164-2.fm
|
|
|
- 은별 여
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Fd Hyg. Safety 16(4), (2001) Lactobacillus reuteri t w w w³ z «ûz 1 Á½ x 1 Á»Á½ Á Á Á½ Á *Áx Á y œ» w œw w w Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus reuteri Against Major Food-Borne Pathogens Nam Hoon Kwon 1, So Hyun Kim 1, W. K. Bae, J. Y. Kim, J. Y. Lim, K. M. Noh, J. M. Kim, J. S. Ahn*, J. Hur, and Y. H. Park &RVBMMZDPOUSJCVUFE %FQBSUNFOUPG.JDSPCJPMPHZ$PMMFHFPG7FUFSJOBSZ.FEJDJOFBOE4DIPPMPG "HSJDVMUVSBM#JPUFDIOPMPHZ4FPVM/BUJPOBM6OJWFSTJUZ /BUJPOBM7FUFSJOBSZ3FTFBSDIBOE2VBSBOUJOF4FSWJDF ABSTRACT Antimicrobial activities of five different probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, L. acidophillus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and Bifidobacterium longum) against 8 bacterial pathogens were determined on the Mueller Hinton Agar containing supernatant of probiotics obtained from 3 different growth conditions (MRS without glycerol, MRS with 0.5 M glycerol or 0.25 M glycerol solution). Though antimicrobial activity of L. reuteri in the first two conditions was not better than the others', the activity was significantly higher than that of others in 0.25 M glycerol solution. This prominent effect might be attributable to reuterin, produced by L. reuteri using glycerol. We could detect the presence of reuterin in the supernatant of 0.25 M glycerol solution with 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The result of minimum bactericidal concentration (dilution fold) has revealed that reuterin showed pan-bactericidal effects against 8 major food-borne pathogens. To examine any changes of antimicrobial activities of the probiotics, the probiotics were treated with different conditions, pepsin or trypsin digestion. Antimicrobial activity of reuterin was not entirely affected by any of these treatments, while the activities of the other probiotics were significantly decreased. Key wards ý Lactobacillus reuteri, Reuterin, Probiotics, antimicrobial activity Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes š Escherichia coli O157:H7 w ³ w x wš 8,10,14,19,24,26). y y w š, œ w ƒ x q z ƒ f š. wr, ³ w w³ controlw w ƒ, û w w w z w r l xw» 8,27). 5ƒ w ü Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, methicillin ü y s ³ (MRSA), vancomycin ü y s ³ (VISA) 29) t š w ü ³ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. w e ƒ ƒ w w ³ y xw ƒw. w y wì w³, w w, š probiotics w š 7,8,11,16,21,27,29). Probiotics, y s w» mw w³, jš g w 16). Probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria x ü w y w w w w ƒ w š 16). t ƒ ù e ³ ƒ ª w 16) x ƒ» w ewš 4,5,6,13,17,28). ü, y x wš w³ w 4,5,12). w w³ w ƒ,, 264
2 4y txthƒ gtfw4h t t qefh gfhtww ƒp pƒt4rfty Ffu ƒ9 i5 ƒypif s rpy 265», y, bacteriocins, deconjugated bile salts w š 6,13,30). L. reuteri w ü w Lactobacillus w glucoseƒ w glycerol w w w³ reuterin w w ³ 1,30). Reuterin w 1). L. reuteri w glycerol 1,3-propanediol, β-hydroxypropionic acid wì reuterin reutrerin yw β-hydroxypropionaldehyde 148 š monomer, hydrated monomer, š cyclic dimer 3ƒ xk w 30). L. reuteri w³ probiotics ³ L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. acidophilus, B. longum w w³ w L. reuteri w³ w š w. w probiotics t ƒ ù m w w š, y x wz w w³ y wš w. x œ ³ x w ³. Lactobacillus reuteri (CHR. HANSEN) L. acidophilus (CHR. HANSEN) L. bulgaricus (CHR. HANSEN) L. casei (CHR. HANSEN) Bifidobacterium longum (CHR. HANSEN) 5 ³ w³ x w w³. Staphylococcus aureus MNEV (exfoliative toxin A+) S. aureus FRI 913 (SEA+, SEC+, SEE+ TSST-1+) Listeria monocytogenes ATCC Salmonella enteritidis ATCC S. typhimurium S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104 (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides š tetracycline 5ƒ w ü ³ ) Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC (SLTI+, SLTII+) E. coli O157:H7 ATCC (SLTI+) ³ 5 ³ d» w 0.02 M glucose (Glu) ƒw Lactobacilli MRS broth (MRS+Glu) (Difco, USA), 0.5 M glycerol (G) ƒw Lactobacilli MRS broth (MRS+G) š 0.25 M glycerol solution 3ƒ w. MRS+Glu MRS +G 37 C 24~48 o w M glycerol solution MRS+Glu ³ w 2,500 rpm, 30 w e pellet w š phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 2 w 0.25 M glycerol solution g 37 o C, 6 w. ³ y» e w ù B. longum x» w. ³ 30 ml w š ³ pellet d z d w 2g w ƒƒ 3ƒ ³ d 2,500 rpm, 30 mw š 0.45 µm filter (Sartorius, Germany) ³w x w ¾ -20 C o w. 8 w³ tryptic soy broth (TSB) (Difco) 37 o C, 24 w CFU/ml 7 w w w w³ x w š, CFU/ml w ³ d x w. w³ x 1. w w w³ x. 0.5, 1, 2, 3 ml (MRS +Glu, MRS+G) 1, 2, 3, 4 ml (0.25 M glycerol solution) w ƒ ³ d Mueller Hinton Agar (Difco) yww 10 mlƒ w petri dish x. 8 w³ ( CFU/ ml) inoculum replicator ( : 3 10 CFU) w 4 37 C 36 o w. 2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) w L. reuteri d. L. reuteri w 0.25 M glycerol solution d w» w œ, w. 3. ³ d x, (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)), (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). w w w³ x ƒ w³ L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. reuteri ³ d x (MIC), (MBC) d w. ƒ ³ w³ { w w» w L. bulgaricus, L. casei MRS+Glu w š L. reuteri 0.25 M glycerol solution w d w. 3ƒ ³ (L. reuteri, L. bulgaricus, L. casei) d 0.5, 1, 2,
3 Nam Hoon Kwon et al , 4 ml를 Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) (Difco)와 혼합하 여 최종 10 ml가 되도록 하였다. 8종의 유해균들을 각 유산 균의 상층액이 농도별로 첨가된 시험관에 CFU/ml 의 농도로 접종하였다. 각 시험관들을 37 C에서 36시간 동 6 o 안 배양한 뒤 균의 성장이 관찰되지 않은 상층액의 최소농 도를 MIC로 하였고 균이 성장하지 않은 배양액을 5% 혈액 한천배지 (KOMED, Korea)로 옮겨 재 배양한 뒤 여기서도 균의 성장이 관찰되지 않은 최소 농도를 MBC로 하였다. 8가지 균이 접종 된 시험관 중 S. aureus FRI 913, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, L. monocytogenes ATCC 11285의 4종 균을 선택 하여 시간 경과에 따른 항균효과를 알아보기 위해 생존균수 측정을 하였다. 각 균수 측정을 2시간, 36시간 경과 시에 각 각 실시하였다. 4. 적정과 pepsin 또는 trypsin 처리에 따른 항균력 변화 시험. 항균력 시험 3과 동일한 방법으로 얻은 3가지 유산균 (L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. reuteri)의 상층액을 각 각 4군으로 나누었다. 한 군은 1 N NaOH 용액을 첨가하여 7.3으로 조정, 의 변화에 따른 항균력의 변화를 관찰 하였고, 다른 두 군은 효소처리에 따른 항균력 변화를 보기 위해 각각 pepsin 처리군, trypsin 처리군으로 하였고 나머지 한 군은 대조군으로 하였다. Pepsin 처리군과 trypsin 처리군은 각각의 를 2.0, 7.3으로 조정한 뒤 20 unit/ml-pepsinogen (Sigma, USA)과 1 ml trypsin-edta (Sigma, USA)를 각 Fig. 1. Comparison of antimicrobial activities of 5 probiotics in agar method. A: Each number indicated a bacterial inoculation of eight food-borne pathogens. 1. Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 11285; 2. Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076; 3. Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43890; 4. E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894; 5. S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104; 6. S. typhimurium; 7. Staphylococcus aureus MNEV; 8. S. aureus FRI 913 B: 1 ml supernatant of Lactobacillus reuteri; C: 4 ml supernatant of L. acidophillus; D: 4 ml supernatant of L. bulgaricus; E: 4 ml supernatant of L. casei; F: 4 ml supernatant of Bifidobacterium longum All probiotics were incubated in 0.25 M glycerol solution before supernatants were collected. As figure showed, growth of every pathogen was inhibited by 1 ml supernatant of L. reuteri. But, supernatants of the other probiotics were not able to suppress the growth of 8 pathogens even when 4 ml supernatants were applied. Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety, Vol. 16, No. 4
4 4y txthƒ gtfw4h t t qefh gfhtww ƒp pƒt4rfty Ffu ƒ9 i5 ƒypif s rpy 267 ƒ ƒw C gš o z 5.0 w z yy w. 5.0 w z w w w³ y ƒ š w. z d filter ³w š z w w w³ x. ƒ w ³ CFU 4 37 C o 36 w. 5. m. SAS V8 gj Q (Cochran Q test) v w (Fredman twoway ANOVA by ranks), m w. w w w³ x: ³ ƒ MRS+Glu broth w w³ x, L. bulgaricus w 4 ³ d 0.5 ml ƒ w³ w w. L. bulgaricus L. monocytogenes w. L. reuteri, L. acidophilus, B. longum d ƒƒ 1ml ƒw w³ w w. ù L. bulgaricus, L. casei d 1ml 8 w³ z w. 2 ml 3ml d ƒ ³ w³ w w³., MRS+Glu broth w 5 ³ w³ x L. bulgricus L. casei w³ ³ w. MRS+G w d w³ Fig. 2. Proton NMR spectroscopy of Lactobacillus reuteri supernatant. x MRS+Glu broth w w ùk û. ù B. longum d 1ml ƒ S. aureus w w³ š, L. reuteri d 1ml ƒ MRS+Glu broth x w³ w. w³ x L. bulgaricus L. caseiƒ ƒ w w³ M glycerol solution w w³ x 9) L reuteriƒ k w w³ š w š (Fig. 1) m w (p< 0.05). L. reteuri d ƒ (1, 2, 3, 4 ml) w³ z w. ù w ³ x w³ ùkü. Table 1. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Lactobacillus reuteri, L. bulgaricus and L. casei. Pathogens MIC and MBC (dilution fold) * L. reuteri a L. bulgaricus b L. casei b Salmonella c E. coli O157:H7 d S. aureus e L. monocytogenes Each probiotic was incubated at concentration of 2 g/30 ml and then its supernatant was collected. Concentration of each supernatant was adjusted to CFU/ml. *: Antimicrobial activity of each probiotic was intended to be compared with on the basis of same bacterial concentration, so OD value of each supernatant was not calculated. a: Its supernatant was obtained from 0.25 M glycerol solution. b: Their supernatant were obtained from MRS broth containing 0.02 M glucose without glycerol. c: Salmonella used in this study were S. typhimurium, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104 and S. enteritidis ATCC d: Escherichia coli O157:H7 used in this study were Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC e: Staphylococcus aureus used in this study were S. aureus MNEV and S. aureus FRI 913.
5 268 GfxA ydˆ yp fw 0.25 M glycerol solution ùkù k w L. reuteri w³, L. reueriƒ glycerol w w reuterin w³ d w» w œ w. 500 MHz NMR, proton w» (-HC=O) ƒ reuterin y w (Fig. 2). ³ d x, (MIC), (MBC): w w ƒ w³ x ƒ z L. reuteri L. bulgaricus, L. casei w MIC MBC d w» w x w w. xw ƒ ƒ ³ ƒ w³ ùkü w d w, ³ w w ww L. reuteriƒ ƒ w w³ ƒ y w (Table 1). 4ƒ w³ w ³ d x ww L. reuteri w³z ƒ ùkû (Fig. 3)., pepsin trypsin w³ y x: 3ƒ ³ w³ y Table 2» w., L. bulgaricus L. casei w³. ù L. reuteri d, reuterin w³ y w w m w (p<0.05). Pepsin ù trypsin ƒ ww w³ y r, reuterin w³ yƒ (Table 3, 4). L. bularicus L. casei w³ ùkü. L. bulgaricus, Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43894, ATCC 43890), S. aureus (FRI 913, MNEV) š L. monocytogenes Fig. 3. Viable count graph of four major food-borne pathogens incubated with supernatant of 3 probiotics. A: Viable count graph of Salmonella enteritica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (with 1 ml supernatant added); B: Viable count graph of Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC (with 1 ml supernatant added); C: Viable count graph of Staphylococcus aureus (with 1 ml supernatant added); D: Viable count graph of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC (with 2 ml supernatant added). Supernatant of L. reuteri was collected from 0.25 M glycerol solution. Three pathogens, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104, S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 didn't survived 1 ml supernatant of L. reuteri. L. monocytogenes could grow in the broth containing 1 ml supernatant of L. reuteri though 2 ml supernatant of L. reuteri showed bactericidal effect on it.
6 4y txthƒ gtfw4h t t qefh gfhtww ƒp pƒt4rfty Ffu ƒ9 i5 ƒypif s rpy 269 Table 2. Influence of adjustments on antimicrobial activities of 3 probiotics. Probiotics Supernatant volume a Salmonella d E. coli O157:H7 e S. aureus FRI913 S. aureus MNEV Listeria monocytogenes L. reuteri b L. bulgaricus c L.casei c ± ± all volume all positive 1ml ml ml ml all volume all positive 7.3 +: Growth ±: Weak growth -: No growth a: The volume of supernatants added in MHB (total 10 ml). b: Its supernatant was obtained from 0.25 M glycerol solution. c: Their supernatants were obtained from MRS broth containing 0.02 M glucose without glycerol. d: Salmonella used in this study were S. typhimurium, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104 and S. enteritidis ATCC e: E. coli O157:H7 used in this study were two strains; E. coli O157:H7 ATCC and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC Table 3. Change of antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus reuteri after pepsin or trypsin treatment Enzyme Supernatant volume a Salmonella b E. coli O157:H7 c S. aureus FRI913 S. aureus MNEV Listeria monocytogenes No treatment Pepsin Trypsin 1ml ml ml ml ml ml ml ml ml Supernatant of L. reuteri was obtained from 0.25 M glycerol solution. +: Growth -: No growth a: The volume of supernatants added in MHB (total 10 ml). b: Salmonella used in this study were S. typhimurium, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104 and S. enteritidis ATCC c: E. coli O157:H7 used in this study were two strains; E. coli O157:H7 ATCC and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC
7 270 GfxA ydˆ yp fw Table 4. Change of antimicrobial activities of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and L. casei after pepsin or trypsin treatment. Probiotics L. bulgaricus L.casei Enzyme No treatment Pepsin Trypsin No treatment Pepsin Trypsin Supernatant S. aureus Salmonella b E. coli O157:H7 c volume a FRI913 S.aureus MNEV Listeria monocytogenes Supernatants of L. bulgaricus and L. casei were obtained from MRS broth containing 0.02 M glucose without glycerol. +: Growth -: No growth 1: S. typhimurium grew only. 2: E. coli O157:H7 ATCC grew only. a: The volume of supernatants added in MHB (total 10 ml). b: Salmonella used in this study were S. typhimurium, S. enteritica serova Typhimurium DT104 and S. enteritidis ATCC c: E. coli O157:H7 used in this study were two strains; E. coli O157:H7 ATCC and E. coli O157:H7 ATCC ATCC w w³ z (P<0.05) ƒ L. casei E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, S. aureus MNEV w w³ ùkü. š t w w L. reuteri w³ 4 ³ L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. acidophilus, B. longum w w. L. reuteri t w w w³ y w, ƒƒ z probiotics y š ³ w ³, w» w. MRS broth 0.02 M Glucose ƒ g ³, d w w³ xw, L. bulgaricus L. caseiƒ L. reuteri w w³. MRS+0.5 M glycerol w w. L. reuteri reuterin bacteriocin w L. reuteriƒ glycerol w w š 9). x MRS broth glycerol ƒw x ww ù L. reuteri w³ w. MRS+0.5 M glycerol broth w³ z w j w reuterin» w» ƒ. reuterin MRS +0.5 M glycerol 4.0 w ùkü š MRS broth ƒ». MRS+Glu solution w³ MRS+0.5 M glycerol d reuterin w. Reuterin j» w» w MRS+Glu broth w z 0.25 M glycerol solution w d w w, L. reuteri w³ w M glycerol solution reuterin ƒ. x, L. reuteri
8 4y txthƒ gtfw4h t t qefh gfhtww ƒp pƒt4rfty Ffu ƒ9 i5 ƒypif s rpy 271 sww ³ 0.25 M glycerol solution 6 w 4.0 w ùkü. ù ³ w³ x w w³ w q w, w 0.25 M glycerol solution L. reuteri k w w³ reuterin» w. wù y w 0.25 M glycerol solution w L. reuteri d NMR w, reuterin» p w peak y w. ³ d x MIC, MBC L. reuteriƒ Ÿ w³ y w w. L. monocytogenes w reuterin MIC, MBC ( t w ) w³ w 2 û ùkû, L. monocytogenes w³ w reuterin w w ƒ. wr, w w w³ x ƒ z ùkü L. bulgaricus MIC MBC d L. casei û w³. L. bulgaricusƒ L. casei w wù w. x mw, L. reuteriƒ k w w³z š ³ w probiotics wš y w. ù ³ m w ü ù wz w z w³z {w. w z z w³ y x w š reuterin w³ w w y ùkü L. bulgaricus L. casei w³ ùkü š, p y w. Reuterin w z ù w š w³ ù bacteriocin w ³ w ü y w³ w ƒ. L. bulgaricus L. casei w z r 3ml ƒ w³ z ƒ ƒ yw û. 4 ml ƒ w ùkû w ƒ. 4ml ƒ w³ yy w w w w³ ùkù ƒ. 23) L. bulgaricus bacteriocin w» w L. acidophillus lactacin B, acidocin B Ÿ bacteriocin w 2,20). L. casei lactocidin 705 bacetriocin w 32). L. reuteri reutericidin 31) 6 bacteriocin w bacteriocin w w 25) ù L. reuteri strain ƒ. x w ù L. reuteri MRS+G d w wz w w³ ƒ. x w strain bacteriocin w ƒ w š w. L. reuteri bacteriocin reuterin reutericyclin w³ w 22). ³ w Ÿ w³ ƒ ³ w w³. ù ³ Salmonella, E. coli w ³ w w³ ùkü. ww ³ L. reuteri w³ ƒ w Ÿ wš w L. reuteriƒ w w³, reuterin, reutericyclin, reutericidin 6 reuterin ƒ w ù ƒ z ƒ š q w. L. reuteri glucoseƒ w glycerol w reuterin w. Glycerol 1,3-propanediol, β-hydroxypropionic acid wì reuterin reutrerin yw β-hydroxypropionaldehyde 148 š monomer, hydrated monomer, š cyclic dimer 3ƒ xk w 30). w x L. reuteri ³ w y ü w», ü y reuterin w 9). w s Caco-2 s w x w L. reuteri ³ w s w ƒ š x 18). Reuterin DNA w w ribonucleotide reductase w z {w ³, protozoa, q, s¾ w š 9). L. reuteri ü ³ ³ w³ ùkü ƒ ƒ probiotics wš w 18). Reuterin glycerol w ü w w œ v. L. reuteri ³»» L. reuteri ü ƒ
9 272 GfxA ydˆ yp fw w ƒ. L. reuteri probiotics, œ w z» L. reuteri p reuterin ƒ š ƒ. œ yw»x, š x x w y Ì mw w. NMR w w» w 5 ³ (Lactobacillus reuteri, L. acidophillus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and Bifidobacterium longum) ³ w w³ w. ƒ ³ 3ƒ (MRS+glucose, MRS+0.5 M glycerol, 0.25 M glycerol solution) w z d sw Meuller Hinton Agar 8 w³ w. MRS+glucose, MRS+0.5 M glycerol d w x L. reuteri w³ ³ w ù 0.25 M glycerol solution k w ùkü (p<0.05) M glycerol solution ùkù w³ L. reuteriƒ glycerol w w reuterin ƒ, 0.25 M glycerol solution d 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) mw w reuterin y w. 3ƒ w w³ x ƒ w³ ùkü 3ƒ ³ (Lactobacillus reuteri, L. bulgaricus, L. casei), ƒƒ š w³ ùkü w (minimum bactericidal concentration) d w, L. reuteriƒ w reuterin Ÿ w³ y w. w, pepsin y trypsin w z 3ƒ ³ w³ y w L. bulgaricus L. casei w³ w w reuterin w³ w (p<0.05). ³ L. reuteri w³ ƒ w Ÿ w L. reuteriƒ w w³ reuterin» w. w reuterin w³ k ³ ü ù wz w w ù ƒ z ƒ š q w. š x 1. Axelsson, L., and S. E. Lindgren: Characterization and DNA homology of Lactobaillus strain isolated from pig intestine. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 62, (1987). 2. Barefoot S. F., Klaenkammer T. R.: Detection and activity of lactacin B, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl. Environ Microbiol., 45(6), (1983). 3. Barefoot S. F., Klaenkammer T. R.: Purification and characterization of the Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin lactacin B. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 26(3), (1984). 4. Bernet, M. F., D. Brassart, J. R. Neeser, and A. L. Servin: Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen-cell interactions. Appl. Environ.Microbiol., 59, (1993). 5. Bernet, M. F., D. Brassart, J. R. Neeser, and A. L. Servin: Lactobacillus acidophilus LA1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut, 35, (1994). 6. Bernet-Camard, M. F., V. Lievin, D. Brassart, J. R. Neeser, A. L. Servin, and S. Hudault: The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, (1997). 7. Brassart, D., and E. J. Schiffrin: The use of probiotics to reinforce mucosal defence mechanisms. Trends Food Sci. & Technol., 8, (1997). 8. Carlson, S. A., R. M. Willson, A. J. Crane, and K. E. Ferris: Evaluation of invasion-conferring genotypes and antibioticinduced hyperinvasive phenotypes in multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Microb. Pathog., 28, (2000). 9. Dobrogosz W. J., Raleigh N. C., and Sven E. Lindgren: Method for inhibiting microorganism growth, US patent 5, 849, Dec 15.
10 4y txthƒ gtfw4h t t qefh gfhtww ƒp pƒt4rfty Ffu ƒ9 i5 ƒypif s rpy Duffy, L. L., F. H. Grau, and P. B. Vanderlinde: Acid resistance of enterohaemorrhagic and generic Escherichia coliassociated with food-borne disease and meat. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 60, (2000). 11. Dugas, B., A. Mercenier, I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, C. Arnaud, N. Dugas, and E. Postaire: Immunity and probiotics. Immunol. Today, 20, (1999). 12. Fang, H., T. Elina, A. Heikki, and S. Seppo: Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 29, (2000). 13. Fujiwara, S., H. Hashiba, T. Hirota, and J. F. Forstner: Proteinaceous factor(s) in culture supernatant fluids of bifidobacteria which prevents the binding of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to gangliotetraosylceramide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, (1997). 14. Glass, K. A, K. M. Kaufman, and E. A. Johnson: Survival of bacterial pathogens in pasteurized process cheese slices stored at 30 degrees C. J. Food Prot., 61, (1998). 15. Gomes, A. M. P., and F. X. Malcata: Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus: biological, biochemical, technological and therapeutical properties relevant for use as probiotics. Trends Food Sci. & Technol., 10, (1999). 16. Guarner, F., and G. J. Schaafsma: Probiotics. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 39, (1998). 17. Hudault, S., V. Lievin, M. F. Bernet-Camard, and A. L. Servin: Antagonistic activity exerted in vitro and in vivo by Lactobacillus casei (strain GG) against Salmonella typhimurium C5 infection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, (1997). 18. Jacobsen C. N., Nielsen V. R. et al.: Screening of probiotic activities of forty-seven strains of Lactobacillus spp. by in vitro techniques and evaluation of the colonization ability of five selected strains in humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, (1999). 19. Karch, H., M. Bielaszewska, M. Bitzan, and H. Schmidt: Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 34, (1999). 20. Leer R. J., Van der Vossen J. M., et al.: Genetic analysis of acidocin B, a novel bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microbiology, 141(pt7), (1995). 21. Marcon, M. J: Probiotics in health and medicine: Moving from fashion to scientific validity. CMNEEJ., 19, (1997). 22. Michael G. G., Alexandra H. et al.: Characterization of Reutericyclin Produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 66, (2000). 23. Miteva V., Stefanova T., et al.: Characterization of bacteriocins produced by strains from traditional Bulgarican dairy products. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 21, (1998). 24. Olsen, S. J., R. Bishop, F. W. Brenner, T. H. Roels, N. Bean, R. V. Tauxe, and L. Slutsker: The changing epidemiology of Salmonella: trends in serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, J. Infect. Dis., 183, (2001). 25. Sanni A. I., Onilude A. A., Ogunbanwo S. T. and Smith S. I.: Antagonistic activity of Bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus species from ogi, an indigenous fermented food. J Basic Microbiol., 39, (1999). 26. Schlech, W. F. 3rd: Food-borne listeriosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 31, (2000). 27. Senthilkumar, A, S. Kumar, and J. N. Sheagren: Increased Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Hospitalized Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis., 33, (2001). 28. Shornikova, A. V., I. A. Casas, H. Mykkanen, E. Salo, and T. Vesikari: Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 16, (1997). 29. Still, J., E. Law, B. Friedman, S. Fuhrman, and T. Newton: Vancomycin-resistant organisms on a burn unit. South Med. J., 94, (2001). 30. Talarico, T. L., and W. J. Dobrogosz: Chemical characterization of an antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus reuteri. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 33, (1989). 31. Tolshihide K., Tadao S., Yasushi K., Junko U. and Takatoshi I.: Production, purification and characterization of reuterin 6, a bacteriocin with lytic activity produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LA6. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 34, (1997). 32. Vignolo G., Fadda S., et al.: Control of Listeria monocytogenes in ground beef by Lactocin 705, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus casei (RL 705). Int. J. Food Microbiol., 29, (1996).
605.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 19, No. 6, 2008 y k y p w sƒ Care-giver s Needs and Evaluation on the Actual Condition of the Playgrounds in Child Care Facilities y* Choi, Mock-Wha x **
10(3)-09.fm
w y wz 10«3y 253~258 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment ³ w Á» Á Á y w y œw (2010 11 22, 2010 12 9 k) Study on Determine of Detention Pond in Small Developed Area In-Soo Chang ½
12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 77-81 y w» e wx Á w œw Fabrication of Ceramic Batch Composition for Porcelain by Using Recycled Waste Ceramic Powder Hyun Guen Han, and
10(3)-10.fm
w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction
304.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009 yw s w - û - A Study on the Planning of Improved-Hanok - Focused on Jeon-Nam Province - y* ** z*** **** Kang, Man-Ho Lee, Woo-Won Jeong, Hun
50(1)-09.fm
2006, Vol. 50, No. 1 Printed in the Republic of Korea 언빨래가마르는현상에대한중등학교화학전공교사들의인식조사 ½x Á» Á½ # Á x* w w yw y š w w # w w (2005. 5. 11 ) A Research of Secondary School Chemistry Major Teachers Perceptions
14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm
w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University
69-1(p.1-27).fm
99 A 380 B 787 : wœ z w * w w wœ» A380 B787 wœ» w. wœ» ww r. w wœ» p j y w r» w. I. II. z III. A380 B787 IV. A380 V. wœ» : x VI. z VII. I. A380 B787»ƒ z wœ w, w w p j w w ƒ r. t wœ w ƒ w w wœ» š œm wš,
(2)-02(최경자).fm
Res. Plant Dis. 16(2) : 148-152 (2010) Research in Plant Disease The Korean Society of Plant Pathology z w t w sƒ Á½ Á Á yá * w yw yw l Development of Effective Screening Method and Evaluation of Radish
82-01.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 57~61, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis p w w Á Á w w» y l Analysis of Influence Factors and Corrosion Characteristics of Water-pipe in Potable Water System Jae Seong
9(3)-4(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 9«3y, 2007 Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.319-326(2007) w xk x p w q w Analysis of Foot Characteristics According to the Classification of Foot Types of Junior High School Girls Ji-Young
16(2)-7(p ).fm
w wz 16«2y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 2. 2006 ü t xy y w tœ ½ BÁ x BC B y w w w C y w w w Current Status and Expectations of Orphan Drugs in Korea -In point of supplying medicines for the rare
10(1)-08.fm
w y wz 10«( 1y) 47~52, 2007 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis œ w t y ½ xá Á x Á½ Á x* Ÿ œ, * w œw Optimization of Coagulation In The Conventional Water Treatment Plant Jun-Hyun Kim,
41.4(8) fm
KOREAN J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 399~404 (2009) The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology Bacillus subtilis Lactobacillus plantarum yw t e w Á û * œ w tœw Effect of the Mixed Culture
untitled
理 葉 CNFH-88-04 行 87 年 9 1 88 年 6 30 類 葉 Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus sanguis Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida
1607 - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 그림 1-4 - - 5 - 그림 3 농도에따른댓잎추출액의항세균효과 - 6 - 그림 4 한천확산법 그림 5 배지에균뿌리는과정 그림 6 배지에균스프레딩하는과정 표 1 실험에사용한미생물의종류와배양에사용한배지 Bacterial Strain Gram (+) bacteria Rothia dentocariosa G1201 Streptococcus
19(1) 02.fm
Korean J. Crystallography Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.7~13, 2008 Ÿ (ICISS) w š t w (2): t w y w œw Surface Structure Analysis of Solids by Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (2): Atomic Structure of Semiconductor
12(2)-04.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp 106~111(2005) w y y w z œ k üœ» p ½ Á Á Á ³ Á Á½Ÿ w w w, *g», ** w w Effects of Strategies to Improve Indoor Air Quality at Pre-occupancy Stage
10(3)-12.fm
w y wz 10«3y 273~280 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment p yá xá½k w y œw (2010 9 15, 2010 12 2 k) Analysis of Characteristics of Delivered Nonpoint Source Pollution at Forested Watershed
< DC1A4C3A5B5BFC7E22E666D>
¼ (Jeong, Jung Chae)*, ý (Kim, Yoon Soo), (Shin, Woo Young), Þ Ñ (Park, Jong Man) ò ý ƒ Ð (Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology) (Shin, Jae-Heyg) Š æ (Ministry of Knowledge Economy) 1. :
10(3)-02.fm
w y wz 10«3y 203~211 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w ù p yá k«áyw *Á xá½k w y œw Á* y w (2010 9 15, 2010 12 2 k) Characterization of Nonpoint Source Pollutant Loads from the
43(2)-10(단보)023(p ).fm
The Korean Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 2, June 2007, p. 142-146 Copyright 2007, The Microbiological Society of Korea Ginsenoside y ƒ w z ½ ³Á½» Á * w w w œw l (Panax ginseng) z w x š. ù, w š
22(3)-07.fm
J. Fd Hyg. Safety Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 179~191 (2007),QWTPCN QH (QQF *[IKGPG CPF 5CHGV[ Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr Î ÜôÚ ò Ù Â 1 Â 2 Âú äâ Ö 3 Â Ùý* w w w, 1 w tœw, 2 w yw, 3 w yl
<30332DB9E8B0E6BCAE2E666D>
kœw» y w k p y w k» z wš ye z w mdkqvqrg üœ» y» Ÿ w kœwgeqgpikpggtkpiy glj GEQVGEJPQNQI[ œw w k w yz š y j œ w m w y ˆ mw y» kœ w k û ³ y ƒ ƒ» ƒ w œw w w y ƒƒ» k z w» %NGCP 9CVGT #EV wšw y ù» œ w w w t
50(5)-07.fm
Printed in the Republic of Korea w 3w yû x w w w Á x* w w w yw (2006. 3. 14 ) A research of the Difference in Teaching Styles and Understanding of 9 th Grade Students About Lead-iodide Precipitation Reaction
10.063~070(B04_윤성식).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 63-70 Mg-3%Al-1%Zn w ƒœ» y Á x*á **Á Á w œw *w s l I ûer ** t Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 18, No. 5, 425-430, 2005» 677*4 Ÿ w sƒ ½»x Á Á½ k w y w, w y œw Some considerations for the analytical approaches to measure atmospheric
fm
[ ] w wz DOI: 10.3740/MRSK.2009.19.12.692 Kor. J. Mater. Res. Vol. 19, No. 12 (2009) y INCONEL 718w Gas Tungsten Arc Welding» p sƒ ½»y Á *Á *Á y** ( ) d lj p wœq, *w wœ» q **( ) d lj p t Mechanical Properties
416.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 4, 2009 œ qp œ y An Analysis of Change on the Apartment Unit Plans and the Interior Spaces Related to Women * Choi, ByungSook ** Park, JungA "CTUSBDU
49(6)-06.fm
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2005, Vol. 49, No. 6 Printed in the Republic of Korea 중학교과학교과서불꽃반응실험에서선스펙트럼관찰의문제점분석및개선연구 ½ Á Á * w w yw (2005. 10. 4 ) An Analysis and Improvement of the Line Spectrum
82.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 524~528, 2007. Determination of Critical Chloride Content of Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete by Linear Polarization Technique Hong-Sam Kim, Hai-Moon
93.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 625~630, 2008. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Setting Properties of Brushite Bone Cement Containing Granular β-tricalcium Phosphate Sun-Ae
untitled
ª Œª Œ 27ƒ 2B Á 2007 3œ pp. 193 ~ 199 ª ƒ w d w ƒ sƒ Methodology of Drought Assessment Using National Groundwater Monitoring Network Data «x Á½ Kwon, Hyung JoongÁKim, Seong Joon Abstract The objective
14.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 93~97, 2007. Preparation of High Purity Si Powder by SHS Chang Yun Shin, Hyun Hong Min, Ki Seok Yun, and Chang Whan Won Engineering Research Center
11(5)-12(09-10)p fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 11«5y, 2009 Vol. 11, No. 5, pp.799-807(2009) w w * k ƒm w pg p w, ƒm w q w A Qualitative Research on Pursuing Image and Appearance Management Behavior of Brides Eun-Joo Bae
-, BSF BSF. - BSF BSF ( ),,. BSF -,,,. - BSF, BSF -, rrna, BSF.
1. 2010 6 1, 2 4 Ⅰ,Ⅱ 2013,, -,. - Human Cell.. -,., Biosand Filter(BSF) - BSF Main Filtering (Biofilm) BSF, BSF ( ),. -, BSF BSF. - BSF BSF ( ),,. BSF -,,,. - BSF,. -. -. -. - 2. BSF -, rrna, BSF. 2. -
12(3) 10.fm
KIGAS Vol. 12, No. 3, September, 2008 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) ü LP ƒ š Database w š Á Á½z w ywœw (2008 6 10, 2008 8 12 (1 ), 2008 9 5 (2 ), 2008 9 5 k) Constructing a Database Structure
untitled
[ ] œwz, 21«6y(2008) J. of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment, Vol. 21, No. 6, (2008) pp. 300~306 š y w p x*, **Á **Áy y* * ** w œ w œw, w» gœ Solid State Diffusion Brazing of the Aluminum Alloy Castings
82-02.fm
w y wz 8«( 2y) 00~00, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis Calix[6]arene w k š w *Á x Á Á«ƒm w yw, *w w yw Cesium Ion Selective Solid Contact Electrodes Based on Calix[6]arene Won-sik
ca_02.hwp
SPSPSPSP SPSPSPS SPSPSP SPSPS SPSP SPS 공기청정기 항균필터 SPS - KACA009-139 한국공기청정협회 2002년 12월 31일 제정 2016년 -월 -일 개정예정 http://www.kaca.or.kr 1.1 적용범위 이 표준은 에어필터로 공기중의 입자제거 및 미생물 제균 성능을 지닌 필터에 대하여
17.393~400(11-033).fm
Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 393~400, June, 2011 GGGGG DOI 10.4334/JKCI.2011.23.3.393 x RC { sƒ y y 1) *Á½ 1) Á 2) 1) y w œw 2) w œw Bond Strength Evaluation of RC Beams
로의 흡수 및 에너지 대사 등을 조절한다 면서 유산균은 유해균의 성장을 억제하면서 동시에 유산균의 증식 을 도울 수 있는 능력이 있다. 따라서 프레바이오틱스(prebiotics)나 프로바이오틱스가 함유된 식품이나 의약 품을 꾸준히 섭취하는 것이 중요하다 고 강조했다.
프로바이오틱스의 진면목(2) 저자 김성철 영남대학교 임상약학대학 겸임교수 약학정보원 학술자문위원 개요 인간의 위장관에는 숙주세포, 영양소, 미생물로 이루어진 복잡하고 다양한 생태계(ecosystem)가 존재한 다. 장관에서 배양 가능한 미생물의 종류는 500종 이상이며, 위, 십이지장, 공장에는 미생물의 수가 10 5 CFU/g으로 증가한다. 장내 세균의 수는
4.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 30~34, 2009. Optimization of Glass Wafer Dicing Process using Sand Blast Won Seo, Young-mo Koo*, Jae-Woong Ko**, and Gusung Kim Department of Electronic
γ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
14(4) 09.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 14, No. 4, pp 343~350(2007) w y y w z 14 «4 y 2007 yw» l s p»xá ³ *w w w œw, **w w w The Property of Pressure Distribution of Hybrid Underfloor Air Distribution
<B8F1C2F72E687770>
제1장 제17장 성홍열 및 사슬알균 감염증 사슬알균 (Streptococci)은 증식 중의 특징적으로 쌍 또는 사슬모양의 그람양성 알균 으로 catalase 음성, 통성혐기성균이며, 보통 한천배지에서는 발육이 어렵고 혈액이나 혈청 등을 첨가한 배지에서 잘 발육한다. 포도당이나 다른 탄수화물을 분해하나 포도당 을 분해하여 가스를 생성하지 않는다. 이들은 최소
8(2)-4(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 8«2y, 2006 Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.177-182(2006) x w e w 1) Á Ÿ 1) Á»û 2) 1) ƒm w q w 2) w w w The Effect of Media on Taking Plastic Surgery Chong-Hee Yun 1), Su-Kwang Sung 1) and
15.101~109(174-하천방재).fm
w wz 8«4y 2008 8 pp. 101 ~ 109 w» m -,, - A Study on Warnning Criteria Investigation of Automated Rainfall Warning System -Focused on Realationship of Water Level, Discharge and Precipitation - Á Á Á Ahn,
( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
Printed in the Republic of Korea "/"-:5*$"- 4$*&/$& 5&$)/0-0(: Vol. 18, No. 5, 436-443, 2005,1"$ w Q) t p z Á 1w w œw 2 w œ yw Effects of surface properties and solution ph on the pollutants removal of
16(5)-03(56).fm
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute DOI: 10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.316 ƒ w Fe œ w Cu wy SPS (I) I. ƒ wy y Á xá½ Á½ *Á½{ a w œw, a w» gœ Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-atomization Process
83-07.fm
w y wz 8«( 3y) 137~142, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis sw n w Polychlorinated Biphenyls»y Áwx Á yá w w yw Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Pohang and Gangseo, Busan
fm
J. Fd Hyg. Safety 20(4), 253 257 (2005) ü w w w Áy»xÁ Á Á Á«Á Áw Á x Á yx Á½ Á½ Á½ t t» t t ƒ q Study on Management of Artificial Flavors in Korea Tal-Soo Lee, Young-Mi Jang, Ki-Hyoung Hong, Sung-Kwan
31(3B)-07(7055).fm
ª Œª Œ 31ƒ 3B Á 2011 5œ pp. 265 ~ 276 ª w w s³ The Correlation Between the Moving Average of Precipitation and Groundwater Level in Korea Á½û» Yang, Jeong-SeokÁKim, Nam-Ki Abstract Precipitation data and
fm
J. Fd Hyg. Safety 20(1), 53 57 (2005) Ÿ w y, w s z w Á½ xá Á Á yá v w t œw Antioxidative, Antimutagenic and Cytotoxic Effects of the Mineral Water Seung-shi Ham, Soo-hyun Kim, Seon-young Moon, Mi-Sun Jeon,
3.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 12~17, 2007. A Study on the Preparation of Bone Ash and Celadon Bone Body Using Pig Bone Jae-Jin Jeong, Sang-Hee Lee, Yong-Seok Lee,* and Byung-Ha
Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ
Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract
<30312DC0CCC7E2B9FC2E666D>
균류의다양성과역할 이향범 û w œw 머리말 k w š ³ q š yw < Ð >» w ww k w w v š q w Á Á w tyw š 2QKPVKPI CPF *[FG ú ƒ x %QPXGPVKQP QP $KQNQIKECN &KXGTUKV[ %$&» w w ««wš y w» š x ƒ w œ ƒ» ƒ œsw w ³ wš ù š y š ƒ t š ƒ wš»ƒ
..........5-45..
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 45 www.cdc.go.kr 2012 11 9 5 45 ISSN:2005-811X Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance on non-tertiary hospitals
07.051~058(345).fm
w wz 8«3y 2008 6 pp. 51 ~ 58 m qp yp š w k sƒ Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus based on Aged Asphalt Binder y*á **Á***Á**** Lee, Kwan-HoÁCho, Kyung-RaeÁLee, Byung-SikÁSong, Yong-Seon Abstract Development
16(5)-06(58).fm
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute DOI: 10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.336 y-y w Sm-Fe w ƒ w zá *Á w»» The Effect of Excess Samarium Oxide on the PreparationG of Sm-Fe Alloy Powder by Reduction-diffusion
41(6)-09(김창일).fm
269 Ar v Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 t ½ t,, ½ w,, ½ w»œw Surface Reaction of Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 Thin Films in Inductively Coupled Ar Plasma w t œwz J. Kor. Inst. Surf. Eng. Vol. 41, No. 6, 2008. < > Dong-Pyo Kim,
Microsoft Word - KSR2012A038.doc
YWXY º º t rzyywxyhwz_ º zƒ A Study on the Relation of Railroad System and Energy Saving ö ä ø ã ä ãã In Moon, Han-Min Lee *, Jong-Eun Ha * * Abstract Now the world, such as the impact of fossil energy
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
23(2) 71.fm
J. of Korean Institute of Fire Sci. & Eng. [ ] Vol. 23, No. 2, 2009 w w w w w w Stud on the Fire Behaviour of Composite Beam with Loading and Unloading ½ *Á û**á½ ***Á½ Sung-Bae Kim* Chang-Nam Lee** Woo-Chul
°Ç°�°úÁúº´6-2È£
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 6 No. 2 www.cdc.go.kr 2013 1 11 6 2 ISSN:2005-811X Flavivirus surveillance in mosquitoes collected from the quarantine
51(2)-09.fm
2007, Vol. 51, No. 2 Printed in the Republic of Korea xw yw w w» e w z Á Á y Áw # Á k * w yw w w w w w # w w w (2006. 10. 30 ) Influences of Current Education Programs for Preservice Chemistry Teachers
Can032.hwp
Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory
06.177~184(10-079).fm
Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 177~184, April, 2011 GGGGG DOI 10.4334/JKCI.2011.23.2.177 x w w MRS w p s y 1) Á z 2) Á x 3) * 1) wû w œw 2) w œw 3) w Nonlinear Analysis for
서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
KJMB fm
Korean J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 42(3), 211 218 pissn 1598-642X eissn 2234-7305 Korean Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 장내유해세균을억제하는양돈용프로바이오틱스개발을위한비피도박테리아탐색 이재연, 신영오, 김근 * 수원대학교바이오산업연구소
8.fm
wz (2009), 39 «2y J. Kor. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 39, No. 2, 127-131 (2009) t y»» w»» w s sƒ ½x»Á½ ká w 1 Á x 1 Á½ 1 Á½ 2 Áx 2 Á û w w w, 1 t t»»», 2 û w œ w (2009 3 25 Á2009 3 31 Á2009 4 1 ) Cytotoxicity Evaluation
w w l v e p ƒ ü x mw sƒw. ü w v e p p ƒ w ƒ w š (½kz, 2005; ½xy, 2007). ù w l w gv ¾ y w ww.» w v e p p ƒ(½kz, 2008a; ½kz, 2008b) gv w x w x, w mw gv
ª Œª Œ 30ƒ 5A Á 2010 9œ pp. 475 ~ 484 gj p ª v e p p PSC ƒ gv : II. x w Precast Concrete Copings for Precast Segmental PSC Bridge Columns : II. Experiments and Analyses ½kzÁ½ Á zá x Kim, Tae-HoonÁKim,
93-09.fm
w y wz 9«( 3y) 199~206, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis sƒ(i) ½» *Áx Á * w yw w, w y œw Evaluation of Manual and Automated Methods in Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP)
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
한 fm
Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society, Volume 19, Number 6, December 2009 DOI: 10.4283/JKMS.2009.19.6.203 BaTi 0.5 Co 0.5 Fe 11 O 19 Mx r p Ka- q p ½ Á½ w, œw, w», 12, 361-763 (2009 8 4, 2009 9 10, 2009
27(5A)-07(5806).fm
ª Œª Œ 27ƒ 5A Á 2007 9œ pp. 753 ~ 758 gj pœw gj p { x A New Test Method for Pure Isotropic Flexural Tensile Strength of Concretes Ÿ Á y Á x Zi, GoangseupÁOh, HongseobÁChoi, Jinhyek Abstract Proposed is
14(2) 02.fm
J. Korean. Soc. Living. Environ. Sys. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp 117~125(2007) w y y w z sm Ÿ š w œ l ³Á½ * w, **w w w Impact of Photosensor Sensitivity on the Control Performance of a Daylight Dimming System
27(5A)-13(5735).fm
27ƒ 5A Á 2007 9œ pp. 735 ~ 743 gj p ª w š p w { ³ p Flexural Behavior and Cracking Characteristics of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites according to Fine Aggregate Contents *Á ³x**
51(4)-13.fm
Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2007, Vol. 51, No. 4 Printed in the Republic of Korea w x - w y *Á š w w w yw (2007. 3. 28 ) Case Study on Verbal Interactions of Teacher-Small Group StudentsG in
202.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 19, No. 2, 2008 w w w w Physical Identities of Bukchon Hanok Area Viewed from Literary Geography * Park, Cheol-Soo "CTUSBDU This study explores the beneficial
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
( )-113.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 657~661, 009. DOI:10.4191/KCERS.009.46.6.657 Rheological Properties of Cement Pastes Blended Finex-Slag Powder Keun Jae Lee, Seung Ho Byun, and
untitled
3. 농업환경연구과 과제구분 기본연구 수행시기 전반기 연구과제 및 세부과제 수행 기간 소 속 책임자 농가에 적합한 부식성곤충 대량 사육기술 개발 12~ 13 농업환경연구과 곤충팀 이영혜 1) 부식성 곤충 먹이 제조 기술 개발 12~ 13 농업환경연구과 곤충팀 이영혜 색인용어 부식성곤충, 장수풍뎅이, 계통, 먹이제조 ABSTRACT In first check,
( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
07.045~051(D04_신상욱).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 45-51 f m s p» w Á xá zá Ÿ Á w m œw Image Retrieval Based on Gray Scale Histogram Refinement and Horizontal Edge Features Sang-Uk Shin,
untitled
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 345~356, June, 2008 p -k w gj p k k 1) Á y 2) * 1) ƒm w w 2) w w Direct Inelastic Design of Reinforced Concrete Members Using Strut-and-Tie
서강대학교 기초과학연구소대학중점연구소 심포지엄기초과학연구소
2012 년도기초과학연구소 대학중점연구소심포지엄 마이크로파센서를이용한 혈당측정연구 일시 : 2012 년 3 월 20 일 ( 화 ) 14:00~17:30 장소 : 서강대학교과학관 1010 호 주최 : 서강대학교기초과학연구소 Contents Program of Symposium 2 Non-invasive in vitro sensing of D-glucose in
57.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 336~344, 2008. Rheological Properties of Cement Paste Blended Blast Furnace Slag or Fly Ash Powder Jong Taek Song, Hyo Sang Park, Seung Ho Byun,
( )-83.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 0~5, 011. DOI:10.191/KCERS.011.8.1.00 Solidification of Heavy Metal Ions Using Magnesia-phosphate Cement HunG Choi, Hyun Ju Kang, Myung Shin Song,
<312D303128C1B6BAB4BFC1292E666D>
k Ÿy y y + ûz m Ì ˆw k Ÿ ø ky w y y» wk Ÿ v w k w w ƒ Ÿ ew k Ÿy yø k Ÿ ý k z» w ƒ w Ÿ y k y w x mw w w ³Ÿ wšy v mw y w r œw yÿ ý w z»ÿ Ÿ»» Ÿ ¾ Ÿ 6TCXGN 9GGMN[ ýw k Ÿ Ÿ ƒ š wš y w k Ÿ ƒ m ³ w w y y y 'EQVQWTKUO
04-46(1)-06(조현태).fm
w œwz, 46«1y 2009 Textile Science and Engineering Vol. 46, No. 1, 2009 ù 2'6 wx xk Á «w œ w» Áq œw k 1PG $CVJ1PG 5VGR &[GKPI H 0[NP2'6 5RNKV 6[RG /KETHKDGT *[GP 6CG %J CPF%JWN-YP2CTM &GRCTVOGPV H 1TICPKE
16(5)-04(61).fm
Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute DOI: 10.4150/KPMI.2009.16.5.326 ƒ w Fe œ w Cu wy SPS (II) II. w SPS p ½ *Á½ Á½{ a Á½ š b w œw, a w» gœ, b y œ Production of Fe Amorphous Powders by Gas-Atomization
64.fm
Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 375~380, 2007. Tribological Properties of Carbon Layers Produced by High Temperature Chlorination in Comparison with DLC Coating Hyun-Ju Choi,
12(4) 10.fm
KIGAS Vol. 12, No. 4, December, 2008 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) l x CNG» v m s w ½ Á y w» œw (2008 9 30, 2008 12 10, 2008 12 10 k) Numerical Analysis for Temperature Distribution and Thermal
[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon
![[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon](/thumbs/103/157295877.jpg "[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon")
[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) 775-794 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with cloned native intonation. The purpose of this work is to
50(4)-10.fm
2006, Vol. 50, No. 4 Printed in the Republic of Korea 칼코겐이도핑된망간산화물의저온합성연구 k Á z Á, *Áy, * y w ù w yw x ù l w» ww (2006. 7. 13 ) Chimie Douce Synthesis of Chalcogen-Doped Manganese Oxides Seung Tae Lim,GDae
Microsoft PowerPoint - PDFCoTemp.PPT
주요유방염세균의검출및 항생제감수성검사 임숙경 1. 검사시료 1. 시료채취 유방염우유 2. 체세포수측정 3. 대상세균 - Staphylococcus aureus - Coagulase negative staphylococci -Escherichia coli 3. 균분리방법 E. coli CHEC Agar 직접도말 (37 18-24h) 보라색집락 EMB Agar