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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Intest Res 2007;5(2): 대장선종과대장암에서기질단백분해효소의발현 : MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 에대하여 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원내과학교실, 의과학연구소 *, 단국대학교의과대학내과학교실 신정은 ㆍ정성애ㆍ김성은ㆍ주양희 * ㆍ심기남ㆍ김태헌ㆍ유권ㆍ문일환 Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase in Colon Adenoma and Colon Cancer: MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 Jeong Eun Shin, M.D., Sung-Ae Jung, M.D., Seong-Eun Kim, M.D., Yang-Hee Joo*, Ki-Nam Shim, M.D., Tae Hun Kim, M.D., Kwon Yoo, M.D., Il-Hwan Moon, M.D. Deparment of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute*, Seoul, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea Background/Aims: This study investigated the expression of membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in cases of adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Methods: Thirty-two samples of colon adenoma, 11 samples of early colon cancer (ECC) and 36 samples of advanced colon cancer (ACC) were collected from colonoscopic biopsies. Normal tissues were also collected from the same subjects. The mrna expression levels of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 were quantified using semiquantitative RT-PCR. Results: The mrna expression levels of MT1-MMP were greater in the ACC samples as compared to the adenoma and ECC samples (p<0.05, respectively). However, there was no difference in the mrna expression levels of MT1-MMP between the adenoma and ECC samples. The mrna expression levels of TIMP-2 were greater in the ACC samples as compared to the adenoma samples (p<0.001) but did not differ between the adenoma and ECC, and between the ECC and ACC. The expression level of MT1-MMP mrna was positively related to lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). However, the mrna expression levels of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 did not differ for colon cancer according to differentiation and modified Dukes stage. Conclusions: The mrna expression levels of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 have limitations as useful markers for malignant degeneration of colonic neoplasm and the progression of colon cancer. (Intest Res 2007;5: ) Key Words: Matrix Metalloproteinase 14; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; Adenoma; Colonic Neoplasms 서 대장암의발생기전에대하여 1951 년에 adenomacarcinoma sequence 학설이처음발표된이래, 여러연구를통하여현재까지대부분의대장암은대장선종에서발생하는것으로받아들여지고있다. 1-4 이과정에는암세포의침윤이필요하며, 암세포가점막하조직으로침윤하기위해서는단백분해효소에의한기저막 론 파괴와세포주변결합조직의용해가선행되어야한다. 대장암과연관된단백분해효소에는콜라겐분해효소의일종인기질단백분해효소 (matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) 계열과억제인자 (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMPs) 들이대표적이다. 5-8 그중에서도대장암초기단계의기저막파괴에관여하는중요단백분해효소로 MMP-2 가대표적인데, 이물질에대한활성인자인 membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase 연락처 : 정성애, 서울시양천구목동 ( ) 이화여자대학교의과대학부속목동병원소화기내과 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) jassa@ewha.ac.kr Correspondence to:sung-ae Jung, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-dong, Yangchun-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel: , Fax: jassa@ewha.ac.kr 144
2 Jeong Eun Shin, et al:expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in Colon Adenoma and Colon Cancer (MT1-MMP) 및억제인자로작용하는 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) 와함께세포표면에서삼중복합체로존재하다가, 이들간의균형이파괴되어 MMP-2의활성형이증가하면기저막파괴를일으킨다. TIMP-2의농도저하는 MT1-MMP를자극하여 MMP-2를활성화시킨다는보고와진행된전이암에비하여국소암조직의면역조직화학염색에서 TIMP-2의발현이뚜렷하였다는보고등이이를뒷받침하는예이다. 5,9,10 MT1-MMP는 MMP-2의활성화와함께세포외기질의변성을통하여종양조직의침습을유발하며, 종양의진행및혈관내피성장인자 (Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 의발현을증가시켜신생혈관형성을유발하여전이에관여한다. 6,11-17 MT1-MMP 단백질은대부분정상조직에비해암조직에서발현이증가하나, mrna 발현을비교한연구에서는차이가없었다 TIMP-2는정상조직에서 MMPs의단백분해활동을제한하는역할을하여암조직에서정상조직보다낮게발현되지만, 6 암조직내에서는 Duke 병기의증가와림프절침범이있는경우발현이증가하여진행암에서는오히려 TIMP-2 발현이증가할수록예후가불량하다는보고도있었다. 8,17 따라서암의진행과의연관성분석을위하여 MMP-2/TIMP-2 비에대한연구가이루어지고있으나, 암의진행에따라발현비가증가혹은감소로일관되지못하여그관계가명백히규명되어있지않다. 17,18 아울러, MMP-2는대장암초기단계의기저막파괴에관여한다고알려져있으나, 전암병변인선종과암조직에서발현의차이가명확하지않으며, 암의병기가진행함에따라다양한발현을보여 MMP-2/TIMP-2 비에대한연구에더욱혼동을주었다. 5,17-20 본저자들은이전의연구에서, MMP-2 mrna 발현이대장선종에서조기대장암과진행성대장암으로갈수록의미있게증가하고, 대장암중림프관침습이있는경우와분화도가나쁠때및병기가진행함에따라그발현도가의미있게증가함을보고하여, MMP-2 가환자의예후에관여하는주요인자일가능성을제시한바있다. 21 이에본연구는대장선종, 조기대장암및진행성대장암환자에서 MMP-2와밀접한연관성이있는 MT1-MMP와 TIMP-2의발현양상을비교하고, 이들과종양의진행및림프절전이등예후관련인자와의연관성을분석하여, 수술전종양의예후예측인자로유용한지알아보고자하였다. 1. 연구대상 대상및방법 2003 년 5 월부터 2004 년 8 월까지이화여대부속목동병원에서대장내시경을시행하여진단된 1.5 cm 이상의대장선종 32 예, 조기대장암 11 예및진행성대장암 36 예를대상으로하였다. 대장내시경검사중 79 예 ( 남자 48: 여자 31) 모두의정상점막과병변에서내시경겸자로각각 4 조각의조직을얻었다. 정상조직은병변으로부터최소 10 cm 이상떨어진부위에서채취하였다. 모든병변은내시경적점막절제술혹은수술적방법으로제거하여병리학적최종진단을하였으며이를토대로대장선종, 조기대장암과진행성대장암으로분류하였다. 대상환자들의평균연령은 61±11 세 (29-83 세 ) 였다. 대장암의경우는점막층혹은점막하층까지만침범한군을조기대장암으로, 근육층이상을침범한경우를진행성대장암으로구분하였다. 암세포의조직학적분화도를세계보건기구의분류 22 에따라고분화, 중등도분화및저분화로분류하였고, 대장암의병기는 Modified Dukes 병기 23 를이용하였다. 암세포의림프관침범여부를조사하였으며, 병리학적관찰은 1 명의숙련된병리의사에의해시행되었다. 모든대상환자들에게본연구의진행과목적을알리고동의를구하였다. 2. 연구방법 내시경적생검과수술조직으로부터채취한조직은즉시액체질소에담가급속냉동시킨후 75 o C 냉동고에보관하였고, 실험전에해동시켜사용하였다. 1) 반정량적역전사중합효소연쇄반응 (semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, semiquantitative RT-PCR) 을이용한 mrna 측정생검을통해얻은 79예에서 RT-PCR을시행하였고, MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna 발현을주변의정상조직을기준으로하는반정량법으로측정하였다. (1) RNA의추출 : 75 o C에냉동보관되었던생검조직을분쇄하여 800μL 의 easy-blue TM (Intron Biotech, Sungnam, Korea) 시약을넣고골고루섞은후, 200 μl 의 chloroform을첨가하고세게흔들어상온에 2-3 분간방치하고, 4 o C에서 12,000 rpm으로 10분간원심분 145
3 Intest Res : Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007 리하였다. 상층용액 400μL 를분리하여동량의 isopropanol (2-propanol) 과잘섞은후상온에 10 분간방치하여 RNA 를침전시켰고, 다시상기방법으로원심분리하여 RNA 침전물을얻었다. 75% 에탄올 1 ml 를첨가하고잘섞어 5 분간원심분리하는세척과정을 2 회반복한후상층용액을다시버리고 RNA 침전물로건조시켰다. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) 용액으로처리된 50μL 의증류수로 RNA 를용해한후 spectrophotometry 를사용하여순도와양을측정하였다. (2) cdna 합성 : cdna 는 RNA 용액과 oligo dt primer 로합성하였다. 멸균된 RNase free microcentrifuge tube 에 5μg 상당량의 RNA 와 oligo dt primer 0.5μg 를넣고, 70 o C 에 10 분간둔후, 여기에 M-MLV RT (Molony Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase) (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 200 unit, rrnasin Ribonuclease inhibitor (Promega) 25 unit, 5μL RT 완충액과 2 mm 의 dntp 를넣고, 0.1% DEPC 용액으로 25μL 를맞춘후, 42 o C 에서 40 분간, 95 o C 에서 5 분간둔후에 20 o C 에보관하였다. Table 1. Primers Used for Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers Sequences β-actin F: 5 -AAG ATG ACC CAG ATC ATG TTT GAG-3 R: 5 -AGG AGG AGC AAT GAT CTT GAT CTT-3 MT1-MMP F: 5 -ATC TGT GAC GGG AAC TTT GAC-3 R: 5 -ACC TTC AGC TTC TGG TTG TTG-3 TIMP-2 F: 5 -TGC AGC TGC TCC CCG GTG CAC-3 R: 5 -TTA TGG GTC CTC GAT GTC GAG-3 MT1-MMP, membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; F, forward; R, reverse. (3) 중합효소증폭반응 : 중합효소증폭반응은 4μL 의 cdna, 4μL 의 5xpolymerase 반응완충액, 200μM 의 dntp, 0.5μM 의각각의시발체와 1 unit 의 Taq polymerase (Promega) 를섞은 20μL 의 PCR 혼합액으로 GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, CT, USA) 을사용하였다. 사용한 β-actin, MT1- MMP 및 TIMP-2 에대한시발체는 Table 1 과같다 (TaKaRa Korea Biomedical Inc. Seoul, Korea). 94 o C 에서 1 분후각각의증폭과정을거쳐 72 o C 에서 5 분간둔후 4 o C 에보관하였다. 증폭프로그램은 β- actin 은 94 o C 에서 30 초간 denaturation 시키고, 63 o C 에서 45 초간 annealing 및 72 o C 에서 45 초간 extension 과정을 30 회, MT1-MMP 는 94 o C 에서 1 분, 62 o C 에서 1 분및 72 o C 에서 1 분동안의과정을 30 회, TIMP-2 는 94 o C 에서 1 분, 58 o C 에서 1 분및 72 o C 에서 1 분동안의과정으로 30 회증폭하였다. 10μL 의증폭산물을 ethidium bromide 가포함된 1% agarose gel 에전기영동하였다 (Fig. 1). β-actin 을이용하여동량의 mrna 를사용했는지확인한후, MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 의 RT-PCR 생성물의강도를 GelDoc 2000 system 과 Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) 로측정하였다. 각각의발현량은정상조직에대한선종또는암조직의상대적인비로구하였다. 2) 통계분석모든결과는평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고, 통계는 SPSS (version 11.0) 를이용하였다. 대장선종, 조기대장암과진행성대장암에서 MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2의발현정도및암환자에서예후와관련되는조직학적소견에따른발현정도를분석하기위하여 Mann-Whitney test 또는 Kruskal Wallis test로결과를분석하였고, p값 6 Fig. 1. Representative mrna expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in tissues of colon adenoma (A), early colon cancer (B) and advanced colon cancer (C). MT1-MMP, membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; ECC, early colon cancer; ACC, advanced colon cancer. 146
4 Jeong Eun Shin, et al:expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in Colon Adenoma and Colon Cancer 은 0.05 미만을통계적으로유의하다고판정하였다. 1. 임상양상 결 조직학소견을중심으로대장선종, 조기대장암과진행성대장암의세군으로나누어나이, 성별, 혈청 CEA 를조사하였다. 나이와혈청 CEA 는대장선종에비해조기대장암과진행성대장암으로진행함에따라증가하였다 (Table 2). 대장선종 32 예중관상선선종이 11 예 (34.4%) 였고, 융모성선종이 21 예 (65.6%) 였다. 조기대장암 11 예와진행성대장암 36 예를모두포함한 47 예에서암조직의분화도는중등도의분화도가 29 예 (61.7%) 로가장많았고, 고분화도가 14 예 (29.8%), 저분화도 4 예 (8.5%) 의순이었으나, 조기대장암에서는대부분이고분화도를보였다 (10/11, 91.0%). 침습깊이 Table 2. Characteristics of Patients with Colon Adenoma, Early and Advanced Colon Cancer Adenoma ECC ACC (n=32) (n=11) (n=36) Age* (range) 56±8 62±13 66±11 (43-75) (34-79) (29-83) Sex (M:F) 23:9 6:5 19:17 CEA* (ng/ml) 2.2± ± ±58.8 과 ECC, early colon cancer; ACC, advanced colon cancer. *Values are mean±sd. 는조기대장암의경우점막까지침범한경우가 72.7% (8/11) 였고, 진행성대장암의경우는장막하층까지침범한경우가 88.9% (32/36) 로대부분을차지했다 (Table 3). 대장암 47 예중림프관의침범은 19 예 (40.4%), 림프절전이는 21 예 (44.7%) 에서관찰되었다. Modified Dukes 병기는 C 가 18 예 (38.3%) 로가장많았고, B 가 15 예 (31.9%), A 가 11 예 (23.4%) 및 D 가 3 예 (6.4%) 였다. 2. 반정량적역전사중합효소연쇄반응을이용한 MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna 발현 1) 대장선종, 조기대장암및진행성대장암에서의 MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna 발현 MT1-MMP mrna 발현은진행성대장암에서대장선종과조기대장암에비해증가하였으나 ( 선종 vs. 진 Table 3. Pathologic Characteristics of Patients with Colon Cancer Variables ECC (n=11) ACC (n=36) Differentiation Well 10 (91.0%) 4 (11.1%) Moderate 1 (9.0%) 28 (77.8%) Poor 4 (11.1%) Depth of invasion Mucosa 8 (72.7%) Submucosa 3 (27.3%) Muscle 4 (11.1%) Serosa 32 (88.9%) ECC, early colon cancer; ACC, advanced colon cancer. Fig. 2. Semiquantitative mrna expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in tissues of Colon adenoma, early and advanced colon cancer relative to normal tissue. (A), MT1-MMP; (B), TIMP-2: *p<0.05, p< MT1-MMP, membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; ECC, early colon cancer; ACC, advanced colon cancer. 147
5 Intest Res : Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007 Fig. 3. Semiquantitative mrna expression of MT1-MMP in colon cancer tissues according to lymph node metastasis relative to normal tissue: *p<0.05. MT1- MMP, membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase. 행성대장암, p<0.001; 조기대장암 vs. 진행성대장암, p<0.05), 대장선종과조기대장암사이에는차이가없었다. TIMP-2 mrna 발현은대장선종에비해진행성대장암에서증가하였으나 (p<0.001), 대장선종과조기대장암, 조기대장암과진행성대장암사이에발현의차이는없었다 (Fig. 2). 2) 대장암에서분화도, 림프관침습및림프절전이에따른 MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna 발현대장암에서 MT1-MMP mrna 발현은림프절전이가있는경우에유의하게증가하였다 (p<0.05)(fig. 3) 그러나, 암의분화도및병기에따른발현의차이는없었다. TIMP-2 mrna발현은암의분화도, 림프관침습, 림프절전이및병기에따른차이가모두에서관찰되지않았다. 고 대장암초기에기저막이파괴되어주변조직으로암조직이침윤하는기전에는 MMP-2, MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 로이루어진삼중복합체내의균형파괴가중요하게관여한다고알려져있다. 5,9,10 이중 MMP-2 의단백질발현은대장선종에비해대장암에서증가하며, 침윤이깊어질수록증가한다고보고되었으나, 일부연구에서 MMP-2 mrna 발현은대장선종, 조기대장암과대장암사이에의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 18,19,24-26 본연구의저자들은이전연 찰 구에서 MMP-2 mrna 발현이대장선종에서조기대장암과진행성대장암으로갈수록유의하게증가하며, 대장암에서암세포의분화도가낮은경우, 림프관침습이있는경우및병기가증가함에따라유의하게증가함을보고하여, MMP-2가초기단계의기저막파괴를비롯한암의침윤과정에관여하며, 초기림프관침습을포함한예후를예측할수있는인자로서의가능성을시사한바있다. 21 암조직에서 MT1-MMP 단백질발현은 90% 이상에서증가한다. 27 MT1-MMP는정상조직에서선종, 비침습성암, 침습성암으로진행할수록의미있게증가하고, 15 대장암에서병기가진행함에따라발현이증가한다. 14 본연구에서 MT1-MMP mrna 발현은대장선종과조기대장암사이에차이가없고조기대장암에비해진행성대장암에서발현이증가하여대장암의초기단계보다는암의진행단계에서발현될가능성을보였다. 또한, 대장암에서 MT1-MMP mrna 발현은림프절전이가있는경우에증가하여대장암의예후를예측하는데도움이될수있을것으로생각한다. 그러나, 암의분화도및병기에따라 MT1-MMP mrna의발현은차이가없어추후대상군의수를늘려조사해볼필요성이있겠다. TIMP-2는정상조직에서 MMPs의단백분해활동을제한하는역할을하므로암조직에서정상조직보다낮게발현되고, 전이암에비하여국소암조직의면역염색에서 TIMP-2의발현이뚜렷하였다는보고가대부분이나, 5,6,9,10,28 반대로선종에비해대장암에서증가함을보인연구도있다. 25 암조직내에서 Dukes 병기의증가와림프절침범이있는경우오히려 TIMP-2 발현이증가함을보여, TIMP-2의기능이 MMP를억제하는외의독립적인다른기능이있을수있음을시사한연구도있었다. 6,8,17,29 본연구에서 TIMP-2 mrna 발현은선종에비해진행성대장암에서증가하였으며, 선종과조기대장암사이에는차이가없고조기대장암에비해진행성대장암에서유의하지는않지만증가하는경향을보였다. 대장암에서림프절전이및병기에따른 TIMP-2 mrna의발현은차이를보이지않았다. 이러한결과들은 TIMP-2가대장암의진행에직접적으로관여하기보다는다른 MMPs의조절을통하여간접적으로작용할가능성을보여주며, 조직에서의 TIMP-2와 MMP 단백발현의정도가다른단백분해효소및그억제인자들의실제생물학활동을반영하지않을가능성또한여전히존재한다. 8 이러한 MMPs와 TIMP-2의다양한경과들로인하여, 148
6 Jeong Eun Shin, et al:expression of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in Colon Adenoma and Colon Cancer 일부에서는암진행과의연관성분석을위한노력으로 MMP-2/TIMP-2 비에대한연구가이루어지고있으나, 이역시암의진행에따라발현비가증가혹은감소로일관되지못하여그유용성이아직까지기대에미치지는못한다. 17,18 이제까지대부분의연구에서는 MMP-2/TIMP-2 의단백질과 mrna 의발현비는정상조직에비해암조직에서증가하였다. 16,17,30 본연구의저자들은이전연구에서얻었던 MMP-2 mrna 의상대적인발현량을이용하여 MMP-2/TIMP-2 mrna 발현비를구하였는데, 대장선종에비해진행성대장암에서 MMP-2/TIMP-2 mrna 발현비가유의하게증가하였으며, 대장선종과조기대장암사이에서증가하는경향을보였으나 (p=0.07) 유의하지는않았고, 조기대장암과진행성대장암사이에는차이가없었다. 대장암에서암의분화도, 림프관침습, 림프절전이및병기에따른 MMP-2/TIMP-2 발현비역시차이를보이지않았다. 그러나진행암 36 예중근육층까지침범한경우가 3 예, 장막층이상을침범한경우가 33 예로병기를결정하는환자수간의차이가커서이를분석하는데에한계가있었다. 결론적으로 MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna 는선종에비하여진행성대장암에서는의미있게그발현이증가하였으나, 대장내신생물의악성화와악성병변의진행정도를예측하기에는한계가있었다. 대장암의초기진행에서중요한역할을하는 MMP-2 와밀접한관련성이있는만큼, 신생물의악성화및주변조직으로의진행에있어이세물질의상호기전에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각한다. 요 목적 : 본연구는대장암발생과정중 MMP-2 의활성인자인 MT1-MMP 와억제인자인 TIMP-2 가대장암발생및각진행단계에서발현하는양상및예후관련인자와의연관성을알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 대장선종 32 예, 조기대장암 11 예와진행성대장암 36 예의대장내시경생검조직에서 MT1-MMP 와 TIMP-2 의 mrna 발현을역전사중합효소연쇄반응을이용하여주변의정상조직을기준으로반정량적으로측정하였다. 결과 : MT1-MMP mrna 발현은진행성대장암에서대장선종과조기대장암에비해증가하였으나 ( 선종 vs. 진행성대장암, p<0.001; 조기대장암 vs. 진행성대장암, p<0.05), 대장선종과조기대장암사이에차이가없었다. TIMP-2 mrna 발현은대장선종에비해진행성대장암에서증가하였으나 (p<0.001), 대장선 약 종과조기대장암, 조기대장암과진행성대장암사이에차이가없었다. 대장암에서 MT1-MMP mrna 발현은림프절전이가있는경우에증가하였다 (p<0.05). MT1-MMP와 TIMP-2 mrna 발현은암의분화도및병기에따라차이가없었다. 결론 : MT1-MMP 및 TIMP-2 mrna는선종에비하여진행성대장암에서는의미있게그발현이증가하였으나, 대장내신생물의악성화와악성병변의진행정도를예측하기에는한계가있었다. 색인단어 : Matrix Metalloproteinase 14; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; 대장선종 ; 대장암 REFERENCES 1. Jackman RJ, Mayo CW. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cancer of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951;93: Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326: Müller AD, Sonnenberg A. Prevention of colorectal cancer by flexible endoscopy and polypectomy. A case-control study of 32,702 veterans. Ann Intern Med 1995;123: Bond JH. Polyp guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance for patients with colorectal polyps. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95: Zucker S, Vacirca J. Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in colorectal cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2004;23: Baker EA, Bergin FG, Leaper DJ. Matrix metalloproteinases, their tissue inhibitors and colorectal cancer staging. Br J Surg 2000;87: Jung SA, Yang SK, Kang GH, et al. Risk factors of lymph node metastasis in submucosally invasive colorectal carcinoma: with special reference to the depth of invasion. Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;22: Jung SA, Yang SK, Kim JS, et al. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and angiogenesis in relation to the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in submucosally invasive colorectal carcinoma. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005; 45: Itoh Y, Takamura A, Ito N, et al. Homophilic complex formation of MT1-MMP facilitates prommp-2 activation on the cell surface and promotes tumor cell invasion. EMBO J 2001; 20: Lehti K, Lohi J, Juntunen MM, Pei D, Keski-Oja J. Oligomerization through hemopexin and cytoplasmic domains regulates the activity and turnover of membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase. J Biol Chem 2002;277: Koshikawa N, Giannelli G, Cirulli V, Miyazaki K, Quaranta V. Role of cell surface metalloprotease MT1-MMP in epithelial cell migration over laminin-5. J Cell Biol 2000;148: Egeblad M, Werb Z. New functions for the matrix metallop- 149
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