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1 흉막및종격동질환의방사선학적소견 종설 한양대학교의과대학진단방사선과학교실최요원 Radiological Findings of Pleural and Mediastinal Diseases Yo Won Choi Department of Radiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine Radiological analysis of chest lesions detected on chest radiographs or CT scans begins with their classification into parenchymal, pleural, or extrapleural lesions according to their presumed origin. The mediastinum is divided anatomically into the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinal compartments, and localizing a mediastinal mass to one of these divisions can facilitate their differential diagnosis. differential diagnosis of a mediastinal mass is usually based on a number of findings, including its location; the structure from which it is arising; whether it is single, multifocal (involving several different areas or lymph node groups), or diffuse; its size and shape; its attenuation (fatty, fluid, soft-tissue, or a combination of these); the presence of calcification along with its characteristics and amount; and its opacification following the administration of contrast agents. (Tuberc Respir Dis 2005; 58: ) Key words : Pleural diseases, Mediastinal neoplasms, Mediastinal diseases 서 흉막질환과종격동질환은너무나많기때문에임상에서비교적볼기회가많거나방사선학적소견이진단혹은치료에도움이되는질환을다루기로한다. 방사선학적검사로모든흉막혹은종격동질환을확진하기는어렵지만여러가지방사선학적소견과임상소견을종합하면상당수의증례에서적절한감별진단이가능하다. 론 병변의위치결정 방사선학적검사에서진성병변이발견되면방사선학적감별진단은그병변의발생위치결정으로부터시작된다. 발생위치에따라감별진단은완전히달라지기때문이다. 폐야내에보이는병변은발생위치에따라폐병변, 흉막병변, 종격동과흉벽을포함한흉막외병변등의세가지로나눌수있고단순촬영및 ddress for correspondence : Yo Won Choi, M.D. Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Hospital, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-ku, Seoul , Korea. Phone : Fax : ywchoi@hanyang.ac.kr CT에서우선적으로이러한병변의위치결정을하여야한다. 흉부단순촬영에서흉부병변은내부에공기기관지조영상 (air bronchogram) 이있을수있으며일반적으로병변의경계가모두명확하게보이지만명백한선으로보이지는않는다 (Fig.1). 그러나흉막과접한경우이부위의경계가불명확하게보이고 (Fig. 1C) 흉막과접한경계가예각이다. 흉막혹은흉막외병변은공통적으로폐쪽으로볼록하며변연부경계는흉막으로점차가늘어지는 (tapering margin) 소견을보인다. 흉막혹은흉막외병변을시사하는징후로불완전경계징후 (Incomplete border sign) 와흉막외징후 (extrapleural sign) 의두가지가있다. 전자는병변의경계일부가보이지않을때를말하며흉막병변, 흉막외병변, 흉막과접하는폐병변등이이러한소견을보인다. 이때남아있는경계가칼로그은것처럼깨끗하면흉막 (Fig. 2) 혹은흉막외 (Fig. 3) 병변이며그렇지않고경계가덜깨끗하면폐병변이다 (Fig. 1C). 흉막외징후는불완전경계징후에포함되는소견인데병변의경계일부가관찰되지않으면서관찰되는경계는칼로그은것처럼명확하고일부경계가점차가늘어지는 (tapering margin) 소견을말하며흉막혹은흉막외병변을시사한다 (Figs. 2 and 3). 이러 543
2 YW Choi : Pleural and mediastinal diseases C D Figure 1. Radiological findings of the lung lesions. lung lesion totally surrounded by an inflated lung (arrows on and ) show entirely well defined borders on the chest radiography () and CT () but the border is not as sharp as observed in a pleural or extrapleural lesion. lung lesion abutting the pleura (arrows on C and D) with partly ill-defined borders on the chest radiograph (C) where the lesion abuts the pleura (D). 한병변중동반된다른흉막변화가있으면흉막병변을시사하며 (Fig. 2) 동반되어늑골이파괴되었을경우흉막외병변을시사하지만이러한소견이없을경우흉막병변과흉막외병변의감별은어렵다 1-4. 흉부 CT에서는병변의위치결정을조금더정확히할수있다. 단순촬영과마찬가지로폐병변은 1) 폐내에있는병변의모든경계가폐내공기로둘러싸여있거나 (Fig. 1), 2) 흉막과닿은폐병변의경우병변과흉막과의경계가예각이거나 (Fig. 1D), 3) 흉막과의경계가둔각이면서공기로둘러싸인경계가칼로그은것처럼명확하지않거나, 4) 공기기관지조영상소견을보인다. 흉막병변은 1) 공기로둘러싸인부분이칼로그은것처럼명백하면서, 흉벽과의경계가둔각이거나, 2) 혹은장측 (visceral) 흉막에일부만접한 localized fibrous tumor of pleura은흉벽과의경계가예각일수도있으며, 3) 엽간열의흉막병변은엽간열위치에있으면서경계가칼로그은것처럼 Figure 2. Multiple loculated pleural effusion. chest radiograph shows two peripheral, partly well defined lesions (arrows) in the right lower lung zone, demons trating both partial wall and extrapleural signs. The vi sualized borders are pencil-sharp. 544
3 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 58. No. 6, Jun Figure 3. Neurilemmoma arising from the intercostal nerve (an extrapleural lesion). Chest radiography () and CT () show a partly well defined mass (white arrows) in the supra-aortic area. The visualized border is pencil-sharp. The rib erosion adjacent to the lesion suggests its extrapleural origin (black arrow on ). 명백한것으로구별된다. 흉막외병변은역시공기로둘러싸인경계부분이칼로그은것처럼명백하면서흉벽과의경계가둔각을이룬다. 이렇게만보이는경우흉막질환과감별이되지않지만흉벽뼈의파괴나흉벽외로의병변진행이같이있는경우흉막외병변을시사한다 (Fig. 3). 그러나이러한모든소견들에중복이있어감별이어려운경우도있다 5. 흉막질환 (Fig. 4b). 좌측에서는폐저부와위내공기사이의거리가 2cm 이상멀어진다 (Fig. 4b). 측면상에서는주엽간열을경계로하엽의폐저부만위로올라가가성횡격막이주엽간열에서끝나는것처럼보인다 (Fig. 4C). 앙와위의흉수는폐음영의전반적인증가, 횡격막윤곽의소실, 늑골횡격막각의변형, 폐첨모자형성 (apical capping), 두껍고분명한엽간열등이다 (Fig. 4D). 흉막삼출과폐병변과의감별은폐음영내부에서폐혈관이분명하게보이고, 내부에공기기관지조영상이없는것이흉막삼출의특징이다. 1. 흉막삼출의단순촬영소견 2. 결핵성흉막삼출 후방혹은외측늑골횡격막각이둔해지거나반달 (meniscus) 등을보인다. 엽간열에고인삼출의경우에는흉부후전면촬영 (chest P) 에서는폐종괴처럼보여가성종양 (pseudotumor) 으로불리기도하지만흉부측면촬영 (lateral chest radiograph) 에서는엽간열에위치하는, 경계가좋은렌즈모양의병변으로나타나므로쉽게감별가능하다. 폐저 (Subpulmonic) 흉막삼출인경우횡격막의상승으로오인하기쉬운데횡격막의첨부가외측으로이동하고횡격막의곡선이외측늑골횡격막각쪽으로급한경사를보이며 (Fig. 4a) 가성흉격막 (pseudodia phragm) 아래로지나가는폐혈관이보이지않는다 약 1/3에서폐병변이같이관찰되며 CT에서늑막하공동성병변이나커진림프절이관찰된다. 치료를시작하여 1-9개월사이에흉막삼출은대개좋아진다. 결핵치료중새로운흉막하 (subpleural) 폐결절이종종생기는데이는결핵약에대한일시적모순반응 (pa radoxical response) 현상이므로같은약으로계속치료하면이런폐결절은결국사라진다 6. 방사선학적으로는소방형성된 (loculated) 흉막삼출, 광범위한흉막석회화, pleural effusion, extensive pleural calcification, 공기액체층 (air-fluid level) 등을보일수있으며소방형성된고름주머니가수년간증상없이있을수도있다. 545
4 YW Choi : Pleural and mediastinal diseases C D Figure 4. Pleural effusion. -C. Various radiographic appearances of a subpulmonic pleural effusion. The erect chest radiographs show a shift in the right diaphragmatic dome lateral to the midline(), more than 2 cm between the left diaphragm (white arrow on ) and stomach (black arrow on ), and the pseudo-diaphragm posterior to the oblique fissure on a lateral radiograph (arrows on C). supine chest radiograph in another patient (D) shows an apical cap (arrow) and increased opacity in the right hemithorax suggesting a pleural effusion in the right side. 3. 악성흉막삼출폐와유방의암, 림프종, 난소암이악성삼출원인의 80% 를차지한다. 고형흉막전이암이흉막삼출과함께혹은단독으로생길수있다. 악성흉막삼출의특징적 CT 소견으로 1) 에두르는 (circumferential) 흉막비후, 2) 결절성흉막비후, 3) 두께가 1cm 이상되는벽측흉막 (parietal pleural) 비후, 4) 종격동흉막 (mediastinal pleural) 병발등이있다 (Fig. 5). 그러나 CT 소견으로도악성중피종 (mesothelioma) 과전이성흉막전이암을감별할수는없으며, 또한상당수의결핵성흉막질환에서도이런소견을보일수있다. 또한 악성흉막질환이 CT상에흉막비후가없는흉막삼출로나타날수도있다. 4. 기흉기흉이소량인경우호기 (expiratory) 혹은측와위 (lateral decubitus) 방사선이효과적이다. 앙와위 (Su pine) 흉부촬영에서흉막내공기는폐저의전면혹은전내측면부위에고이기때문에소량의기흉은폐가외측흉벽과떨어지지않아진단이쉽지않다. 이때갈비아래부위 (hypochondrial) 혹은한쪽폐전반에상대적으로증가된방사선투과성 (radiolucency), 더뚜 546
5 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 58. No. 6, Jun Figure 5. Two patients with a metastatic pleural effusion Chest CT show circumferential thickening of the right pleura including the mediastinal pleura () and discontinuous, nodular pleural thickening and pleural effusion in the right hemithorax (). Figure 6. Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura. The chest radiography () and CT () show a well-defined mass (arrows) within the right oblique fissure. The mass (arrow) is relatively well enhanced on CT. 렷해진주변종격동과횡격막경계선, 깊고때로혀모양의 (tonguelike) 늑골횡격막각, 정상적으로는관찰되지않는전 (anterior) 늑골횡격막각이관찰되는것, 심장경계특히심첨부가좀더깨끗하게관찰되면서심장막지방덩이 (fat pads) 가소엽모양으로보이는것, 소엽간열 (minor fissure) 내흉막공기, 횡격막상부무기폐병변의아래면이관찰되는것, 환측 (ipsilateral) 횡격막의하강소견등이도움된다. 5. 원발성흉막종양 1) 악성중피종석면작업자에서중피종의빈도는일반인의 300배이며석면에최초노출된지 20-40년후에생긴다. 종양 은흉막에흩어진다수의소결절로자라면서벽측흉막과장측흉막이두껍게되고대개흉막삼출이동반된다. 1/3에서반대편흉부에흉막판 (pleural plaque) 이관찰된다. CT에서는흉벽의침습, 반대변흉부로의침습, 종격동심장막엽간열의침습, 폐전체를죄면서둘러싸는소견 (circumferential encasement), 폐내전이등의소견이보인다. 확실한진단을위해서개흉수술혹은흉강경검사 (thoracoscopy) 를통한흉막생검이필요할때가종종있다. 2) Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura 2/3가장측흉막에서생기며때로다리 (pedicle) 가있기도하다. 한쪽가슴을다채울정도로클수가있으며흉막종괴로나타나나엽간열에서생기면폐종 547
6 YW Choi : Pleural and mediastinal diseases 양으로, 종격동흉막에서생기면종격동종괴로보일수도있다 (Fig. 6). CT에서는조영증강이잘되며원형혹은관모양의저음영부위가동반되기도한다. 종격동질환종격동에는선천성질환과후천성질환, 염증성질환과종양질환, 양성종양과악성종양등아주다양한질환이생길수있으며종격동을전종격동, 중종격동, 후종격동으로나누어병변의위치에따른감별진단을하게된다. 전종격동은흉부기시부에서횡격막까지에서앞으로는흉골, 뒤로는심장과상완두혈관 (bra chiocephalic vessels) 사이의공간으로정의되며흉선, 지방, 림프절 (lymph nodes) 등을포함한다. 중종격동은심장과심낭막이있는공간으로정의되며상행대동맥, 대동맥궁, 상완두혈관, 상하대정맥 (superior and inferior vena cava), 주폐동맥및정맥, 기관 (trachea), 기관지 (bronchi), 림프절등을포함한다. 후종격동에는하행대동맥, 식도, 기정맥 (azygos veins), 자율신경및자율신경절 (autonomic ganglia and nerves), 흉관 (thoracic duct), 림프절, 지방등이포함된다. 1. 전종격동질환대부분질환이가슴샘 (thymus) 기원으로가슴샘종 (thymoma), 가슴샘암종 (thymic carcinoma), 가슴샘유암종 (carcinoid), 가슴샘지방종 (thymolipoma), 배아세포종양 (germ cell tumor), 림프종 (lymphoma) 등의종양과물혹 (cyst), 증식증 (hyperplasia) 등의비종양성질환이포함된다. 가슴샘기원이아닌질환으로림프관종 (lymphangioma), 혈관종 (hemangioma) 등의혈관종양과갑상샘종 (goiter), 부갑상샘 (parathyroid) 종양등이있다. 이들중가장흔한것은 4T (Thymoma, Tera toma, Toxic goiter, Terrible lymphoma) 이다. 1) 가슴샘종가슴샘종은전종격동에서가장흔한원발성종양으로 40세이후에호발하고 20세이전에는드물다. 가슴샘종환자의약 30-50% 에서중증근무력증 (myasthe nia gravis) 이동반된다. 대부분은완전한섬유성피막으로둘러싸인피막 (encapsulated) 가슴샘종이지만, 34% 정도는종양의크기에관계없이피막을뚫고침습성성장혹은흉부내전이를보이거나, 절제당시는피막종양이었지만절제후재발을하는침습성 (invasive) 가슴샘종이다. 침습형과피막형모두세포학적으로양성이며조직학적으로구분이되지않는다. 침습성가슴샘종은심장막, 흉벽, 종격동혈관으로침습하기도한다. 횡격막을통해서복부와복막뒤공간 (retroperitoneum) 으로퍼지거나같은쪽의흉막으로떨굼 (drop) 전이를할수도있다. CT에서피막형 Figure 7. Encapsulated and invasive thymoma. Encapsulated thymoma. Chest CT () shows a well-defined mass (arrow) in the right anterior mediastinum. The mass is homogeneously well enhanced, and an invasion of the adjacent organ is not evident. Invasive thymoma. Chest CT () shows an ill-defined mass (arrows) in the anterior mediastinum invading the adjacent left pleural space. Note the small amount of pleural effusion in the left side. 548
7 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 58. No. 6, Jun 가슴샘종은대개균질하게조영증강되지만 (Fig. 7) 종종낭성변화및석회화를보이고때로는큰종양에서저음영부위가주된양상일수도있다. 침습성가슴샘종은피낭형과달리침습적형태, 혈관의분명한손상, 주위폐와의불규칙한경계를보이는경향이있다 (Fig. 7) 7,8. 그러나 CT 만으로주위의종격동구조물, 흉막, 폐, 흉벽으로의침습을진단하는데는한계가있다. 2) 가슴샘암종 (thymic carcinoma) 가슴샘암종은다양한상피암의집합으로편평세포암 (squamous cell carcinoma) 과 lymphoepitheliomalike cancer이가장흔한세포형이며대개중년 ( 평균 45세 ) 에호발한다. 가슴샘암종은조직학적으로도악성일뿐더러임상경과도침습성가슴샘종에비해훨씬공격적이고초기국소침범과광범위한전이가대부분생긴다. 방사선학적으로는크고경계가불분명하면서침습적인전종격동종괴로, 진단될시주위장기를침습하고있는경우가자주있고흉막과심장막삼출이종종동반된다. 주변조직으로의침습성성장은침습형가슴샘종과유사하나침습형가슴샘종에비해종격동림프절, 폐, 간, 부신등으로의전이가흔하고흉막이식 (implant) 은적은편이다 종격동배아세포종양 (germ cell tumors) 원발성종격동종양으로가슴샘내혹은아주근접하여생긴다. 양성과악성기형종 (teratoma), 생식세포종 (seminoma), 비생식세포종성 (nonseminomatous) 배아세포종양과혼합배아세포종양등이있다. 대부분은청년기혹은성인기에발생하고성숙 (mature) 기형종은남녀비슷한빈도로생기지만악성병변의 90% 이상이남자에생긴다. 가장흔한것은양성기형종이고가장흔한악성종양은생식세포종이며많은악성종양이혼합조직형이다 7. CT에서성숙기형종은전형적으로다양한두께의벽을가진다방형 (multilocular) 낭성병변이며특징적으로액체, 지방 (75%), 연조직, 석회화 (50%) 등이혼재하는소견을보인다 (Fig. 8). 지방혹은지방-액체면 Figure 8. Teratoma in the anterior mediastinum. Chest CT shows a huge mass (arrow) anterior to the ascending aorta. The mass contains areas of calcification, water, fat, and soft tissue attenuation. (fat-fluid level) 은드물지만기형종의진단적소견이며, 파열 (ruptured) 기형종은지방-액체면이흉막삼출액내에서드물게관찰된다. 빠른성장을할수도있지만크기가빨리커지는것이반드시악성을의미하지는않으며낭종부위에출혈이생기면크기가갑자기커질수있다 11. 정상피종과비생식세포종성배아세포종양 ( 배아암종 [embryonal carcinoma], 난황낭종양 [yolk sac tumor], 융모막암종 [choriocarcinoma], 혼합배아세포종양등 ) 은거의대부분 대의남자에서발생하며 β-human chorionic gonadotropin (b-hcg) 이나 α-fetoprotein (FP) 양성인경우가많다. 방사선학적으로는크기가큰소엽형 (lobulated) 전종격동종괴로중간선 (midline) 의양쪽으로자라며중종격동및후종격동으로도자랄수있다. 경계가명백하게보이지만때로주위장기혹은폐를침범하여불규칙한경계를보이기도한다. 국소림프절과거리가먼장기로전이도한다. 흉막삼출, 심장막삼출도흔하다 7, 종격동갑상샘종 (goiter) 목에서부터경부종격동경계부위의갑상샘종이흉 549
8 YW Choi : Pleural and mediastinal diseases Figure 9. Intrathoracic goiter. The axial () and coronal reformatted () CT show a heterogeneously enhancing mass (arrows) left lateral to the trachea and superior to the aortic arch, which is connected with the left cervical thyroid. 부쪽, 대개좌측전상종격동으로커지는것으로, 75-80% 는기관의전방, 20-25% 는기관의후방에위치한다. 병리적으로대개다결절형 (multinodular) 이다. 진단적 CT 소견으로목갑상샘과의해부학적연속성, 국소석회화, 조영전 CT 영상에서비교적높은 CT 음영, 조영제일시주사 (bolus injection) 후 CT 계수의상승, 조영제주입후지속적인조영증강등이있다 (Fig. 9) 13. 갑상샘의기능적조직이있는경우방사성요드 (radioactive iodine) 131과 123 신티그래피는진단적일수있다. 4. 중종격동질환 중종격동에는주로림프절질환이잘생긴다. 1) 종격동림프종 (lymphoma) 림프종은원발성종격동병변, 더흔하게는전신질환으로나타난다. 호즈킨병이나비호즈킨림프종모 Figure 10. Hodgkin s disease. Chest radiography () and CT ( and C) show homo geneously enhancing, enlarged lymph nodes in the left anterior mediastinal (arrow on ), subcarinal (black arrow on C), and both hilar (white arrows on C) areas. 두종격동에병발할수있지만진단시에종격동에만국한된경우는드물다 14. 종격동림프절비대없이폐문림프절만커지는것은드물다. 임상적으로호즈킨병은청년기와초기성인기에가장많이발생하고 50세에두번째로호발하는두개의호발연령을보인다. 전혈관 (prevascular) 과측기관지 (paratracheal) 림프절에가장흔히병발하며결절경화형 (nodular sclerosing type) 은전상종격동의단독종괴로나타날수있고주위의림프절종대가동반되면진단에도움이된다. CT에서종격동호즈킨병은여러개의원형연부종괴 ( 림프절 ) 와하나의월등히큰연조직종괴 ( 결절합착 [nodular coalescence]) 나, 단독혹은침습형의가슴샘종괴형태로나타난다 (Fig. 10). 전형적으로종괴는균질한연조직음영을보이나큰종양은괴사, 출혈, 낭종형성등에의한복 C 550
9 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol. 58. No. 6, Jun 잡한저음영과액체로보이는부위때문에비균질적으로보일수있다. 석회화는치료전에는드물다 15,16. 비호즈킨림프종은대개 55세이상이고 85% 의환자가상당히진행된상태에서발견되며, 진단시전형적으로전신증상, 전신의림프절비대, 심한결절외 (extranodal) 질환이있다. 비호즈킨림프종에서는 large -cell lymphoma와림프모구성 (lymphoblastic) 림프종은전종격동에일차적으로호발한다. 이두가지는모두크고비피막형 (nonencapsulated) 이며, 침습성종괴로가슴샘에병발하고주위장기를침습할수있다. 방사선학적소견은다양하여대부분은림프절에병발하지만결절외 (extranodal) 질환도흔하다. 비호즈킨림프종은중종격동, 후종격동, 심장주위 (par acardiac), 그리고횡격막각부후 (retrocrural) 의림프절군은물론흉부와멀리떨어진림프절그리고결절외부위에병발한다. 석회화는드물게나타나며괴사로보이는저음영부위가있고 1/3에서기관지혈관을따라폐침윤이동반된다 17. 2) Castleman's disease (Giant lymph node hyperplasia, angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) 조직학적으로는유리질혈관 (hyaline vascular) 형과형질세포 (plasma cell) 형의두가지가있으며전자가 90% 로흔하다. 유리질혈관형은대개증상이없으며선별 (screening) 필름에서중종격동, 후종격동혹은폐문주변종괴로발견된다. 방사선학적으로비괴사성연조직종괴로다양한모양의석회화, 특징적으로현저한조영증강의소견을보인다. 형질세포형은발열, 빈혈, 체중감소, 고감마글로불린혈증 (hypergammag lobulinemia) 등의전신증상을자주보인다. 방사선학적으로는혈관이덜발달되어조영증강이잘되지않는다 18. Figure 11. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Chest CT shows multiple, rim-enhancing lymph nodes in the right paratracheal (white arrow) and prevascular (black arrow) areas. 저하게커지는경향이있으며 CT와 MRI에서변연부가얇게조영증강되는것이특징적소견으로 (Fig. 11) 중심부저농도부위는건락성괴사때문이다. 동반되는폐실질병변은없을수도있다 19. 4) 유육종증 (Sarcoidosis) 20-40세에흔히생기며전형적으로기관주위와양측폐문의림프절비대로나타난다 (Fig. 12). 드물게전종격동림프절도종종비대를보이지만이부위에만있는경우는유육종증보다는림프종진단을먼저고려하여야한다. 기관분기하부림프절비대도종종있어기도폐쇄를일으킬수있다. 환자의 80-90% 가흉부림프절을보이며커진림프절은경계가좋고석회화는드물지만만성환자에서는달걀껍질모양의 (eggshell) 석회화를보일수있다 후종격동질환 3) 결핵성림프절염 (lymphadenitis) 기관주위 (paratracheal) 와기관기관지 (tracheobro nchial) 림프절종대가가장흔하고기관분기하 (sub carinal) 와대동맥폐문창 (aortopulmonary window) 림프절도드물지않게병발한다. 한쪽특히오른쪽에현 신경성 (neurogenic) 종양이가장흔한후종격동종괴로후종격동에서약 90% 가생기며원발성후종격동종양의 75% 를차지한다 21. 신경집종 (schwannoma, neurilemoma) 과신경섬유종 (neurofibroma) 은말초신경에서발생하며신경절신경종 (ganglioneuroma), 신 551
10 YW Choi : Pleural and mediastinal diseases 성, 혹은변연부의조영증강을보일수있다 (Fig. 3). 10% 에서는척추사이구멍 (intervertebral foramen) 을통해척추관 (spinal canal) 으로자라덤벨 (dumbbell) 모양을한다 14, ) 교감신경절 (sympathetic ganglia) 종양양성의신경절신경종, 악성의신결절신경모세포종, 가장악성인신경모세포종의세가지가있다. 방사선학적으로교감신경절종양은일반적으로경계가좋고, 척추의전측면에넓은면을둔길쭉한종괴이며, 특징적으로척추 3-5개에걸쳐존재한다 14,25,26. 결 론 Figure 12. Sarcoidosis. The chest radiography () and CT ( and C) show homogenously enhancing lymph nodes in the right paratracheal (arrow on ), subcarinal, and both hilar areas (C). 결절신경모세포종 (ganglioneuroblastoma), 신경모세포종 (neuroblastoma) 등은교감신경절 (sympathetic ganglia) 에서발생한다. 말초신경절종양은성인에서가장흔하며교감신경절종양은소아에좀더흔하다 14,21. 1) 신경집종과신경섬유종두종양은종격동의가장흔한양성신경성종양이며서서히자란다. 흔히척추신경뿌리 (spinal nerve root) 에서생기지만흉부신경어디든생길수있다. 방사선학적으로신경집종과신경섬유종은대개경계가명확하고, 구형이며, 소엽형의척추옆종괴로한두개의후방갈비사이공간 (intercostal space) 에걸쳐있지만때로는아주클수도있다. 50% 에서늑골, 척추, 신경구멍 (neural foramen) 에양성의압력미란 (pressure erosion) 혹은변형이있을수있다. CT에서경계가좋고균일혹은불균일한종괴로점상의 (punctuate) 석회화가가끔보인다. 조영제주입시균일성, 비균일 C 흉부방사선학적검사에서병변이발견되면우선적으로병변발생위치에따라폐병변, 흉막병변, 흉막외병변중어느것에속하는지추정한뒤에감별진단을한다. 종격동질환은전종격동, 중종격동, 후종격동중어느부위에있는지결정한후임상소견과방사선학적소견을종합하여감별진단을한다. 방사선학적소견이진단적인경우는드물기때문에확진을위해서는많은경우조직검사가필요하다. 참고문헌 1. Ellis R. Incomplete border sign of extrapleural mas ses. JM 1977;237: Paul LW. Neurogenic tumors at the pulmonary apex. Dis Chest 1945;11: Reed JC. Chest radiology: plain film patterns and differential diagnoses. 3rd ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year ook; p Felson. The extrapleural space. Semin Roentgenol 1977;12: Naidich DP, Webb WR, Muller NL, Krinsky G, Zerhouni E, Siegelman SS. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance of the thorax. 3rd ed. Phi ladelphia: Lippincott-Raven; p Choi YW, Jeon SC, Seo HS, Park CK, Park SS, Hahm CK, et al. Tuberculous pleural effusion: new pulmonary lesions during treatment. Radiology 2002;224: Strollo DC, Rosado de Christenson ML, Jett JR. Pr imary mediastinal tumors: part 1. Chest 1997;112:
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