<30352D34332DB1E8BFF8C0CF2DBFCF2D782E687770>

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "<30352D34332DB1E8BFF8C0CF2DBFCF2D782E687770>"

Transcription

1 Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric. 2015;34(4): Korean Online ISSN: Published online 2015 November 6. Print ISSN: Research Article Open Access 국내유통약용작물중카드뮴, 수은, 납, 비소함량모니터링및위해성평가 김혁수 1, 김권래 2, 홍창오 3, 고우리 1, 정선희 1, 류지혁 1, 조남준 1, 홍진환 1, 김원일 1* 1 국립농업과학원농산물안전성부화학물질안전과, 2 경남과학기술대학교생명과학대학농학한약자원학부, 3 부산대학교생명자원과학대학생명환경화학과 Monitoring of Cd, Hg, Pb, and As and Risk Assessment for Commercial Medicinal Plants Hyuck-Soo Kim 1, Kwon-Rae Kim 2, Chang-Oh Hong 3, Woo-Ri Go 1, Seon-Hee Jeong 1, Ji-Hyock Yoo 1, Nam-Jun Cho 1, Jin-Hwan Hong 1 and Won-Il Kim 1* ( 1 Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety & crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju 55365, Korea, 2 Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Bioscience, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea, 3 Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea) Received: 11 August 2015 / Revised: 5 October 2015/ Accepted: 2 November 2015 Copyright c 2015 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ORCID Kwon-Rae Kim Abstract BACKGROUND: The current study was carried out to investigate Cd, Hg, Pb and As contaminations in 222 commercial medicinal plants and to estimate the potential health risk through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in medicinal plants were analyzed by ICP/MS and mercury analyzer.the potential health risk was estimated using risk assessment tools. Total amount of Cd in medicinal plants with 29% samples exceeded the standard limit legislated in Pharmaceutical Affairs Act while all plant samples were lower than the standard limit value for As, Hg, and Pb. However, when applying the standard limit for root vegetable (fresh weight) in the Food Sanitation Act, four samples exceeded the standard limit of Pb. For health risk *Corresponding author: Won-Il Kim Phone: ; Fax: ; wikim721@korea.kr assessment, the values of cancer risk probability were 0.3~ which were less than the acceptable cancer risk of 10-6 ~10-4 for regulatory purpose. Also, Hazard quotientvalues were lower than 1.0. CONCLUSION: Therefore, these results demonstrated that human exposure to Cd, Hg, Pb, and As through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants might notcause adverse health effects although some medicinal plants were higher than the standard limit values for Cd and Pb. Key words: Arsenic, Health risk, Heavy metal, Medicinal plant, Safety 서론 오늘날국민소득이증가하고, 삶의질적수준이향상되면서건강에대한관심이날로증대되고있다. 이로인해과거질병치료목적으로이용되던약용작물이최근에는건강예방및체력회복을위한건강기능성식품으로도널리활용되고있다. 더욱이약용작물이화장품소재, 천연색소등과같은산업소재분야에도활용되면서약용작물관련시장규모는 282

2 Metals in commercial medicinal plants and their potential health risks 283 Table 1. The number of medicinal plant samples collected from market in Korea Seoul Su-won Dae-jeon Gwang-ju Jeon-ju Gim-cheon P. ginseng P. grandiflorum C. lanceolate A. membranaceus A. gigas D. batatas Z. officinale C. officinale 나날이증가하고있다 (Kim, 2013). 이와같은변화는우리나라약용작물생산량변화를통해확인할수있는데, 농림수산식품부자료 (MAFRA, 2014) 에따르면 2013년기준우리나라약용작물생산량은 75,550 MT으로이는 2004년 44,821 MT보다 69% 증가한양이다. 하지만국내약용작물생산량이매년증가함에도불구하고, 국내재배생산량만으로는수요를충당하지못하기때문에약용작물수입량도증가추세를보이고있다. 한국의약품수출입협회자료에의하면중국, 인도등에서수입한한약재금액은 2004년 $ 55,704,000에서 2014년 $ 122,791,000로 10년동안 2배이상증가하였다. 이와같이급속도로국내약용작물산업이발전하면서최근이들약용작물에대한안전성우려가대두되고있다. 특히질병이나암을유발할수있는중금속및비소와같은금속물질은산업단지, 폐광산등의영향으로주변농경지가오염되고이로인해다량의중금속및비소가작물에축적되어인체위해성을증가시킬수있다. 한예로식품의약품안전처는 44지점휴, 폐광산인근에서재배되는 9종의농산물중금속오염실태파악과합리적인농산물중금속허용기준설정의기초자료생산을목적으로전국폐광산인근에서재배되고있는농산물 2594점을채취하여중금속 (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb) 및비소를분석하였는데농산물중금속식품기준과비교시 Cd은 359점, Pb은 652점이기준을초과하는것으로조사되었다 (MFDS, 2006). 더욱이뿌리를약용으로사용하는약용작물의경우에는지상부보다중금속및비소를더많이축적될수있고, 일부약용작물은중금속고흡수종 (hyperaccumulator) 으로알려져있다. 그예로위염, 간염, 천식등의약재로사용되는민들레 (Taraxacum mongolicum) 와차와화장품원료로사용되는캐모마일 (Matricaria recutita L.) 은 Cd 고흡수종으로알려졌으며 (Wei et al., 2008; Masarovičová et al., 2010), 소염효능을지닌패랭이꽃 (Dianthus chinensis) 은 Cd, Zn 오염토양정화식물로잠재력이있는것으로나타났다 (Lai and Chen, 2004). 또한국내유통약용작물중특정작물에서유독중금속함량이높은사례를볼수있다. Jang 등 (2012) 은 100건 (10품목) 의유통한약재중금속함량을분석하였는데대부분의약용작물이 Pb 허용기준 (5 mg/kg) 보다낮은함량을보였지만국내산권백 (Selaginella involvens) 은대상시료 10건중 8건이기준을초과하였으며, 평균 Pb 함량은 9.5 mg/kg로나타났다. 또한 Cd 허용기준 (0.3 mg/kg) 을초과한작물 10건중 7건이국내산한인진 (Artemisia iwayomogi) 으로나타났다. 이밖에도 Yim 등 (2009) 은 600건의유통한약재중금속함량모니터링을수행한결과허용기준초과한약재 93건중 72건이중국산으로나타났고, 이는유통단계에서금속물질에노출된것으로판단하여수입, 유통과정의품질평가및지속적관리필요성을강조했다. 결과적으로약용작물안전성확보를위해서는우선적으로재배단계에서노출될수있는각종오염원을미리차단해야하고, 중금속및비소고흡수약용작물에대해서는적절한관리대책이강구되어야한다. 이와더불어시중에유통중인약용작물은지속적인모니터링을통해오염기준초과작물의유통을신속히차단하여소비자의인체독성유발을최소화해야한다. 따라서본연구는유통약용작물의중금속및비소함량을분석하고, 이를기반으로위해성평가를수행하여중금속및비소로부터안전한약용작물의지속적인유통을위한과학적근거자료를제공하고자한다. 재료및방법 약용작물수집본연구는전국 6개도시 ( 서울, 수원, 대전, 광주, 전주, 김천 ) 에위치한대형마트및도매시장에서유통중인약용작물, 인삼 (Panax ginseng), 도라지 (Platycodon grandiflorum), 더덕 (Codonopsis lanceolate), 황기 (Astragalus membranaceus), 당귀 (Angelica gigas), 마 (Dioscorea batatas), 생강 (Zingiber officinale), 천궁 (Cnidium officinale) 총 222건을수집하였다 (Table 1). 수집한유통약용작물중일부가껍질이벗겨진상태로판매중인관계로약용작물은모두껍질을벗겨세척후 65 에서건조하여분석에사용하였다. 카드뮴, 납, 비소및수은분석 약용작물중비소, 카드뮴, 납분석을위해건조한약용작물약 3 g을 Microwave 용 Teflon vessel에취하고 62% 질산 7~8 ml, 과산화수소 2~3 방울을넣고 Microwave digestion system (ETHOS, Milestone, Italy) 으로 200 에서 20분간분해하였으며, 분해후, 증류수를사용하여볼륨플라스크를이용해서 20 ml까지정용하고여과 (0.45 μm) 하

3 284 Kim et al. Table 2. Toxicity indices of toxic metals Elements Slope factor (SF) (mg/kg/day) Reference dose (RfD) (mg/kg/day) As Cd Hg Pb 여 ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, 7500a) 로분석하였다. 중금속및비소분석결과에대한유효성검증을위해측정한원소분석용인증표준물질 ( 한국표준과학원 ) 의회수율은카드뮴 98.03%, 납 %, 비소, % 를얻었고, 매분석시마다시료에 10, 50 μg/kg을첨가하여회수율을확인한결과 84~115% 의회수율을얻었다. 수은분석은약용작물시료약 0.1 g을수은분석기 (Mercury analyzer, DMA 80, Milestone) 에주입하여가열기화금아말감법으로측정하였다. 계산하였다. 그외노출기간은발암물질의경우평균기대수명인 70년, 비발암물질의경우 30년으로적용하였고, 노출빈도는 365일로계산하였다 (Lee et al., 2011). 평균체중및평균수명은통계청자료를참고하여각각 kg, 81.9년을적용하였다. 발암위해도확률결정에필요한발암잠재력 (SF) 수치는본연구대상금속물질중비소만설정되어있는관계로비소 SF 수치만적용하였고 (US EPA, 2015), 비발암위해도산정시필요한참고섭취량 (RfD) 는 Lim 등 (2008) 과 Zhuang 등 (2009) 자료를인용하였다 (Table 2). 위해성평가유통약용작물중중금속및비소함량의인체위해성을파악하고자 Eq. 1에따라약용작물섭취에따른금속물질의일일평균노출량 (Average daily dose, ADD) 을산출하고이를이용하여 Eq. 2와 3과같이발암위해확률 (Cancer risk probability, CR) 과비발암위해도 (Hazard quotient, HQ) 를각각평가하였다 (Lee et al., 2011; Na et al., 2013). 데이터분석약용작물의중금속함량은현재고시되어있는두가지기준수치 ( 약사법, 식품위생법 ) 와비교하였다. 수집한데이터는평균값, 중간값, 최대, 최소값, 표준편차를이용하여표와그래프등으로나타냈으며, 분석항목간상관성분석은 SAS 9.3 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, U.S.A.) 를이용하여수행하였다. ADD (mg/kg /day) = Eq. 1 결과및고찰 C (Concentration of toxic metals) = 약용작물중중금속및비소함량 (mg/kg) IR (Intake rate) = 약용작물섭취율 (kg/day) EF (Exposure frequency) = 노출빈도 (day/year) ED (Exposure duration) = 노출기간 (years) BW (Body weight) = 평균체중 (kg) AT (Averaging time) = 평균수명 (days) CR = 1-exp (ADD -SF) Eq. 2 ADD = 일일평균노출량 (mg/kg/day) SF (Slope factor) = 발암잠재력 (mg/kg/day) HQ = Eq. 3 ADD = 일일평균노출량 (mg/kg/day) RfD (Oral reference dose value) = 참고섭취량 (mg/kg/day) 일일평균노출량산정시필요한약용작물섭취율은통계자료가없는관계로 2013 약용작물생산실적자료 (MAFRA, 2014) 에제시된약용작물별국내연간총생산량을우리나라총인구로나눈다음 365일로각각의약용작물섭취량을 약용작물중중금속및비소함량본연구에서조사한 8품목유통약용작물중중금속 (Cd, Pb, Hg) 및비소함량분포를 Fig. 1에나타냈다. 각약용작물의평균 Cd 함량은더덕 (0.26 mg/kg) > 당귀 (0.25 mg/ kg) > 생강 (0.20 mg/kg) > 도라지 (0.13 mg/kg) > 천궁 (0.10 mg/kg) > 마 (0.07 mg/kg) > 인삼 (0.06 mg/kg) > 황기 (0.05 mg/kg) 순으로나타났고, Pb 함량은생강 (0.45 mg/kg) > 당귀 (0.44 mg/kg) > 더덕 (0.44 mg/kg) > 마 (0.38 mg/kg) > 천궁 (0.31 mg/kg) > 도라지 (0.30 mg/ kg) > 황기 (0.26 mg/kg) > 인삼 (0.20 mg/kg) 순으로나타났다. 물론유통중인약용작물의재배지역이나수확후관리방식에따라각약용작물내 Cd, Pb 함량이다를수있다. 하지만본연구에서각약용작물의평균 Cd, Pb 함량이양의상관성 (R 2 =0.72, p<0.01) 을나타낸것으로보아이들중금속은토양으로부터흡수된것으로판단되며, 결과적으로토양으로부터각약용작물의 Cd, Pb 흡수량을비교, 분류해보면더덕, 당귀, 생강은고흡수율군, 도라지, 천궁, 마는중간흡수율군그리고인삼, 황기는저흡수율군으로나타났다. 이와같이일부작물이 Cd과 Pb을동시에많이흡수하는결과는선행연구에서도볼수있는데, Liu 등 (2007) 에따르면 19종의습지식물을폐수 (Cd: 0.5 mg/l, Pb: 2.0 mg/l) 로관수하면

4 Metals in commercial medicinal plants and their potential health risks 285 Fig. 1. Box plot of Cd, Pb, Hg and As, concentrations in commercial medicinal plants. 서재배한결과 Alternanthera philoxeroides, Zizania latifolia, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum hydropiper, Monochoria vaginalis과같은식물이다른종에비해 Cd 과 Pb을동시에많이흡수한것으로나타났다. 약용작물내평균 Hg 함량은인삼 (3.47 μg/kg) > 천궁 (2.53 μg/kg) > 더덕 (2.44 μg/kg) > 당귀 (2.09 μg/kg) > 도라지 (1.57 μg/kg) > 마 (0.97 μg/kg) > 생강 (0.66 μg/ kg) > 황기 (0.53 μg/kg) 으로인삼이가장높고, 황기가가장낮은 Hg 함량을나타냈다. 또한약용작물내평균 As 함량은천궁 (0.26 mg/kg) > 당귀 (0.15 mg/kg) > 마 (0.06 mg/kg) > 황기 (0.035 mg/kg) > 생강 (0.026 mg/kg) > 도라지 (0.025 mg/kg) > 인삼 (0.024 mg/kg) > 더덕 (0.022 mg/kg) 으로천궁이가장높고, 더덕이가장낮은 As 함량을나타냈다. 앞서설명한바와같이약용작물중 Cd, Pb 함량간에는높은상관성을나타냈지만, Hg과 As 함량은각각의다른금속물질함량과유의성을나타내지않았다. Jang 등 (2015) 은서울과대구에위치한약재시장에서 11품목총 116건의한약재를수집하여 Hg와 As을분석하였는데, 그결과각각의한약재평균 Hg 함량은 N.D~8 μg/kg, As 함량 은 0.08~0.44 mg/kg로나타나본연구결과와비슷한수준을나타냈다. 현재우리나라는약사법에의거하여식품의약품안전처에서 대한민국약전 및 대한민국약전외한약 ( 생약 ) 규격집 을통해약용작물에대한 Cd, Pb, Hg, As 함량기준을고시하고있는데, 본연구대상약용작물중더덕을제외하고는모두건물중기준 Cd 0.3 mg/kg, Pb 5 mg/kg, Hg 0.2 mg/ kg, As 3 mg/kg을초과해서는안되며, 더덕 ( 사삼 ) 은 Pb, Hg, As 기준은앞서작성한기준과동일하나 Cd의기준이 0.7 mg/kg로고시되어있다. 이들기준을본연구결과와비교해보면약용작물중 Pb, Hg, As 함량은모두기준이하로나타났다. 하지만 Cd 함량은전체 222건약용작물중 17건이기준을초과하였으며, 그중당귀가 11건으로기준초과건수가가장많았고, 그다음으로생강 4건, 도라지, 황귀각각 1건순으로나타났다. 더덕의경우 Cd 기준이 0.7 mg/kg으로고시되어있어서본연구대상더덕중에는기준초과건수가없었지만, 다른약용작물기준과동일하게 Cd 기준을적용하면 10건의더덕이 0.3 mg/kg을초과하는것으로조사되었다. 또한 식품위생법 제 7조에따른식품의

5 286 Kim et al. 기준및규격에의하면인삼, 도라지, 더덕, 생강은근채류 ( 채소류 ) 에포함되는데, 이중인삼, 도라지, 더덕의 Cd, Pb 함량기준은생체중기준각각 0.2, 2.0 mg/kg이고생강의 Cd, Pb 기준은모두 0.1 mg/kg으로고시되어있다. 이기준을본연구결과 ( 건물중중금속농도 ) 와비교하고자인삼, 도라지, 더덕, 생강의수분함량을적용하여생체중기준으로환산해보면전체시료중생강 4개시료가 Pb 기준을초과하는것으로나타났다. Bae 등 (2014) 에서도경남과강원도지역을대상으로비오염토양 ( 토양환경보전법기준이하 ) 에서재배한도라지를채취하여중금속 (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) 함량을분석하였는데, 약사법기준적용시본연구와동일하게 Cd에한해서만기준을초과하였고, 초과시료수는 54% 에달했다. 하지만식품위생법기준을적용하면 1.5% 시료만이 Cd 기준을초과하였다. 이와같은결과를볼때우선적으로약용또는식품으로동시에이용되는인삼, 도라지, 더덕, 생강등의작물은약사법과식품위생법의기준이통합적으로관리되어야할것이다. 이와더불어약사법에고시된더덕의 Cd 기준에서볼수있듯이뿌리를주로이용하는약용작물은다른부 위를사용하는약용작물보다는완화된 Cd 기준이적용되어야할것으로보인다. 위해성평가일일평균노출량 (ADD) 과발암잠재력 (Slope factor, SF) 을이용해계산한발암위해확률은 Fig. 2에제시하였다. 앞서 재료및방법 에설명한바와같이발암위해확률산정시필요한 SF 값이비소에대해서만제시되어있는관계로약용작물섭취에의한비소발암위해확률만을계산해보면마 > 인삼 > 생강 > 당귀 > 천궁 > 더덕 > 도라지 > 황기순으로발암위해도가높은것으로나타났다. 전체약용작물중가장높은발암위해확률을나타낸약용작물은마로 1000만명당 5.9명이마를통한비소섭취로발암위해확률이있는것으로나타났고가장낮은황기에비해약 20배높은확률을나타냈다. 인삼의경우축적된비소함량은더덕다음으로낮았으나발암위해확률은마다음으로높게나타나작물내비소함량과위해성은서로다른경향을보였다. 전체약용작물의발암위해확률은일반적으로적용되는허용수준 10-6~10-4 보다도낮은수준을보였고, 본연구에서측정한 As 함량은총함량으로, 실제발암성에직접적인영향을미치는무기비소함량으로위해성을산정했다면더낮은확률을나타냈을것으로보인다. 비발암위해도 (HQ) 산출결과는 Table 3과같으며, 연구대상약용작물의 HQ는 Cd, Hg, Pb, As 모두 1 이하로나타나, 약용작물섭취로인한비발암위해가능성은매우낮은것으로보인다. 다만각각의 Cd, Hg, Pb, As의 HQ를합산해보면생강에의한위해도가 로가장높고, 황기가 로가장낮은것으로나타났다. 결론 Fig. 2. Cancer risk probability of As in commercial medicinal plants. 현재유통중인약용작물의중금속및비소함량을조사해본결과적용기준에따라일부약용작물의 Cd 또는 Pb 함량이기준을초과하였지만유통약용작물을장기간섭취하더라도인체위해성은매우낮은수준으로나타났다. 이와같은결과를볼때현재의약용작물관리측면에서두가지문제점이발생할수있는데, 첫번째는위해성평가결과를근거로 Table 3. Hazard quotients (HQ) of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in commercial medicinal plants Hazard quotients (HQ) Cd Hg Pb As P. ginseng P. grandiflorum C. lanceolata A. membranaceus A. gigas D. batatas Z. officinale C. officinale

6 Metals in commercial medicinal plants and their potential health risks 287 볼때현재적용되고있는약용작물기준이엄격하여원활한생산, 유통을방해할수있다는점이고, 두번째는약용또는식품으로동시에이용되는약용작물은서로다른기준에의해혼란을유발할수있다는점이다. 따라서현재약사법과식품위생법에각각고시되어있는약용작물중금속 (Cd, Pb) 기준의통합적인관리와적용기준치의재검토가이뤄진다면안정적인약용작물재배및유통이지속적으로이뤄질것으로판단된다. Acknowledgement This study was carried out with the support of "Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ009828)", National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References Bae, J. S., Seo, B. H., Lee, S. W., Kim, W. I., & Kim, K. R. (2014). Heavy metal uptake by balloon flower together with investigating soil properties and heavy metal concentrations in the cultivated soils. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 47(3), Jang, S., Kim, T. H., Lee, A. R., Lee, A. Y., Choi, G. Y., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Monitoring of heavy metal contents in commercial herbal medicines. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 20(6), Jang, S., Lee, A. R., Lee, A. E., Choi, G. Y., & Kim, H. K. (2015). Monitoring of heavy metal contents in commercial herbal medicines in Korea: cultivated herbal medicines in the Seoul and Daegu areas. Journal of Environmental Health Science, 41(1), Kim, J. Y. (2013). Development and industrialization of functional bioactive material from the medicinal plant. Food Industry and Nutrition, 18(2), 1-6. Lai, H. Y., & Chen, Z. S. (2004). Effects of EDTA on solubility of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake by rainbow pink and vetiver grass. Chemosphere, 55(3), Lee, J. H., Kim, W. I., Jeong, E. J., Yoo, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Paik, M. K., Park, B. J., Im, G. J., & Hong, M. K. (2011). Arsenic contamination of polished rice produced in abandoned mine areas and its potential human risk assessment using probabilistic techniques. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 30(1), Lim, H. S., Lee, J. S., Chon, H. T., & Sager, M. (2008). Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au Ag mine in Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 96(2), Liu, J., Dong, Y., Xu, H., Wang, D., & Xu, J. (2007). Accumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn by 19 wetland plant species in constructed wetland. Journal of hazardous materials, 147(3), Masarovičová, E., Kráľová, K., & Kummerová, M. (2010). Principles of classification of medicinal plants as hyperaccumulators or excluders. Acta physiologiae plantarum, 32(5), Na, E. S., Lee, Y. J., Ko, K. Y., Chung, D. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2013). Risk Assessment for Heavy Metals in Soil, Ground Water, Rice Grain nearby Abandoned Mine Areas. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 32(4), Wei, S., Zhou, Q., & Mathews, S. (2008). A newly found cadmium accumulator-taraxacum mongolicum. Journal of hazardous materials, 159(2), Yim, O., Han, E., Chung, J., Park, K., Kang, I., Kang, S., & Kim, Y. (2009). The monitoring of some heavy metals in oriental herbal medicines and their intake rates. Analytical Science and Technology, 22(2), Zhuang, P., McBride, M. B., Xia, H., Li, N., & Li, Z. (2009). Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 407(5),

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

유해중금속안정동위원소의 분석정밀 / 정확도향상연구 (I) 환경기반연구부환경측정분석센터,,,,,,,, 2012

유해중금속안정동위원소의 분석정밀 / 정확도향상연구 (I) 환경기반연구부환경측정분석센터,,,,,,,, 2012 11-1480523-001163-01 유해중금속안정동위원소의 분석정밀 / 정확도향상연구 (I) 환경기반연구부환경측정분석센터,,,,,,,, 2012 목 차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract ⅵ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 목 차 Ⅳ ii 목 차 iii 목 차 iv 목 차 v Abstract vi Abstract σ ε vii Abstract viii Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ. 1 Ⅰ. 서론.

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

09È«¼®¿µ5~152s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

학술원논문집 ( 자연과학편 ) 제 50 집 2 호 (2011) 콩의식품적의의및생산수급과식용콩의자급향상 李弘䄷 * 李英豪 ** 李錫河 *** * Significance of Soybean as Food and Strategies for Self Suffici

학술원논문집 ( 자연과학편 ) 제 50 집 2 호 (2011) 콩의식품적의의및생산수급과식용콩의자급향상 李弘䄷 * 李英豪 ** 李錫河 *** * Significance of Soybean as Food and Strategies for Self Suffici 학술원논문집 ( 자연과학편 ) 제 50 집 2 호 (2011) 97-137 콩의식품적의의및생산수급과식용콩의자급향상 李弘䄷 * 李英豪 ** 李錫河 *** * Significance of Soybean as Food and Strategies for Self Sufficiency Improvement Hong Suk Lee*, Yeong-Ho Lee**, and

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of

More information

개최요강

개최요강 55 2009. 5. ( ) ( ) < > 1. 1 2. 2. 2. 3 1) 3 2) 3 3) GC-MS 4. 5 1) 5 2) 5 3) ICP-OES 6 3. 7. 7 1) 7 2) 10. 13 1) 1g 13 2),,, 14 3), 15 4),, 15 4. 17 19 < > [ 1] 2 [ 2] ICP-OES 6 [ 3] 13 [ 4] 1g 13 [ 5]

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

< FC0FAC0DABCF6C1A45FC7D1B1B9C8AFB0E6B3F3C7D0C8B D345F5F5F5F5F5F5F5F C4C3B7AF2E687770>

< FC0FAC0DABCF6C1A45FC7D1B1B9C8AFB0E6B3F3C7D0C8B D345F5F5F5F5F5F5F5F C4C3B7AF2E687770> Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric (2013) Online ISSN: 2233-4173 Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 245-251 http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2013.32.4.245 Print ISSN: 1225-3537 Research

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Feb.; 29(2), 93 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.2.93 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) UHF-HF

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010

환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 11-1480523-000702-01 환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ i 목차 Ⅲ Ⅳ i 목차 ii 목차 iii Abstract α β α β iv Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법

More information

µµÅ¥¸àÆ®1

µµÅ¥¸àÆ®1 ISSN 1976-4294 JOURNAL OF DISASTER PREVENTION 2013 54 Vol. 15 No. 1 2013 Vol.15 No.1 www.kodipa.or.kr 02 04 06 08 12 26 30 36 43 51 59 69 78 Contents 98 109 111 122 151 158 165 174 175 2 JOURNAL OF DISASTER

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를

More information

???춍??숏

???춍??숏 Suseong gu Council Daegu Metropolitan City www.suseongcouncil.daegu.kr Contents SUSEONG GU COUNCIL DAEGU METROPOLITAN CITY 10 www.suseongcouncil.daegu.kr 11 SUSEONG GU COUNCIL DAEGU METROPOLITAN CITY

More information

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있 대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

82-01.fm

82-01.fm w y wz 8«( 2y) 57~61, 2005 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis p w w Á Á w w» y l Analysis of Influence Factors and Corrosion Characteristics of Water-pipe in Potable Water System Jae Seong

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö 25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo

More information

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]

More information

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)

More information

00내지1번2번

00내지1번2번 www.keit.re.kr 2011. 11 Technology Level Evaluation ABSTRACT The Technology Level Evaluation assesses the current level of industrial technological development in Korea and identifies areas that are underdeveloped

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu 한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim

More information

03-2ƯÁý -14š

03-2ƯÁý	-14š Management on hazardous chemicals for production of safe produce Namjun Cho, Sumyeong Hong, Wonil Kim, Byungjun Park Chemical Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA * Correspondence

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Dec.; 27(12), 1036 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.12.1036 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online)

More information

Æ÷Àå82š

Æ÷Àå82š Lee, Kyungbae (E-mail : kblee6078@ex.co.kr) Lee, Jaehoon (E-mail : ranian74@ex.co.kr) Sohn, Duecksu (E-mail : mgsds@ex.co.kr) Kwon, Soonmin (E-mail : soonmini2@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The purpose

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

10(3)-09.fm

10(3)-09.fm w y wz 10«3y 253~258 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment ³ w Á» Á Á y w y œw (2010 11 22, 2010 12 9 k) Study on Determine of Detention Pond in Small Developed Area In-Soo Chang ½

More information

03이경미(237~248)ok

03이경미(237~248)ok The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).

More information

04김호걸(39~50)ok

04김호걸(39~50)ok Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, Vol. 22, No. 1(2013) pp.39~50 Prediction of Landslides Occurrence Probability under Climate Change using MaxEnt Model Kim, Hogul* Lee, Dong-Kun** Mo, Yongwon*

More information

35(5)-04.fm

35(5)-04.fm y, 38«, 5y, 535-545, 2005 Econ. Environ. Geol., 38(5), 535-545, 2005 m, w w sƒ *Á zk w y lœw Risk Assessment of Arsenic by Human Exposure of Contaminated Soil, Groundwater and Rice Grain Jin-Soo Lee* and

More information

13장문현(541~556)ok

13장문현(541~556)ok A Study on the Spatial Distribution of Local Foods and Regional Products in the Seomjin River Area* Jeong-ok Kim**Mal-shick Shin***Jeong-rock Lee****Mun-hyun Jang*****,,,,,,,,,. 36, 15, 14, 5, 19. 32,

More information

433대지05박창용

433대지05박창용 Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This

More information

10(3)-12.fm

10(3)-12.fm w y wz 10«3y 273~280 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment p yá xá½k w y œw (2010 9 15, 2010 12 2 k) Analysis of Characteristics of Delivered Nonpoint Source Pollution at Forested Watershed

More information

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770>

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770> J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 15(5)497-504(2013) eissn: 2287-4747 http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2013.15.5.497 pissn: 2233-8292 도로터널의 갱구부 경관설계가 터널 내부조명에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 이미애 1 ㆍ이동희 2 * 1 아이라이트 대표이사 2

More information

14.531~539(08-037).fm

14.531~539(08-037).fm G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked

More information

Study on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume

Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume 1996. : 1. 8 2. 1 1998. 12. : : ( ) : . 1998. 12 : : : : : : : : : : - 1 - .. 1.... 2.. 3.... 1..,,.,,

More information

02Á¶ÇýÁø

02Á¶ÇýÁø Analysis of Hazardous Fog and Index Development in Korea* Hye-Jin Cho** Abstract : The existing researches related to the fog have focused on mainly the fog itself and its spatial variation. This study

More information

09-감마선(dh)

09-감마선(dh) Journal of Radiation Industry 4 (3) : 253~257 (2010) Review Paper 감마선 조사가 포인세티아의 발근, 생육 및 색상변이에 미치는 영향 이은경* 김원희 김성태 강시용 1 국립원예특작과학원, 1 한국원자력연구원 Rooting, Growth, and Color Mutation of Poinsettias Affected

More information

<313120B9DABFB5B1B82E687770>

<313120B9DABFB5B1B82E687770> 한국민족문화 40, 2011. 7, 347~388쪽 1)중화학공업화선언과 1973년 공업교육제도 변화* 2)박 영 구** 1. 머리말 2. 1973년, 중화학공업화선언과 과학기술인력의 부족 3. 1973년 전반기의 교육제도 개편과 정비 1) 계획과 개편 2) 기술교육 개선안과 인력개발 시책 4. 1973년 후반기의 개편과 정비 5. 정비된 정규교육제도의 특징

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

jaeryomading review.pdf

jaeryomading review.pdf 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. S. Kim, H. Y. Jeong, S. K. Kim, S. Y. Choi and K. J. Lee, Nano Lett. 11, 5438 (2011). 2. E. Menard, K. J. Lee, D. Y. Khang, R. G. Nuzzo and J. A. Rogers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84,

More information

09구자용(489~500)

09구자용(489~500) The Study on the Grid Size Regarding Spatial Interpolation for Local Climate Maps* Cha Yong Ku** Young Ho Shin*** Jae-Won Lee**** Hee-Soo Kim*****.,...,,,, Abstract : Recent global warming and abnormal

More information

목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract v Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i

목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract v Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 11-1480523-000748-01 배경지역 ( 백령도 ) 에서의 대기오염물질특성연구 (Ⅲ) 기후대기연구부대기환경연구과,,,,,,, Ⅲ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract v Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 목차 Ⅳ ii 목차 iii 목차 iv 목차 μg m3 μg m3 v 목차 vi Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ μm μg m3 1 Ⅰ. 서론 μg m3 μg m3 μg m3 μm 2

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

<692E E EB4EBB1E2BFC0BFB0C5C2B5BF5FB9FDB7C9BAAFC3B55FC0FCB8C12E687770>

<692E E EB4EBB1E2BFC0BFB0C5C2B5BF5FB9FDB7C9BAAFC3B55FC0FCB8C12E687770> ( 97) ( 90) ( 99) ( 94) ( 96) ( 97) ( 97) ( 98) ( 99) ( 99) ( 00) ( 02) ( 02) ( 02) ( 99) ( 00) (SO 2) (ppm) (CO) (ppm) (NO 2) (ppm) (/) (TSP) (PM 10) (O 3) (ppm) (HC) (ppm) (Pb) (/) 1978

More information

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding

More information

<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770>

<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 2 pp. 866-871, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.2.866 증강현실을 이용한 아동교육프로그램 모델제안 권미란 1*, 김정일 2 1 나사렛대학교 아동학과, 2 한세대학교 e-비즈니스학과

More information

?

? http://kfaexpo.kr/ The 40th Korea Franchise Business Expo 2017 JUNE - Vol.23 2017 JUNE - Vol.23 2017 in Busan COVER STORY SPEACIAL REPORT GUIDE POST PEOPLE & STORY ASSOCIATION NEWS Ҷ

More information

10(3)-10.fm

10(3)-10.fm w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction

More information

<352E20BAAFBCF6BCB1C5C320B1E2B9FDC0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120C7D1B1B920C7C1B7CEBEDFB1B8C0C720B5E6C1A1B0FA20BDC7C1A120BCB3B8ED28313531323231292D2DB1E8C7F5C1D62E687770>

<352E20BAAFBCF6BCB1C5C320B1E2B9FDC0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120C7D1B1B920C7C1B7CEBEDFB1B8C0C720B5E6C1A1B0FA20BDC7C1A120BCB3B8ED28313531323231292D2DB1E8C7F5C1D62E687770> 통계연구(2015), 제20권 제3호, 71-92 변수선택 기법을 이용한 한국 프로야구의 득점과 실점 설명 1) 김혁주 2) 김예형 3) 요약 한국 프로야구에서 팀들의 득점과 실점에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하기 위한 연구를 하였 다. 2007년부터 2014년까지의 정규리그 전 경기 자료를 대상으로 분석하였다. 전방선택법, 후방 소거법, 단계별 회귀법, 선택법,

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, ) Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee

More information

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

00.앞부분2

00.앞부분2 http://ipsi.chungbuk.ac.kr 2014 New START for CHANGE 2014 2 3 2014 2 4 5 6 Contents 3 4 5 7 65 68 71 76 80 83 09 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 38 42 45 48 51 55 56 59 62 87 88 91 94 97 98 101 104 108

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2017 Mar.; 28(3), 163 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2017.28.3.163 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) PCB

More information

특허청구의 범위 청구항 1 Na-알지네이트(Na-alginate), 합성 제올라이트(synthetic zeolite)와 분말활성탄(powdered activated carbon) 을 혼합하여 2 ~ 6 %의 CaCl 2 용액에서 경화시켜 만들어진 직경 1 ~ 5 mm의

특허청구의 범위 청구항 1 Na-알지네이트(Na-alginate), 합성 제올라이트(synthetic zeolite)와 분말활성탄(powdered activated carbon) 을 혼합하여 2 ~ 6 %의 CaCl 2 용액에서 경화시켜 만들어진 직경 1 ~ 5 mm의 (51) Int. Cl. (19) 대한민국특허청(KR) (12) 등록특허공보(B1) C02F 3/10 (2006.01) (21) 출원번호 10-2006-0053240 (22) 출원일자 2006년06월13일 심사청구일자 (56) 선행기술조사문헌 JP01207193 A KR1020030092674 A 2006년06월13일 (45) 공고일자 2007년10월29일

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   A study on Characte Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences

More information

09권오설_ok.hwp

09권오설_ok.hwp (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction

More information

2 : (JEM) QTBT (Yong-Uk Yoon et al.: A Fast Decision Method of Quadtree plus Binary Tree (QTBT) Depth in JEM) (Special Paper) 22 5, (JBE Vol. 2

2 : (JEM) QTBT (Yong-Uk Yoon et al.: A Fast Decision Method of Quadtree plus Binary Tree (QTBT) Depth in JEM) (Special Paper) 22 5, (JBE Vol. 2 (Special Paper) 22 5, 2017 9 (JBE Vol. 22, No. 5, Sepember 2017) https://doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2017.22.5.541 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) (JEM) a), a), a) A Fast Decision Method of Quadtree

More information

135 Jeong Ji-yeon 심향사 극락전 협저 아미타불의 제작기법에 관한 연구 머리말 협저불상( 夾 紵 佛 像 )이라는 것은 불상을 제작하는 기법의 하나로써 삼베( 麻 ), 모시( 苧 ), 갈포( 葛 ) 등의 인피섬유( 靭 皮 纖 維 )와 칠( 漆 )을 주된 재료

135 Jeong Ji-yeon 심향사 극락전 협저 아미타불의 제작기법에 관한 연구 머리말 협저불상( 夾 紵 佛 像 )이라는 것은 불상을 제작하는 기법의 하나로써 삼베( 麻 ), 모시( 苧 ), 갈포( 葛 ) 등의 인피섬유( 靭 皮 纖 維 )와 칠( 漆 )을 주된 재료 MUNHWAJAE Korean Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies Vol. 47. No. 1, March 2014, pp.134~151. Copyright 2014, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage 심향사 극락전 협저 아미타불의 제작기법에 관한 연구 정지연 a 明 珍 素 也

More information

Analysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:21~34 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/19, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] With the development of the Internet,

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

패션 전문가 293명 대상 앙케트+전문기자단 선정 2010.1 Fashionbiz CEO Managing Director Creative Director Independent Designer

패션 전문가 293명 대상 앙케트+전문기자단 선정 2010.1 Fashionbiz CEO Managing Director Creative Director Independent Designer READY-TO-WEAR Fashionbiz 2010.1 패션 전문가 293명 대상 앙케트+전문기자단 선정 2010.1 Fashionbiz CEO Managing Director Creative Director Independent Designer READY-TO-WEAR Fashionbiz 2010.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 2010.1 Fashionbiz

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No μ μ

Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No μ μ Journal of Life Science 2011 Vol. 21. No. 8. 1120~1126 ISSN : 1225-9918 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2011.21.8.1120 μ μ μ α β Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No. 8 1121 μ μ 1122 생명과학회지 2011,

More information

<C3D6C1BEBFCFBCBA2DBDC4C7B0C0AFC5EBC7D0C8B8C1F62833322D31C8A3292E687770>

<C3D6C1BEBFCFBCBA2DBDC4C7B0C0AFC5EBC7D0C8B8C1F62833322D31C8A3292E687770> 소비자 식생활 라이프스타일이 구매에 미치는 영향 분석 김지윤 안병일 소비자 식생활 라이프스타일이 구매에 미치는 영향 분석* Effect of Consumers' Dietary Lifestyle on the Consumption Pattern of Processed Foods 김지윤** 안병일*** 6) Kim, Ji-Yoon Ahn, Byeong-Il 목 차

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 30(9),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 30(9), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2019 Sep.; 30(9), 712 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2019.30.9.712 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) MOS

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구 한지닥섬유제품의인체생리반응및쾌적성평가 임순 Evaluation of Thermal Physiological Responses and Comfort in Dox Fabric Soon Im Professor, Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University This study performed the evaluation

More information

1. KT 올레스퀘어 미디어파사드 콘텐츠 개발.hwp

1. KT 올레스퀘어 미디어파사드 콘텐츠 개발.hwp Journal of Next-generation Convergence Information Services Technology Vol.4, No.1, June (2015), pp. 1-8 차세대컨버전스정보서비스기술논문지 KT 올레스퀘어 미디어파사드 콘텐츠 개발 Media Fasade Contents Development of KT Olleh Square 김동조

More information

10 (10.1) (10.2),,

10 (10.1) (10.2),, Chapter 16 Precipitation Equilibria Copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Study on Teache Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

¨ë Áö¸®ÇÐȸÁö-¼Û°æ¾ðOK

¨ë Áö¸®ÇÐȸÁö-¼Û°æ¾ðOK Industrial and Innovation Networks of the Long-live Area of Honam Region* Sam Ock Park**Kyung Un Song***Eun Jin Jeong**** AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze industrial and innovation networks

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A S

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A S Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.461-487 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.461 * - 2008 2018 - A Study on the Change of Issues with Adolescent Problem

More information

08김현휘_ok.hwp

08김현휘_ok.hwp (Regular Paper) 21 3, 2016 5 (JBE Vol. 21, No. 3, May 2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2016.21.3.369 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a), a) An Audio Coding Technique Employing the Inter-channel

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

γ

γ 경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical

More information

한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구

한국 출산력의 저하 요인에 관한 연구 가족계획실천율 가족계획실천자 세 유배우부인 조출생률 년간 총출생아수 연앙인구수 일반출산율 년간 총출생아수 가임연령 여자연앙인구수 합계출산율 세 연령층 여성이 출산한 출생아수 세 연령층 여성의 연앙인구수 즉 합계출산율 합 6 계 출 산 율 5 4 3 2 1 1960 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

More information