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1 Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 5, No , A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek* National Science Museum, 481 Daedeokdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea Abstract: This study examined birds community distributed in the forest and the surrounding areas from July to December, 2011 targeting 5 areas including Namsan area (21.00 km 2 ), Tohamsan area (76.95 km 2 ), Seoak area (4.30 km 2 ), Hwarang area (3.90 km 2 ), and Sogeumgang area (6.8 km 2 ) which are designated as Gyeongju National Park. As a result of examination, observed birds are total 5,060 individuals from 11 orders, 30 families and 71 species, Tohamsan area and Namsan area recorded the most species, 43 species respectively. The number of individuals are the most in Namsan area (1,678 individuals), followed by Hwarang area (1,178 individuals), Sogeumgang area (1,082 individuals), Tohamsan area (741individuals) and Seoak area (382 individuals). Dominant species included Corvus frugilegus (19.37%), Streptopelia orientalis (11.40%), Passer montanus (9.51%), Paradoxornis webbianus (7.69%), Pica pica (6.11%), Anas platyrhynchos (6.01%) and A. poecilorhyncha (5.83%). Tohamsan area which recorded the biggest number of species showed the highest species diversity (2.91) and species richness (6.36), and Sogeumgang area which had the smallest number of species and Corvus frugilegus as an extremely dominant species showed the lowest species diversity (1.35) and species richness (3.29). The number of species of birds observed in each area in each season was the most in summer (47 species), 44 species in winter and 31 species in autumn, the least. Keywords: Dominant species, Species diversity, Species richness, Namsan area, Tohamsan area Introduction Gyeongju National Park is located in the downtown of Gyeongju-si or the surrounding area unlike other national parks, and was designated as a national park on December 31, 1968 focusing on historical sites with historic and cultural values. Also, it was designated aas World Heritage by the UNESCO on December 2, 2000, being acknowledged with its value as the world heritage which should be preserved by human kinds. However, as Gyeongju National Park is located in the city unlike other mountain-type or ocean-type national parks and has lots of historical spots around the park, it gives more meanings to historical and cultural values and protection rather than the value of natural resources such as natural landscape or habitats for wild animals and plants (Gyeongju City, 2005). As for investigations on birds community in this area until now, Paek (1997) examined the bird fauna during spring and autumn, Gyeongju City (2005) during summer and Paek et al. (2007) during spring and summer, and as for investigations during winter, there is only a material of census of birds in winter conducted by the Ministry of Environment (2004, 2005) focusing on Deokdongho *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: paekwk@mest.go.kr and Bomunho Lake. This study was conducted to predict changes in this natural ecology by figuring out a biota in the Gyeongju National Park through a common ecological investigation as a part of comprehensive academic examination in summer by the subcommittee for national park and reservations of the Korean Society of Environment & Ecology and to use the result as the basic materials for establishing a plan for managing and preserving cultural heritages and natural ecology of the Gyeongju National Park. Materials and Methods Overall Condition of the Survey areas This study investigated birds community distributed in the forest and the surrounding areas from July to December, 2011 targeting 5 areas including Namsan area (21.00 km 2 ), Tohamsan area (76.95 km 2 ), Seoak area (4.30 km 2 ), Hwarang area (3.90 km 2 ), and Sogeumgang area (6.8 km 2 ) which are designated as Gyeongju National Park. The investigating site, Gyeongju National Park is located between 35 o 39' and 36 o 04' north latitude and between 128 o 58'~129 o 31' east longitude, and corresponds to the southern part of the temperate clmate regions. Generally, Tohamsan area is composed of oak trees including Quercus serrata, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica, and mainly Pinus densiflora are distributed in Namsan, Seoak, Hwarang and Sogeumgang

2 336 Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek Da (Species richness)=(s 1)/ln(N) s: Total number of species N: Total numbers of individuals observed Results and Discussion Fig. 1. The location map of the survey areas in Gyeongju National Park (A: Tohamsan area, B: Namsan area, C: Seoak area, D: Hwarang area, E: Sogumgang area). areas (Gyeongju City, 2005). Also, Hyeongsangang (River) is located adjacent to Namsan, Seoak and Hwarang areas, and Bohumho Lake is included to Sogeumgang area and Deokdongho Lake to Tohamsan area. Investigation Method Birds community was investigated in a line transect census (Bibby et al. 1992) along the forest roads and trails in 5 areas of the Gyeongju National Park, and in a point census distinguish bird species and calculated the number of individuals using binoculars (Nikon 10 50) through observation with the unaided eye and by listening to birds cry, and recorded the observed points using GPS (Gamin 60CS) for arranging and analyzing data. The result was divided and arranged by each area according to Won (1981) s Illustration flora & fauna of Korea. vol. 25 avifauna, and A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea (Lee et al., 2000). Analyzing Method As for analyzing birds community, dominance based on Brower et al. (1990), species diversity of Weaver (1949) and species richness of Marglef (1963) were used. Dom. (Dominance, %)=(ni/n) 100 ni: Number of birds belonging to i species N: Total number of birds H' (Species diversity)= Σ(ni/N) ln(ni/n) ni: Number of birds belonging to i species N: Total number of individuals in the area Characteristics of Birds Community in Each Areas As a result of investigating birds in 5 national park areas including Tohamsan area, Namsan area, Seoak area, Hwarang area and Sogeumgang area of the Gyeongju National Park from July to December, 2011, observed birds are total 5,060 individuals from 11 orders, 30 families and 71 species (Table 1). Tohamsan area and Namsan area recorded the biggest number of species, 43 species respectively, followed by Hwarang area (37 species), Seoak area (25 species) and Sogeumgang area (24 species). The number of species appearing in Tohamsan and Namsan area having a large extent was high. It corresponded to the result of Park and Choi (2005) suggesting that the extent of city forest has a high correlation with the number of species. The number of individuals was the highest in Namsan area (1,678 individuals) showing high density of Streptopelia orientalis and Corvus frugilegus which are mainly observed around farmland, followed by Hwarang area (1,177 individuals) where a group of Anatidae appeared in Hyeongsangang (River) in winter and Sogeum area (1,082 individuals) where a large group of Corvus frugilegus appeared around wide farmland in winter. The number of individuals was the lowest in Tohamsan area (741 individuals) and Seoak area (382 individuals) (Table 1). Dominant species include Corvus frugilegus (19.37%), Streptopelia orientalis (11.40%), Passer montanus (9.51%), Paradoxornis webbianus (7.69%), Pica pica (6.11%), Anas platyrhynchos (6.01%), and A. poecilorhyncha (5.83%) (Fig. 2). Dominant species in Namsan area include Streptopelia orientalis (31.76%), Corvus frugilegus (14.30%), Passer montanus (9.83%), Paradoxomis webbianus (9.18%) and Anas platyrhynchos (5.24%), mainly species living in largesized farmland, grassland and bushes. Anas platyrhynchos stay over the coldest season around Hyeongsangang (River) adjacent to Namsan area. Dominant species in Tohamsan area include Passer montanus (13.09%), Pica pica (12.15%), Emberiza elegans (10.66%), Anser fabalis (10.26%), Hypsipetes amaurotis (8.37%) and Paradoxomis webbianus (8.10%), mainly species living in large-sized farmland, grassland and bushes. Anser fabalis stay over the coldest season around Deokdongho Lake. Dominant species in Hwarang area include Larus ridibundus (18.52%), Anas poecilorhyncha (14.70%), Anas platyrhynchos (14.19%), Anas crecca (13.08%), Paradoxomis webbianus (9.35%)

3 A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park 337 Table 1. List of birds observed in Gyeongju National Park, from July to December 2011 No. Scientific name Korean name Tohamsan Namsan Seoak Hwarang Sogeumgang Total Dom.* 1 Podiceps ruficollis 논병아리 Podiceps cristatus 뿔논병아리 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 Egretta alba modesta 중대백로 Egretta alba alba 대백로 Egretta intermedia 중백로 Egretta garzetta 쇠백로 Bubulcus ibis 황로 Anser fabalis 큰기러기 Aix galericulata 원앙 Anas penelope 홍머리오리 Anas strepera 알락오리 Anas crecca 쇠오리 Anas platyrhynchos 청둥오리 Anas poecilorhyncha 흰뺨검둥오리 Anas acuta 고방오리 Mergus merganser 비오리 Accipiter soloensis 붉은배새매 Accipiter nisus 새매 Accipiter gentilis 참매 Buteo buteo 말똥가리 Falco tinnunculus 황조롱이 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 Tringa nebularia 청다리도요 Tringa ochropus 삑삑도요 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 Larus argentatus 재갈매기 Larus ridibundus 붉은부리갈매기 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기 Cuculus canorus 뻐꾸기 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 Dendrocopos kizuki 쇠딱다구리 Dendrocopos major 오색딱다구리 Picus canus 청딱다구리 Hirundo rustica 제비 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 Motacilla alba 알락할미새 Motacilla lugens 백할미새 Motacilla grandis 검은등할미새 Anthus rubescens 밭종다리 Hypsipetes amaurotis 직박구리 Lanius tigrinus 칡때까치 Lanius bucephalus 때까치 Cinclus pallasii 물까마귀 Tarsiger cyanurus 유리딱새 Phoenicurus auroreus 딱새 Turdus dauma 호랑지빠귀 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 Paradoxornis webbianus 붉은머리오목눈이 Phylloscopus coronatus 산솔새 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 Aegithalos caudatus 오목눈이 Parus palustris 쇠박새 Parus ater 진박새 Parus major 박새 Parus varius 곤줄박이 Sitta europaea 동고비

338 Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek Table 1. Continued No. Scientific name Korean name Tohamsan Namsan Seoak Hwarang Sogeumgang Total Dom.* 60 Emberiza rustica 쑥새 2 2 0.

4 338 Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek Table 1. Continued No. Scientific name Korean name Tohamsan Namsan Seoak Hwarang Sogeumgang Total Dom.* 60 Emberiza rustica 쑥새 Emberiza elegans 노랑턱멧새 Carduelis sinica 방울새 Passer montanus 참새 Sturnus cineraceus 찌르레기 Oriolus chinensis 꾀꼬리 Garrulus glandarius 어치 Pica pica 까치 Corvus dauuricus 갈까마귀 Corvus frugilegus 떼까마귀 Corvus corone 까마귀 Corvus macrorhynchos 큰부리까마귀 *Dominance (%) Number of species Number of individuals 741 1, ,177 1,082 5,060 Species diversity (H') Index of Margalef diversity (Da) Fig. 2. Dominance of bird species in Gyeongju National Park during survey period. and Passer montanus (5.95%), and the dominance rate of Anatidae and Larus ridibundus which stay over the winter season around Hyeongsangang (River) was high. Dominant species in Seoak area include Pica pica (33.25%), Passer montanus (13.09%), Anas phatyrhynchos (12.83%), Paradoxomis webbianus (10.47%) and Anas poecilorhyncha (9.16%), and the dominance rate of Anatidae which stay over the winter season living in farmland and relaxing on water was high. Dominant species in Sogeumgang area include Corvus frugilegus (68.39%), Passer montanus (9.15%), Corvus dauuricus (5.36%) and Anthus rubescens (4.34%), mainly species living in the field of farming villages, and Corvus frugilegus which stay over the winter season by forming a large group extremely dominated the area in winter. Comparing the species diversity and the species richness in each area, Tohamsan area which recorded the biggest number of species showed the highest species diversity (2.91) and species richness (6.363), and Sogeumgang area which showed the smallest number of species and Corvus frugilegus as a dominant species showed the lowest result, recording 1.35 of the species diversity and 3.29 of the species richness (Table 1). Average species diversity and average species richness in this study was 2.95 and 8.21 respectively, which showed lower species diversity but higher species richness than those of the study result of Paek et al. (2008) in 2007 (species diversity 3.17 and species richness 8.06). But, as the investigating period of time was different from that of Paek et al. (2008) which was conducted during spring and summer, it is hard to conduct direct comparison. Comparing the result in summer and autumn except in winter of this study, the number of species was 54, reduced from 60 in 2007 and both species diversity (2.84) and species richness (6.88) alro reduced. It is estimated that the species diversity of wild birds living in the Gyeongju National Park has reduced compared with that before 4 years. Characteristics of Birds Community in Each Season The number of bird species observed in each area in each season was 47 in summer, the most, 44 in winter and 31 in autumn, the least. It is judged that in autumn, summer birds move to their wintering places after breeding and winter birds have not arrived yet. On the other hand, the number of individuals was 3,816 in winter, 1,973 in autumn and 1,148 in summer, increasing from summer to winter. It is judged that this is because that in autumn, it is possible to observe groups of Passer montanus, Pica pica, Paradoxomis webbianus and Anas poecilorhyncha after completing to breed, and in winter, winter birds such as Anatidae and Corvus frugilegus form a large-sized groups. The species diversity in each season was 2.62 in winter and 2.61 in summer, similar to each other, and the species richness was the highest in spring (6.53) which recorded the biggest number of species. Autumn recorded the lowest

5 A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park 339 Table 2. Comparison of the number of species, individuals, species diversity and richness between areas according to the seasons in Gyeongju National Park Summer Autumn Winter Areas Tohamsan Namsan Seoak Hwarang Sogeumgang Total Number of species Number of individuals ,148 Species diversity Species richness Number of species Number of individuals ,937 Species diversity Species richness Number of species Number of individuals 618 1, ,816 Species diversity Species richness species diversity (2.52) and species richness (3.96). It is judged that this is because in autumn, both summer birds and winter birds are moving to another region for staying the winter season, a temporary phenomenon. Changes in Species Composition When comparing the result of this study in 2011 and existing study results of Paek (1997), Gyeongju City (2005), and Paek et al. (2008) on the Gyeongju National Park, birds recorded in the Gyeongju National Park are from total 14 orders, 40 families and 104 species (Appendix 1). In 2011, this study recorded the most birds from 11 orders, 30 families and 71 species, in 2007, 11 orders, 32 families and 60 species, in 2004, 12 orders, 33 families and 59 species and in 1997, 14 orders, 28 families and 48 species. As there are some differences in the investigating period of time and regions between each study, it is hard to conduct a direct comparison, but this study recorded the most species. Species newly recorded in this study are 18 species including Podiceps cristatus, Anser fabalis, Anas Penelope, Anas strepera, Accipiter gentilis, Buteo buteo, Larus ridibundus, Corvus dauuricus and Corvus frugilegus, and species which have a record on observation in the past but are not observed in this study are 28 species including Falco subbuteo, Fulica atra, Charadrius placidus, Otus scops and Halcyon coromanda. It is thought that the study in 2011 added birds belonging to Anatidae, a winter bird and Corvidae as it was conducted in winter, and some forest birds including Strigiformes and Coraciiformes were not observed. Due to the characteristics of urban ecosystem, inequality of environmental factors because of subdivision and isolation of green-belt extent may cause reduction of species (Burgess et al., 1981). And as Gyeongju National Park is also divided into several parts in the city, it may reduce the species diversity. However, it is thought that as Gyeongju-si has lots of historical spots and cultural heritages, receiving relatively low influence by large-sized development until now, it has not a big damages to the national ecosystem compared with other cities. Accordingly, for Gyeongju National Park having a characteristics to preserve the natural ecosystem relatively well, it requires developing works considering the characteristics of each cultural asset and preserving district in conducting inevitable developing works in the future, and it is necessary to preserve and manage them through constant management and monitoring work. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the Korea Science ane Engineering Foundation(KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEDST) (No ). References Bibby, C.J., N.D. Burgess and D.A. Hill (1992) Bird census technique. Academic press limited, London, UK 257 pp. Brower, J., J. Zar and C. von Ende (1990) Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. Third Ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, 237 pp. Burgess, R.L. (1988) ommunity organization: effects of landscape fragmentation, Can. J. Bot. 66: Gyeongju City (2005) Gyeongju National Park Management Plan, Gyeongju City 443 pp. Lee, W.S., T.H. Koo and J.Y. Park (2000) A field guide to the birds of Korea. LG Evergeen Foundation. Seoul 320 pp. Marglef, R. (1963) On certain unifying principles in ecology. Amer. Nature 97: NIER (2004) 99~ 04 Simultaneous census of birds in winter, National Institute of Environmental Research, pp NIER (2005) 2005 Simultaneous census of birds in winter, National Institute of Environmental Research, pp Paek, W.K., S.Y. Kim, J.P. Yu, B.S. Chun, S.D. Jin, J.W. Kim and J.S. Cha (2008) Avifauna of Geongju National Park, Journal of Korean Nature 1(1): 1-9. Paek, W.K. (1997) Avifauna of Geongju National Park. Elsevier, The Report of the NSM, Korea 17. Elseveir, National Science Museum, Daejeon, Korea pp Park, C.R. and M.S. Choi (2005) Comparison of Bird Communities at Urban Forests and Streetscapes in Daegu City, Kor. J. Env. Eco. 19(4):

6 340 Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek Shannon, C.E. and W. Weaver (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. of Illinois press, Urbana-Champaign, 117 pp. Won, P.O. (1981) Illustration flora & fauna of Korea. vol. 25 avifauna, The Ministry of Education, Seoul, 1064 pp. Received: 12. Nov Revised: 20. Nov / 28. Nov Accepted: 29. Nov. 2012

7 A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park 341 Appendix 1. List of birds in Gyeongju National Park No. Scientific name Korean name 2011* 2007** 2004*** 1997**** PODICIPEDIFORMES 논병아리목 Podicipedidae 논병아리과 1 Podiceps ruficollis 논병아리 2 Podiceps cristatus 뿔논병아리 CICONIIFORMES 황새목 Ardeidae 백로과 3 Ardea cinerea 왜가리 4 Egretta alba modesta 중대백로 5 Egretta alba alba 대백로 6 Egretta intermedia 중백로 7 Egretta garzetta 쇠백로 8 Bubulcus ibis 황로 9 Butorides striatus 검은댕기해오라기 10 Nycticorax nycticorax 해오라기 ANSERIFORMES 기러기목 Anatidae 오리과 11 Anser fabalis 큰기러기 12 Aix galericulata 원앙 13 Anas penelope 홍머리오리 14 Anas strepera 알락오리 15 Anas crecca 쇠오리 16 Anas platyrhynchos 청둥오리 17 Anas poecilorhyncha 흰뺨검둥오리 18 Anas acuta 고방오리 19 Mergus merganser 비오리 FALCONIFORMES 매목 Accipitridae 수리과 20 Accipiter soloensis 붉은배새매 21 Accipiter nisus 새매 22 Accipiter gentilis 참매 23 Buteo buteo 말똥가리 Falconidae 매과 24 Falco tinnunculus 황조롱이 25 Falco subbuteo 새홀리기 GALLIFORMES 닭목 Tetraonidae 멧닭과 26 Bonasa bonasia 들꿩 Phasianidae 꿩과 27 Phasianus colchicus 꿩 GRUIFORMES 두루미목 Rallidae 뜸부기과 28 Fulica atra 물닭 CHARADRIIFORMES 도요목 Charadriidae 물떼새과 29 Charadrius placidus 흰목물떼새 30 Charadrius dubius 꼬마물떼새 Scolopacidae 도요새과 31 Tringa nebularia 청다리도요 32 Tringa ochropus 삑삑도요 33 Actitis hypoleucos 깝작도요 34 Gallinago gallinago 꺅도요 Laridae 갈매기과 35 Larus crassirostris 괭이갈매기 36 Larus argentatus 재갈매기 37 Larus ridibundus 붉은부리갈매기 COLUMBIFORMES 비둘기목 Columbidae 비둘기과 38 Streptopelia orientalis 멧비둘기

8 342 Jae-Pyoung Yu, In-Hwan Paik, Seon-Deok Jin and Woon-Kee Paek Appendix 1. Continued No. Scientific name Korean name 2011* 2007** 2004*** 1997**** CUCULIFORMES 두견이목 Cuculidae 두견이과 39 Cuculus micropterus 검은등뻐꾸기 40 Cuculus canorus 뻐꾸기 41 Cuculus saturatus 벙어리뻐꾸기 42 Cuculus poliocephalus 두견 STRIGIFORMES 올빼미목 Strigidae 올빼미과 43 Otus scops 소쩍새 44 Otus lempiji 큰소쩍새 45 Strix aluco 올빼미 CAPRIMULGIFORMES 쏙독새목 Caprimulgidae 쏙독새과 46 Caprimulgus indicus 쏙독새 CORACIIFORMES 파랑새목 Alcedinidae 물총새과 47 Alcedo atthis 물총새 48 Halcyon coromanda 호반새 49 Halcyon pileata 청호반새 Coraciidae 파랑새과 50 Eurystomus orientalis 파랑새 Upupidae 후투티과 51 Upupa epops 후투티 PICIFORMES 딱다구리목 Picidae 딱다구리과 52 Dendrocopos kizuki 쇠딱다구리 53 Dendrocopos major 오색딱다구리 54 Picus canus 청딱다구리 PASSERIFORMES 참새목 Hirundinidae 제비과 55 Hirundo rustica 제비 56 Hirundo daurica 귀제비 Motacillidae 할미새과 57 Dendronanthus indicus 물레새 58 Motacilla cinerea 노랑할미새 59 Motacilla alba 알락할미새 60 Motacilla lugens 백할미새 61 Motacilla grandis 검은등할미새 62 Anthus rubescens 밭종다리 Pycnonotidae 직박구리과 63 Hypsipetes amaurotis 직박구리 Laniidae 때까치과 64 Lanius tigrinus 칡때까치 65 Lanius bucephalus 때까치 66 Lanius cristatus 노랑때까치 Bombycillidae 여새과 67 Bombycilla japonica 홍여새 Cinclidae 물까마귀과 68 Cinclus pallasii 물까마귀 Troglodytidae 굴뚝새과 69 Troglodytes troglodytes 굴뚝새 Turdidae 지빠귀과 70 Luscinia cyane 쇠유리새 71 Tarsiger cyanurus 유리딱새 72 Phoenicurus auroreus 딱새 73 Turdus dauma 호랑지빠귀 74 Turdus hortulorum 되지빠귀 75 Turdus pallidus 흰배지빠귀 76 Turdus naumanni eunomus 개똥지빠귀

9 A Study on the Change of Birds Community in Gyeongju National Park 343 Appendix 1. Continued No. Scientific name Korean name 2011* 2007** 2004*** 1997**** Panuridae 붉은머리오목눈이과 77 Paradoxornis webbianus 붉은머리오목눈이 Sylviidae 휘파람새과 78 Cettia diphone 휘파람새 79 Urosphena squameiceps 숲새 80 Acrocephalus orientalis 개개비 81 Phylloscopus coronatus 산솔새 Muscicapidae 딱새과 82 Cyanoptila cyanomelana 큰유리새 Aegithalidae 오목눈이과 83 Aegithalos caudatus 오목눈이 Paridae 박새과 84 Parus palustris 쇠박새 85 Parus ater 진박새 86 Parus major 박새 87 Parus varius 곤줄박이 Sittidae 동고비과 88 Sitta europaea 동고비 Zosteropidae 동박새과 89 Zosterops japonicus 동박새 Emberizidae 멧새과 90 Emberiza cioides 멧새 91 Emberiza rustica 쑥새 92 Emberiza elegans 노랑턱멧새 Fringillidae 되새과 Carduelis sinica 방울새 93 Eophona migratoria 밀화부리 Ploceidae 참새과 94 Passer rutilans 섬참새 95 Passer montanus 참새 Sturnidae 찌르레기과 96 Sturnus cineraceus 찌르레기 Oriolidae 꾀꼬리과 97 Oriolus chinensis 꾀꼬리 Corvidae 까마귀과 98 Garrulus glandarius 어치 99 Cyanopica cyana 물까치 100 Pica pica 까치 101 Corvus dauuricus 갈까마귀 102 Corvus frugilegus 떼까마귀 103 Corvus corone 까마귀 104 Corvus macrorhynchos 큰부리까마귀 *Present study, **Paek et al. (2008), ***Gyeongju City (2005), ****Paek (1997) Number of species

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< FC1B6B7F95FC1B6BBE7C7A52E786C7378> No 종코드 종명과명목명도엽특이사항격자번호국명학명국문영문국문영문도엽번호도엽명 조사일자 조사시간날씨개체수집단수면종여부집단번식여부책임조사자 일반조사자 1 GSBD00259 큰부리까마귀 Corvus macrorhynchos 까마귀과 Corvidae 참새목 Passeriformes 379144 죽변 E1 2012-04-26 오전 맑음 4 n n 박헌우 최순규 2 GSBD00172