는방법도효과적이다 배뇨곤란 1) 비약물치료 잔뇨량이많은경우간헐적도뇨가도움이되는데잔뇨량과환자의상태에따라횟수를조절한다. 손놀림이원활하지않거나앉아서중심을잡지못하는경우, 하지강직이심한경우, 시력이좋지않은경우에는자가도뇨가어려워간병인의도움이필요하다. 치골위를가볍게두드리거나허벅지를긁음으로써배뇨반사를유발하기도하나, 말초신경손상이있는환자에서는효과가없을수있다. 복부를누르는 Credes 수기는배뇨근압력을증가시켜요관으로역류할수있어권장되지않는다. 심한경우에는환자의삶의질을향상시키고신기능장애를예방하기위해방광참냉 (cystostomy) 을시행하 는것이권장된다. 2) 약물치료 알파수용체효현제 (tamsulosin) 는요도저항을감소시켜배뇨에도움을줄수있다. 배뇨근무반사 (detrusor areflexia) 나잔뇨량이많을때는 bethanecol 이효과적이다. 결론 근본적인치료가어렵거나불가능한신경근육질환환자일수록여러합병증에대한대증치료가중요하다. 환자들의불편한증상을완화시켜일상생활을보다만족스럽게지낼수있게하고삶의질을향상시켜주는것도신경과의사의몫이라고할수있다. References 1. Isak B, Tankisi H, Johnsen B, Pugdahl K, Torvin MA, Finnerup NB, et al. Involvement of distal sensory nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 49
54 오지영 2. Isak B, Tankisi H, Johnsen B, Pugdahl K, Finnerup NB, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A. Laser and somatosensory evoked potentials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2016;127: Javed S, Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Malik RA. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015;6: Snyder MJ, Gibbs LM, Lindsay TJ. Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Update. Am Fam Physician 2016;94: Ziegler D, Fonseca V. From guideline to patient: a review of recent recommendations for pharmacotherapy of painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2015;29: Derry S, Stannard C, Cole P, Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Aldington D, et al. Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;10:CD Gaskell H, Derry S, Stannard C, Moore RA. Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;7:CD Stannard C, Gaskell H, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Cooper TE, et al. Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016:CD Low PA, Tomalia VA. Orthostatic Hypotension: Mechanisms, Causes, Management. J Clin Neurol 2015;11: Jones PK, Shaw BH, Raj SR. Orthostatic hypotension: managing a difficult problem. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015;13: Mills PB, Fung CK, Travlos A, Krassioukov A. Nonpharmacologic management of orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015;96: e Singer W, Joyner MJ, Sandroni P, Benarroch EE, Fealey RD, Mandrekar J, et al. Midodrine efficacy in orthostatic hypotension. J Gen Intern Med 2014;29: Keating GM. Droxidopa: a review of its use in symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Drugs 2015;75: Elgebaly A, Abdelazeim B, Mattar O, Gadelkarim M, Salah R, Negida A. Meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of droxidopa for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2016;26: Kempler P, Varkonyi T, Korei AE, Horvath VJ. Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: the unattended borderline between diabetology and gastroenterology. Diabetologia 2016;59: Krishnan B, Babu S, Walker J, Walker AB, Pappachan JM. Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2013;4: Shin JE, Jung HK, Lee TH, Jo Y, Lee H, Song KH, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Functional Constipation in Korea, 2015 Revised Edition. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22: Tornblom H. Treatment of gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy. Diabetologia 2016;59: Thomas RH, Luthin DR. Current and emerging treatments for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation: focus on prosecretory agents. Pharmacotherapy 2015;35: Fukudo S, Ida M, Akiho H, Nakashima Y, Matsueda K. Effect of ramosetron on stool consistency in male patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12: e Fukudo S, Kinoshita Y, Okumura T, Ida M, Akiho H, Nakashima Y, et al. Ramosetron Reduces Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea and Improves Quality of Life in Women. Gastroenterology 2016;150: e Fukudo S, Kinoshita Y, Okumura T, Ida M, Hayashi K, Akiho H, et al. Effect of ramosetron in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: a phase III long-term study. J Gastroenterol 2016;51: Peeters M, Van den Brande J, Francque S. Diarrhea and the rationale to use Sandostatin. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2010;73: Drake MJ, Apostolidis A, Cocci A, Emmanuel A, Gajewski JB, Harrison SC, et al. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence committee of the fifth International Consultation on Incontinence Neurourol Urodyn 2016;35: Tudor KI, Sakakibara R, Panicker JN. Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: evaluation and management. J Neurol Moore DC, Cohn JA, Dmochowski RR. Use of Botulinum Toxin A in the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Toxins (Basel) 2016;8: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
55 신경근육초음파 안재영가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원신경과 Neuromuscular Ultrasound Jae Young An Department of Neurology, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea Ultrasound is a useful tool for examining the peripheral nervous system. It is painless, noninvasive, portable, and inexpensive. Owing to technological development, ultrasound examination increases its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for neuromuscular diseases. In conjunction with electrophysiological studies, ultrasound is highly effective in the evaluation of entrapment neuropathies, and may be helpful in diagnosing other neuromuscular disorders and the assessment of treatment response. Ultrasound is operator-dependent and so requires skill, knowledge of anatomy and experience of sonographers for precise understanding and interpretation of the ultrasound. This review briefly describes basics and variable artifact of ultrasound, sonographic findings of normal nerves and muscles including findings of various neuromuscular disorders. Key Words: Ultrasonography, Neuromuscular diseases 서론 초음파의의학적사용은 1942년오스트리아의사 Karl Dussik 이초음파가금속내결함을감지하는데이용되는것을보고뇌종양의위치를알아내기위해이용한것을시작으로이후다양한임상분야에서발전되어왔지만말초신경분야에서는 1990년대부터탐색자및컴퓨터영상처리기술의발전으로해상도가좋아지면서근신경계영상을위한중요한검사로이용되고있다. 말초신경및근육질환에서영상검사의역할은전기생리학적검사와달리제한적으로, 심부영상과대조도해상도 (contrast resolution) 가높은자기공명영상 (MRI) 기기가있지만근전도검사실에서도가능한유일한검사는초음파검사로전기생리학적검사와상호보완적인역할을기대할수있다. 초음파검사는이동성의장점이외에도 Jae Young An Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent s Hospital, 93, Jungbu-daero, Paldal-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16247, Korea Tel: Fax: neuroajy@gmail.com 검사비용이적게들고, 여러가지이유로 MRI 검사를할수없는환자에서도가능하다. 필요한경우바로반대편과비교할수있으며실시간역동적검사 (real-time and dynamic imaging) 가가능하고말초신경을전장에걸쳐쉽게스캔할수있다는이점들이있다. 이런다양한장점으로말초신경및근육질환의진단, 감별과예후평가에서초음파의유용성이검증되고있다. 1,2 본론 1. 초음파영상의이해 소리를발생하는진동체를음원이라고하고여기에서발생하는소리에너지는일정한주파수 (frequency) 를가진다. 사람이들을수있는가청주파수인 20,000 Hz 이상의높은주파수를초음파라고하는데진동형태에따라펄스파와연속파로나뉜다. 인체에사용되는주파수영역은 1-30 MHz로이러한초음파를음향저항 (acoustic impedance) 의차이가있는조직으로투과시켜반사되는신호를컴퓨터로증폭, 변환하여영상으로나타낸것을 sonography라고부른다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 51
56 안재영 1) 초음파발생과수신초음파장비의가장중요한부분은탐색자 (probe) 로초음파빔을방출하고다시반사된빔을수신하는역할을한다. 탐색자에는전기를가하면용적의변화를일으켜그로인한진동으로초음파가발생되고반대로반사된초음파가압력을가하면전위를발생하는압전효과 (piezoelectric effect) 의특성이있는진동자또는압전소자를가지고있어탐색자를변환기 (transducer) 라고도한다. 반사된음파는그레이스케일 (gray scale) 로변환한후점으로표시하는데점의밝기는반사된음파의강도에비례한다. 비교적표재층에위치하고있는말초신경을검사할때 12 MHz이상을사용하고, 좌골신경과같은심부에위치하고있는신경은 5 MHz 정도의주파수를가진탐색자가필요하다. 2) 초음파와조직간상호작용초음파는빛과달리전파되기위해서는매개체가필요하며, 매개체의특성에따라전달속도가달라지고같은매질내에서는동일한전달속도를가진다. 인체조직은주구성요소가수분이기때문에물에서의전달속도인 1,540 m/s와유사한값을가진다. 공기로채워진폐에서는가장낮은음속을보이고, 골조직에서는 4,080 m/s로가장높은음속을보인다. 초음파빔은인체의다양한조직을통과하는과정에서반사, 굴절, 산란, 투과, 감쇄및흡수와같은여러상호작용을나타내는데, 이러한작용들이초음파영상에영향을끼치므로각각의특성을이해하는것이중요하다. (1) 반사 (reflection), 산란 (scattering) 및투과 (transmission) 다른음향저항을가진두매질의경계면에음파가입사되면일부는통과하여더깊은곳까지투과되고일부는반사된다. 경계면이평평하면정반사 (specular reflection) 가일어나입사각과반사각이동일하게되고, 표면이거칠거나초음파파장보다작은반사체에부딪힐경우사방으로흩어지는산란이일어난다. 산란체가작을수록, 주파수가높을수록산란이많이발생한다. 반사는음향저항의차이가클수록많아지게되는데검사시에피부와탐색자사이에젤을바르는이유도탐색자와피부사이의공기와음향저항을감소시키기위해서다. 보고자하는구조물이초음파빔에직각으로있는경우빔의입사각과같은방향으로돌아오는반사가많게되어초음파영상이명료하게나타나지만, 입사각이직각이아닌경우탐색자와반대방향으로반사되어영상에포함되지않게된다. (2) 굴절 (refraction), 흡수 (absorption) 및감쇠 (attenuation) 초음파가매질의경계면에비스듬히입사할때두매질의밀도차이때문에음파진행방향이바뀌는것이굴절이다. 굴절은초음파영상에서위치화 (localization) 에오류를일으켜원래위치가아닌다른곳에구조물이있는것처럼보이게하는허상 (artifact) 의주된원인이다. 음파가매질을통과할때마찰력에의해일부에너지는흡수되어열로전환된다. 연부조직에서흡수정도는주파수에비례하여고주파를사용하면해상도가좋아지지만흡수율도증가되어심부조직은검사하기어렵게되는이유가된다. 음파는투과가될수록흡수, 반사, 산란등의작용으로에너지를잃어진폭과강도의감소가일어나는것을감쇠라고한다. 3) 허상초음파에서는다른영상검사보다허상의종류가다양해서그종류와원인을이해하면초음파검사의정확성을높일수있다. (1) 후방음향증강 (posterior acoustic enhancement) 초음파는투과가될수록일정에너지가감소되므로설정된원거리에맞게보정을하도록되어있다. 하지만근거리에낭종과같은액체로이루어진구조물이있다면초음파빔은에너지손실없이원거리에도달된후매개물질경계면에서반사가되어탐색자에도착하면높은증폭을일으키게되어서초음파상에매우밝게보이게되는현상을후방음향증강이라고한다. 이러한소견은낭종또는혈관성구조물을시사하며, 색조도플러 (color Doppler) 검사로두가지구조물에대한구분이가능하다. (2) 후방음향음영 (posterior acoustic shadowing) 과측방음영 (lateral shadow) 매개물질사이경계면에서결석이나석회침착과같이강한반사체구조물이있는경우대부분의초음파가반사되어그구조물후면에는초음파가투과되지못해영상이만들어지지않게되면서생기는허상을후방음향음영이라고한다. 구조물이둥근표면을가질경우가장자리부분은초음파빔이굴절되면서반사가되지못해어둡게보여지게되는허상을측방음영이라고한다. (3) 이방성 (anisotropy) 조직에따라나타나는서로다른초음파반사성질을이방 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
57 신경근육초음파 성이라고한다. 어떤조직은모든방향으로반사하는후방산란 (backscattering) 의낮은이방성을가지고있고어떤조직은거울처럼입사각과같은각도로반사하는높은이방성을가지고있다. 근육, 인대, 건및신경등이이방성을나타낼수있는구조물로인대는높은이방성을보이고신경은낮은이방성을, 근육은중간정도의이방성을보인다. 인대와신경의구분이어려울경우탐색자의각도를변화시키면인대의높은이방성으로에코음영이변화되는것으로구분할수있다. (4) 다중반사 (reverberation) 음향저항의차이가큰구조물이탐색자와평행한경우되돌아오는음의진폭이증가되어수신되고, 이러한초음파빔이반사체와탐색자사이에서에너지를잃을때까지반복될때나타나는현상으로심부로갈수록신호가약해져유성꼬리처럼희미해져보이게된다. 다중반사는금속이나유리파편등을시사한다. 2. 말초신경초음파 1) 정상말초신경초음파 말초신경의초음파소견은특징적인신경다발을보이는관상형구조물로해부학적으로일치하는소견을보인다. 3 종단영상 (longitudinal image) 에서는고에코음영의띠로나타나는신경외막 (epineurium) 사이로선상의저에코음영의신경다발이보이고, 횡단영상 (axial image) 에서는고에코음영의결합조직안에타원형의저에코음영의신경다발이특징적인벌집모양 (honeycomb) 으로보이게된다. 신경을둘러싸고있는치밀한신경외막결합조직은높은반사율을가지고있어초음파영상에서고에코음영의테두리로나타나기때문에주위조직과신경을구분하는경계가된다. 정상신경이라고하더라도위치에따라벌집모양이관찰되지않기도하는데팔신경얼기 (brachial plexus) 나경수신경근 (cervical nerve root) 과같이근위부에위치하고있는신경은신경내결합조직의양이적고신경섬유가좀더밀집하게농축되어있어초음파영상에서전체적으로저에코음영으로보이거나신경다발이잘관찰되지않고, 주관절터널 (cubital tunnel) 의척골신경처럼골섬유터널속의신경에서도에코음영이감소되거나신경다발숫자가감소되어보인다. 4-6 상용화된초음파장비로일부신경은어렵지만, 사지의주요말초신경들은대부분검사가가능하다. 7 상지의정중신경, 척골신경그리고요골신경은전구간에서검사가가능하고, 하지의대퇴신경 (femoral nerve), 종아리신경 (peroneal nerve), 뒤정강신경 (posterior tibial nerve) 은대부분구간에서검사가가능하다. 팔신경얼기에서도척추와빗장뼈사이구간과빗장뼈와겨드랑이사이구간은검사가가능하다. 뇌신경중에서시각신경, 얼굴신경, 미주신경, 척수더부신경 (spinal accessory nerve) 의영상도가능하다. 작은신경가지들은영상이어려울수있지만가쪽및안쪽아래팔피부신경 (antebrachial cutaneous nerve), 장딴지신경 (sural nerve), 가쪽넙다리피부신경 (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) 등은초음파영상으로관찰할수있다. 특히신경비후가동반되는병적인상황에서는정상에서초음파로잡아낼수없는작은신경들까지도검사가가능하다. 좌골신경 (sciatic nerve) 이나허리엉치신경얼기 (lumbosacral plexus) 와같이심부에위치하고있거나, 신경과비슷한에코음영을가진지방에둘러싸여있는경우, 골조직뒤쪽에신경이위치하는경우후방음향음영으로인해초음파검사로신경을관찰하기어렵다. 정확환검사를위해서는말초신경과다른조직과감별이필요하다. 근육은독특한구조적패턴을가지고있어감별이용이하다. 전체적으로저에코음영을보이고그속에밝은고에코음영을보이는섬유조직이흩어져있는영상으로나타난다. 건조직은간혹신경과감별이어려운경우가있지만, 관절의움직임과함께같이움직이는것을관찰하거나, 근위또는원위부위로탐색자를이동하면서근육과연결되어있는것을확인또는탐색자의각도에따라에코음영이바뀌는것으로신경과구분할수있다. 혈관과의감별은비교적간단하다. 동맥은초음파영상에서맥박이뛰는것을관찰할수있고, 정맥은동맥보다경미한압력으로도쉽게압박되는것을볼수있다. 색조도플러초음파영상으로도혈관을찾거나신경과구분하는데도움을받을수있다. 2) 초음파측정 (1) 신경크기신경비대는병적인말초신경의가장중요한진단적지표이기때문에신경크기의측정은필수이다. 8 횡단영상에서단면적 (cross sectional area, CSA) 과팽윤비 (swelling ratio) 를얻을수있고, 종단영상에서는직경을측정할수있다. 정확한측정을위해서는최소한의압력으로신경에직각으로탐색자를위치시켜야한다. 측정에따르는변동성은여러번측정을반복함으로써감소시킬수있다. 말초신경을둘러싸고있는고에코음영의신경외막은바깥쪽가장자리경계가명 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 53
58 안재영 확하지않는경우도있어신경외막의안쪽테두리로 CSA를측정하는것이선호된다. 9, 10 팽윤비 (swelling ratio) 는가장심한비대를보이는 CSA와반대측같은부위나같은신경에서다른부위의 CSA의비로특히전반적인신경비대를보이는다발성말초신경병증에서동반된포착성말초신경병증진단에도움이된다. 편평비 (flattening ratio) 는신경의횡단면에서가장큰직경과가장작은직경의비로포착성신경병증에유용한또다른지표이다. 국소신경병증에서가장유용한지표는 CSA의절대값이지만, 10 기준값이아직확립되지않은신경에서는다른지표들을진단에이용한다. (2) 에코음영 (echogenicity) 정상말초신경은벌집모양의양상으로보이지만, 병적인상황에서는신경내부종으로에코음영이감소되고신경다발의양상은잃어버리게된다. 이런검사자의시각에의존한에코음영비교는주관적이기때문에실수나편견이일어날수있어다른자동화된방법으로정량적인측정을하는방법도시도되고있다. 11 (3) 혈관분포도 (vascularity) 혈관분포도는색조도플러 (color Doppler image) 검사와출력도플러 (power Doppler image) 검사로측정한다. 정상적인말초신경에서는도플러신호가나오지않아야한다. 신호증폭을높이게되면비특이적인도플러신호가보일수있지만맥박과동기화된도플러신호만이증가된혈관분포상태로판단할수있다. 다양한말초신경병에서압박성또는염증성반응으로나타날수있는혈관울혈 (vascular congestion) 로신경내혈류가증가되어과혈관분포로나타날수있다. 현재까지는주관적인측정이주방법이지만영상처리과정으로통한정량적인방법도연구되고있다. 12 (4) 운동성 (mobility) 말초신경의운동성은주로손목터널 (carpal tunnel) 의정중신경과팔꿈치의척골신경에서평가한다. 손목터널에서정중신경운동성은탐색자를손목원위주름에위치시키고, 환자에게손가락을구부리면서같이손목을굴곡시키면정중신경이굽힙근육건아래로이동하는것을관찰할수있다. 손목터널증후군에서정중신경의운동성이감소되거나사라지지만, 이것이신경비대의결과인지손목터널증후군에걸리기쉬운해부학적변화에따른것인지는분명하지않다. 팔꿈치에서척골신경은정상인에서도드물지않게팔꿈치 가굴곡될때안쪽위관절융기 (medial epicondyle) 위로완전히넘어가는탈구 (dislocation) 와안쪽위관절융기까지만이동하는아탈구 (subluxation) 를관찰할수있다. 전위된척골신경의평균 CSA는그렇지않은경우보다더커져있는데이것은반복적인탈구가미세손상으로인한신경부종의위험성을시사하는것이라고할수있다. 13 3) 말초신경병증 손상된말초신경의초음파는몇가지공통된소견을가진다. 신경크기, 에코음영, 신경외막의경계, 신경다발의크기와혈관분포도에서변화가나타나게된다. 신경손상후말초신경의초음파연구는대부분포착성말초신경병증에관한연구인데, 14 신경압박의경우에국소적인신경비대, 신경다발양상소실과에코음영이감소되는것을관찰할수있다. 15 (1) 외상성신경병증외상성신경병증에서손상의종류와정도를결정하는것은그양상에따라치료가다르기때문에중요하다. 전기생리학적검사는특히손상직후에는정확한위치와손상의정도를알아내기에는제한된검사이지만초음파검사는손상된신경의부위를직접영상화할수있다는점에서유용하다. 사체에서시행한연구에서 89% 의민감도와 95% 의특이도로신경절단을초음파로진단할수있었다. 16 역동적초음파영상 (dynamic ultrasound image) 은손상부위에서신경이정확히보이지않는경우에도주위관절의움직임과함께손상된신경의근위부및원위부가함께움직이는것을관찰함으로써신경의절단유무를판단하는데도움이된다. 17 (2) 면역매개신경병증 ⅰ. 만성염증성탈수초다발신경병증 (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, CIDP) CIDP의조직학적소견은분절말이집탈수초 (segmental demyelination) 와재수초화 (remyelination) 으로인한양파모양 (onion bulb formation) 의신경병성과다양한정도의신경내막부종 (endoneurial edema), 세포간질성부종 (interstitial edema) 을보인다. 18 대부분의 CIDP 환자에서초음파검사상이상소견을보이는데, 다양한임상증상에따라초음파소견도다양하게나타난다. 가장흔히보고된소견은말초신경과경수신경근의 CSA 증가이며, 미주신경의비대도보고되어있다. 22,23 신경비대소견이흔히관찰되는소견이지만, 환자간그리고같은환자에서의말초신경에서도심 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
59 신경근육초음파 한편차를보이기도한다. 이러한한환자에서같은신경내에서나다른신경들사이에서나타나는 CSA의다양성은 CIDP 진단적의미를가지기도한다. 24 신경의혈관분포상태는 CIDP에서증가되어있는데, 25 말초신경에서혈류량은척수내단백질과비후된신경의수와연관성이있어신경혈관분포도상태로질병의활성도를추정할수도있다. 신경비대정도와질병이환기간과의관련성에대한보고도있지만, 26, 27 초음파소견과전기생리학적소견또는기능적장애와의연관성은아직논란이있다. 19, 27 신경초음파이상소견은치료와함께호전되기도한다. 28 (2) 길랑바레증후군 (Guillain-Barré syndrome) 아직까지길랑바레증후군에관한초음파연구는부족한실정이다. 길랑바레환자의 47-83% 에서말초신경이나경수신경근에서비대가나타나는것으로보고되고있다. 26,29 6명의길랑바레증후군환자를대상으로임상적, 신경생리학적소견과초음파검사를보고한 Gallardo 등 29 의연구에서상하지의주요말초신경의초음파에서는검사한신경의 8.8% 에서만이상소견이관찰되지만대부분의환자에서척수신경근의 CSA가증가되고신경외막의경계가불분명해지는소견을보였다. 이것은신경부종을시사하는소견으로두명의환자에서시행된병리학적소견과도일치하여길랑바레증후군의병리기전을반영하는소견이라할수있겠다. 추적연구는부족한편으로임상적, 전기생리학적소견이회복된뒤초음파이상소견이정상화된보고가있으며, 30 발병수년후장애가남아있는환자에서말초신경의증가된 CSA가보고되고있으나, 기능적장애와연관성은없었다. 31 (3) 감염성다발성신경병증 (infectious polyneuropathies) 나병 (leprosy) 은감염성신경병증의가장흔한원인중하나이다. 초음파상신경비대와신경다발의소실이신경포착이흔한부위에서가장잘발견된다. 32,33 이러한변화는점차전체신경으로확대된다. 도플러초음파검사로증가된혈관분포도를확인할수있는데, 이러한소견은빠른신경손상과나쁜임상예후를시사한다. (4) 축삭신경병증 (axonal neuropathy) 축삭신경병증에서초음파검사의역할은아직확립되지못한상태이다. 일반적으로신경섬유의감소로인한 CSA의감소를예상할수있으나실제이런경우는근위축축상경화증 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 에서 CSA가감소된경우를제외하고는드물다. 34,35 오히려축삭신경병증환자의 20% 정도에서신경비대가관찰된다. 26 당뇨병성말초신경병증의초음파연구에서신경비대와신경다발양상의소실이관찰되었고, 이러한소견이전기생리학적소견과연관성이있다는보고도있다. 37 포도당의소르비톨 (sorbitol) 전환으로증가된수분의양이 CSA의증가원인으로제시되고있다. 36 (5) 샤르코 -마리-투스병 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT) CMT는임상적, 유전적으로이질적인질환으로 60개이상의다른유전변이가보고되고있는질환이다. 40 전기생리학적검사가 CMT의분류와진단에여전히중요하지만, 초음파검사는말초신경의형태적변화를평가하는데유용한검사이다. 탈수초성 CMT의가장흔한형태인 CMT1A 의초음파검사에서말초신경, 팔신경얼기, 신경근의 CSA가정상군에서보다커져있고, 신경전장에걸쳐균등하게증가되어있다. 1 CMT1A 환자의임상적, 전기생리학적소견과연관성에있어서도 CSA와신경전도검사지표, 질병활성도와상관관계를보여초음파검사로측정한신경비대정도는전기생리학적, 임상적중증도를반영한다고할수있겠다. 41,42 국소적인수초의비대를보이는유전압박신경마비 (hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy, HNPP) 의초음파연구에서는포착부위외에도다발적인국소신경비대소견을보이고, 43 CMT1A와달리형태적인변화가항상전기생리학적소견과연관성이있는것은아니었다. 44 두번째로흔한형태인 CMTX1 의연구에서는정중신경의 CSA가통계적으로의미있는차이를보여주지는못했으며, 연구에따라정상대조군에비해다양한결과를보이기도했다. 41,45 축삭성신경병증을보이는 CMT2 에서는 CSA가감소될것이란예상과달리 CMT2 환자의정중신경 CSA가정상군에비해약간커져있는보고가있다. 41,45 이러한소견은 CMT2 의일부아형에서슈반세포 (schwann cell) 증식과신경내막부종, 거짓양파모양변성 (pseudo onion bulb formation) 으로인한것으로추측하고있다. 46 심한근육위축등으로인해복합근활동전위 (compound muscle action potential) 가잘유발되지않는 CMT의환자에서초음파검사는비후성 CMT(hypertrophic type CMT) 감별진단에유용할것으로생각되며, 향후다양한 CMT의초음파연구가이루어질수록전기생리학적검사와함께좀더표적화된유전자검사를가능하게할것으로생각된다 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 55
60 안재영 3. 근육초음파 1) 정상근육초음파 근육섬유는엑틴과미오신으로구성된근섬유분절 (sarcomere) 이반복되어이루어진구조로평행하게배열되어다발 (fascicle) 을형성한다. 이렇게균일한구조로되어있어초음파반사가적게일어나서저에코음영으로보이게된다. 근육은근육속내막 (endomysium), 근육다발막 (perimysium), 근외막 (epimysium), 혈관성구조물, 건막 (aponeurosis), 건 (tendon) 을포함하고있으며, 이구조물과근육섬유의경계면에서초음파반사가일어나게된다. 정상근육의초음파횡단영상에서는전체적으로가장많은부분을차지하는근육섬유는저에코음영을보이고, 고에코음영을보이는섬유조직이산재되어있는양상이다. 종단영상에서는근육섬유사이로고에코음영섬유조직이선상으로배열되어있는양상으로관찰된다. 근육마다섬유조직구성비가다르기때문에상대적음영강도가다르며, 운동으로인한근육비대는근육세포크기가증가하기때문에저에코음영으로관찰된다. 검사할근육이위치한깊이에따라심부에위치한근육은낮은주파수를, 표면에위치한근육은높은주파수의탐색자를사용해야한다. 근육이수축하면근육직경이증가하고음영강도가약간감소되므로충분히이완된상태에서검사해야한다. 음영강도를일정하게유지하고, 압박으로인한오류를피하기위해탐색자를수직으로놓고, 최소한의압력으로유지한상태에서검사해야한다. 47,48 근육의두께와단면적은횡단영상에서측정하며, 근육의상대적인음영강도를평가하기위해다른조직들을포함한단면으로관찰하는것이도움이된다. 49 구별할수있는뼈의구조물을단면에포함하면반대측이나추적관찰을통한비교에도움이된다. 2) 근병증초음파 근병증에서일어나는근육형태의변화는초음파로검사가가능하다. 근육구조의변화는지방침착, 근육의섬유화로에코음영이증가하게된다. 50,51 따라서근육과섬유조직과의차이가약해지면서근육은좀더균일한에코음영을보이고, 근육의초음파반사가증가함에따라심부에위치한구조물을영상화하기어렵게되고그결과뼈구조물과의경계도불분명해지게된다. 근육초음파검사로질환유무를알아내는것은질환의종류나환자의연령에따라다른민감도를가진 다. 임상적으로 Duchenne 근육디스트로피가의심되는환자에서초음파검사의민감도는 100% 에이른다. 52 하지만사립체근병증에서는증상이있는환자의 25-45% 만을진단할수있었다. 53 그리고 3세이하에서는낮은민감도를보이고있는데, 47,52,54 그이유는질병초기에는근육내변화가아직미미하기때문인것으로생각된다. 하지만이연령에서도초음파검사의특이도는높기때문에근육질환이의심되는환자의진단초기과정에서선별검사로써사용이가능하다. 일부연구에서근육내변화로신경병증과근병증의감별점을보고하였지만원인에따른특징적인초음파소견에대해서는좀더많은연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 근병증에서전체적으로균일하게에코음영이증가되어있지만, 신경병증의근육은근육내에서도침범된부분과정상적인부분이혼재하는양상이기때문에초음파영상에서도정상적인근육의저에코음영배경에선상의증가된에코음영을보이게된다. 55,56 그리고초음파검사로확인된근육분포로질환의임상양상이근위, 원위혹은전신적인지구분을할수도있다. 이환된근육의다양한역동성변화를초음파검사로관찰이가능하다. 근육다발수축 (fasciculation) 이표피에가까이에서발생할때는육안으로도확인이가능하지만, 심부에서발생할때는근전도나초음파검사가필요하다. 좀더넓은면적의검사가가능한초음파가근전도보다좀더민감하게근육다발수축을발견해낼수있다. 57, 58 고해상도의탐색자와높은프레임율 (frame rate) 이가능해짐으로써세동전위 (fibrillation) 를초음파검사로관찰이가능하게되었지만, 현재로서는근전도가더민감한검사이다. 59,60 (1) 유전성근육병초음파검사는근육디스트로피진단에높은민감도를가지고있으며, 나이와함께민감도도같이증가하게된다. Duchenne 근육디스트로피에서증상이있는환자대부분에서균일하게증가된에코음영을관찰할수있으며, 49 초음파검사로횡경막의두께가증가된것을볼수있고, 62 심장근육에서도증가된에코음영이보고되어이러한변화는심장기능이상을미리예견하는데도움이된다. 63 Becker 근육디스트로피소아환자에서는질병의중증도와에코음영이관련성이있다고보고되었다. 47 증가된에코음영외에도근육비대를흔히장딴지근과가자미근에서초음파로확인이가능한데, 이러한종아리비대는다른신경근육질환에서도나타나는비특이적인소견이라할수있다. 61 근긴장성디스트로피환자에서는침범된근위와원위근육, 저작근등에서위축과증 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
61 신경근육초음파 가된에코음영을볼수있다. 64 몇가지특징적인초음파소견을보이는유전근병증이있다. Bethlem 근병증과 Ullich 선천성근육디스트로피환자에서근육바깥쪽이주로침범되어고에코음영을보이고, 내부는상대적으로보존되는양상을보인다. 65,66 유전성봉입체근병증 (hereditary inclusion body myopathies) 에서는대퇴사두근 (quadriceps) 중에서선택적으로대퇴직근 (rectus femoris muscle) 이침범되고다른근육은비교적보존되는양상을관찰할수있다. 67 (2) 염증성근육병염증성근육병은급성기에근육부종을관찰할수있으며, 근육의크기와에코음영이증가하게된다. 뿐만아니라이환초기에도플러검사로증가된혈관분포도를확인할수있다. 68 이러한근육부종이나혈관분포도증가는운동이후일시적으로나타날수도있다. 68,69 초기에빨리치료를시행한경우근육초음파소견도정상으로회복되지만진행된경우나치료에난치성인경우위축이나타나게되며섬유조직과지방의침착으로더욱증가된에코음영을보이게된다. 47,48 다발성근염 (polymyositis) 은피부근염 (deramatomyositis) 에비해하지에서이상이잘나타나고, 봉입체근염에서는주로침범되는손가락굽힘근 (finger flexors), 대퇴사두근에서흔히관찰되며, 다른염증성근육병에서보다더심한위축을보인다. 70 결론 초음파는말초신경및근육질환을진단하는데유용한검사이다. 신경전도및근전도검사에서병태생리학적정보를얻지만, 초음파검사는해부학적구조에관한정보를얻을수있어전기생리학적검사를보완하여진단의정확도를높이고, 치료의방향을결정하는데중요한역할을할수있다. 더욱이초음파검사는이동성이높고통증이없으며, 비침습적이고, 저렴한검사비용으로더욱활용도가높다. 최근높은해상도를갖춤으로써작은신경분지까지검사가가능하고, 향후지속적인기술발전으로인해신경근육질환의진단에더많은기여를할것으로생각된다. 하지만검사의결과는검사자의경험과숙련도에따라좌우되는경향이있어, 초음파검사를실제임상에서유용하게사용하기위해서는신경근육질환의임상지식과, 전기생리학적검사와더불어초음파검사경험이필요하다. References 1. Gallardo E, Noto Y, Simon NG. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy: structure meets function in the neuromuscular clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015;86: Walker FO, Cartwright MS, Wiesler ER, Caress J. Ultrasound of nerve and muscle. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115: Fornage BD. Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US. Radiology 1988;167: Sheppard DG, Iyer RB, Fenstermacher MJ. Brachial plexus: demonstration at US. Radiology 1998;208: Simon NG, Cage T, Narvid J, Noss R, Chin C, Kliot M. High-resolution ultrasonography and diffusion tensor tractography map normal nerve fascicles in relation to schwannoma tissue prior to resection. J Neurosurg 2014;120: Simon NG, Ralph JW, Poncelet AN, Engstrom JW, Chin C, Kliot M. A comparison of ultrasonographic and electrophysiologic 'inching' in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Clin Neurophysiol 2015;126: Gruber H, Kovacs P. Sonographic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. Springer;Berlin, Germany, 2003; Duncan I, Sullivan P, Lomas F. Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173: Beekman R, Visser LH, Verhagen WI. Ultrasonography in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: a critical review. Muscle Nerve 2011;43: Roll SC, Case-Smith J, Evans KD. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography vs. electromyography in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of literature. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011;37: Boom J, Visser LH. Quantitative assessment of nerve echogenicity: comparison of methods for evaluating nerve echogenicity in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Clin Neurophysiol 2012;123: Ghasemi-Esfe AR, Khalilzadeh O, Vaziri-Bozorg SM, Jajroudi M, Shakiba M, Mazloumi M, et al. Color and power Doppler US for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome and determining its severity: a quantitative image processing method. Radiology 2011;261: Ozturk E, Sonmez G, Colak A, Sildiroglu HO, Mutlu H, Senol MG, et al. Sonographic appearances of the normal ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36: Martinoli C, Bianchi S, Gandolfo N, Valle M, Simonetti S, Derchi LE. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 2000;20 Spec No:S ; discussion S Cartwright MS, Walker FO. Neuromuscular ultrasound in common entrapment neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2013;48: Cartwright MS, Chloros GD, Walker FO, Wiesler ER, Campbell WW. Diagnostic ultrasound for nerve transection. Muscle Nerve 2007;35: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 57
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63 신경근육초음파 motor and sensory neuropathy of axonal type with onset in early childhood associated with mitofusin 2 mutations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008;67: Heckmatt JZ, Pier N, Dubowitz V. Real-time ultrasound imaging of muscles. Muscle Nerve 1988;11: Heckmatt JZ, Pier N, Dubowitz V. Measurement of quadriceps muscle thickness and subcutaneous tissue thickness in normal children by real-time ultrasound imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16: Heckmatt JZ, Leeman S, Dubowitz V. Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of muscle disease. J Pediatr 1982;101: Reimers K, Reimers CD, Wagner S, Paetzke I, Pongratz DE. Skeletal muscle sonography: a correlative study of echogenicity and morphology. J Ultrasound Med 1993;12: Pillen S, Tak RO, Zwarts MJ, Lammens MM, Verrijp KN, Arts IM, et al. Skeletal muscle ultrasound: correlation between fibrous tissue and echo intensity. Ultrasound Med Biol 2009;35: Pillen S, Scholten RR, Zwarts MJ, Verrips A. Quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasonography in children with suspected neuromuscular disease. Muscle Nerve 2003;27: Pillen S, Morava E, Van Keimpema M, Ter Laak HJ, De Vries MC, Rodenburg RJ, et al. Skeletal muscle ultrasonography in children with a dysfunction in the oxidative phosphorylation system. Neuropediatrics 2006;37: Zuberi SM, Matta N, Nawaz S, Stephenson JB, McWilliam RC, Hollman A. Muscle ultrasound in the assessment of suspected neuromuscular disease in childhood. Neuromuscul Disord 1999;9: Aydinli N, Baslo B, Caliskan M, Ertas M, Ozmen M. Muscle ultrasonography and electromyography correlation for evaluation of floppy infants. Brain Dev 2003;25: Schmidt R, Voit T. Ultrasound measurement of quadriceps muscle in the first year of life. Normal values and application to spinal muscular atrophy. Neuropediatrics 1993;24: Walker FO, Donofrio PD, Harpold GJ, Ferrell WG. Sonographic imaging of muscle contraction and fasciculations: a correlation with electromyography. Muscle Nerve 1990;13: Scheel AK, Toepfer M, Kunkel M, Finkenstaedt M, Reimers CD. Ultrasonographic assessment of the prevalence of fasciculations in lesions of the peripheral nervous system. J Neuroimaging 1997;7: Pillen S, Nienhuis M, van Dijk JP, Arts IM, van Alfen N, Zwarts MJ. Muscles alive: ultrasound detects fibrillations. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;120: Grimm A, Prell T, Decard BF, Schumacher U, Witte OW, Axer H, et al. Muscle ultrasonography as an additional diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2015;126: Reimers CD, Schlotter B, Eicke BM, Witt TN. Calf enlargement in neuromuscular diseases: a quantitative ultrasound study in 350 patients and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 1996;143: De Bruin PF, Ueki J, Bush A, Khan Y, Watson A, Pride NB. Diaphragm thickness and inspiratory strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Thorax 1997;52: Giglio V, Pasceri V, Messano L, Mangiola F, Pasquini L, Dello Russo A, et al. Ultrasound tissue characterization detects preclinical myocardial structural changes in children affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42: Kiliaridis S, Engvall M, Tzakis MG. Ultrasound imaging of the masseter muscle in myotonic dystrophy patients. J Oral Rehabil 1995;22: Bonnemann CG, Brockmann K, Hanefeld F. Muscle ultrasound in Bethlem myopathy. Neuropediatrics 2003;34: Mercuri E, Lampe A, Allsop J, Knight R, Pane M, Kinali M, et al. Muscle MRI in Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy and Bethlem myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2005;15: Adler RS, Garolfalo G, Paget S, Kagen L. Muscle sonography in six patients with hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Skeletal Radiol 2008;37: Newman JS, Adler RS, Rubin JM. Power Doppler sonography: use in measuring alterations in muscle blood volume after exercise. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;168: Adler RS, Garofalo G. Ultrasound in the evaluation of the inflammatory myopathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009;11: Reimers CD, Fleckenstein JL, Witt TN, Muller-Felber W, Pongratz DE. Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol Sci 1993;116: 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 59
64 압박신경병증에서초음파검사의유용성 석정임대구가톨릭대학교의과대학신경과학교실 The value of ultrasound in assessment of compressive neuropathy Jung Im Seok Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu Compressive neuropathy is often diagnosed clinically and confirmed with electrodiagnosis. Although sensitive and specific for diagnosing compressive neuropathy, electrodiagnosis also has limitations in that it is uncomfortable and does not directly assess the anatomy of the affected nerve and surrounding structures. Most potential sites of compressive neuropathy are well visualized by ultrasonography with established reference values for nerve cross sectional area. This article reviews sonographic findings and usefulness in the evaluation of compressive neuropathies. Key Words: Ultrasound, Compressive neuropathy, Carpal tunnel syndrome 서론전통적으로압박신경병증의진단에서가장기본적이면서도정확한검사는전기진단검사이다. 하지만, 전기진단검사를통해서는영상정보를얻을수가없고검사중에발생하는통증으로인한불편감이있다라는두가지큰단점이있다. 자기공명영상검사를통해영상정보를얻을수있으나비용이많이들고검사시간이길며검사실로의이동해야하는번거로움이있다. 이에반해초음파검사는안전하면서도통증이없고쉽게기계를옮겨서간편하게검사할수있으며자기공명영상검사에비해비용이적게드는검사이다. 저자는흔하게접하는압박신경병증인손목굴증후군과자신경마비에서초음파의임상적유용성에대해정리하고, 드물지만초음파가진단에도움이되는다른압박신경병증에대해소개하고자한다. 본론 다양한말초신경질환중에초음파검사의유용성이가장잘연구된질환은압박신경병증이다. 압박신경병증이발생하는부위는대부분초음파검사로신경을잘볼수있는부위이고, 각부위별신경단면적에대한정상값도잘연구되어있다. 1-3 특히, 손목굴증후군과자신경마비에서초음파의진단적유용성이가장잘연구되었고많은연구결과가발표되었다. 압박신경병증에서보이는대표적인초음파소견은신경단면적의증가, 에코음영감소, 혈관분포증가이다. 이중에서검사가쉽고간단한신경단면적이진단기준으로가장많이사용된다. 4 혈관분포의증가와에코음영감소의진단적가치에대한보고가있으나객관적인수치화가어렵다는단점이있다. 5,6 1. 흔한압박신경병증 Jung Im Seok, MD. Department of Neurology, Daegu Catholic University Hospital 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea Tel: Fax: jihelpgod@cu.ac.kr 1) 손목굴증후군손목굴증후군의진단에가장민감한초음파적소견은굽힘근지지띠 (flexor retinaculum) 근위부에서정중신경의단면적인증가하는것이다 (Fig. 1). 7 이와함께에코음영감소, 혈 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육
65 압박신경병증에서초음파검사의유용성 Figure 1. On the left is a cross-sectional view of the median nerve (arrow) at the distal wrist crease in a healthy volunteer. The cross-sectional area of the nerve is 9 mm 2 andthereisnormalnerveechogenicity. Ontherightisthesameviewfromanindividualwithcarpaltunnelsyndrome. Thenerveis19mm 2 andveryhypoechoic. T=flexortendonsandC=carpalbones. 관분포증가, 정중신경의운동성감소등이동반될수있다. 손목굴증후군에서초음파검사의진단적민감도와특이도는각각 77.6% 와 86.8% 로보고되었다. 8 전기진단검사와비교해보면정확도가다소떨어지지만전기진단검사대신에사용할수있을정도의유용성을가진다. 손목굴증훈군의진단뿐만아니라중증도를판단하는데도도움이된다. 단면적의크기가임상적척도및전기진단적중증도와비례한다는보고가있었다. 9,10 초음파검사에보이는신경내혈관분포증가가전기진단검사를토대로한신경손상의정도를잘반영한다는보고도있다. 11 초음파검사의또다른유용성은전기진단검사로는알수없는원인을파악할수있다는것이다. 대부분의손목굴증후군은특발성으로손의반복적인사용과관련이있고, 당뇨병, 갑상선저하증, 비만같은전신질환이있는경우더잘발생한다. 12 하지만, 소수에서공간점유병터나구조적인이상이원인인경우가있다. 13 소수이기때문에서모든환자에서초음파검사를할필요는없지만, 편측에만이상이있거나급성발병인경우에이러한구조적인이상이있을가능성이많기때문에선별적으로시행하면도움이된다. 14 손목굴에서보이는정상변이인갈라진정중신경 (bifid median nerve, BMN) 과정중동맥존속 (persistent median artery, PMA) 에대한관심에근래에많아졌고, 초음파검사를통해두가지모두쉽게확인할수있다 (Fig. 2). BMN는손목굴증후군의위험인자로알려지기도하였으나손목굴증후군에서더높은빈도를나타내는지에대해서는상반된보고가있어아직은결론을내리기어렵다. 15,16 PMA는혈전증이나혈관확장에의해손목굴증후군을유발할수있고, 17,18 수술전에이혈관의존재를알면혈관손상같은합병증을예방하는데 Figure 2. Ultrasound (top) and color doppler (bottom) revealed bifid median nerve (white arrow head) and persistent median artery (black arrow) of the wrist. 도움이된다. 빈도는보고에따라굉장히다양하며, 19 검사시의나이와검사기계등의영향으로판단된다. 2) 자신경병증 (ulnar neuropathy at the elbow) 팔꿈치부위에서발생하는자신경병증은손목굴증후군다음으로흔한압박신경병증이다. 자신경병증의진단에서도전기진단검사가가장기본적인검사이지만, 손목굴증훈군과비교해볼때전기진단검사의정확도가떨어지는경향이있다. 20,21 전기진단검사를시행할때팔꿈치의위치가잘못되거 2016 년대한신경과학회전공의통합교육 61
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