대한방사선의학회지 1995; 33(4) : 였다. 응급으로복부 C T를촬영했기때문에경구조영은대부분실시하지않았고, 복부 CT전에뇨로조영술이나혈관조영술등의다른방사선학적겸사를실시한예는없었다. 복부 CT상신손상의정도는훼더리씨의분류방법을기본적으로사용하여세개의등급으
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1 대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 33(4) 신손상의 CT 분류및수술결정에있어그역할 1 이현경 윤지영 김순 이원재 2. 이성우 목 적 :CT 소견에의한신손상의등급구분이환자의혈역동학적안징성에대한예측과치료방침 의결정에도움을줄수있는지알아보기위하여본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 : 년 7월부터 1994 년 3월까지의 80개월동안 41 명의환자가본병원에내원하여신손상으로진단받았다. 이들신손상의정도를 CT 소견에따라훼더리씨의 3 단계분류법으로운류하였다 1 등급, 좌상신실질내혈종, 구역성경색과소량의피막하혈종 :2등급, 완전및불완전열상, 대량의피막하혈증과신골절 :3등굽, 분쇄신, 신경손상. 이후각등급신손상환자의혈역돔학적안정성여부, 치료밤침, 임상적예후를후향적으로운석하였다. 결 과 :CT 소견상 1 등급과 2 등굽신손상이있었던환자 34 명모두는혈역동학적으로안정하였으며 전원이보존요법만으로성공적으로치료되었다. CT 소견상 3 등급신손상이있었던환자 7 명중 6 명이 혈역동학적으로불안정하였다. 이중 IIlb등급의손상즉신경손상이있었던환자 1 명은수술전에허혈 성쇼크로사망하였다. 다른 4 명의환자에게수술을시행하여이중 1 명이사망하였다. 나머지 1 명의환 자늠의료진의수술권고에반하여퇴원하였으며, 이후추적되지않았다. CT 소견상 3등급의신손상 이있었던총 7 명의환자중단지 1 명만이혈역동학적으로안정하였으며보존적요법으로치료되었다. 결론 :CT 소견상 1 등급과 2 등급신손상이있는환자는혈역동학적으로안정할가능성이높고, 따 라서보존적치료법만이요구될가능성이높다. 반면 CT 소견상 3 등급의신손상이있는환자는혈역 동학적으로불안정할가능성이높다. 따라서이들에게는더욱주의를기울여야하며, 언제라도수술을 할수있도록대비하여야한다. 서 일반적으로신손상환자의전산화단층촬영 ( 이하 CT 라 함 ) 소견상분쇄신 (shattered kidney) 이나신경손상 (renal pedicle i 띠 ury) 이있는경우엔응급수숨을시행하나 소량의신실질내혈종, 불완전열상 ( incomplete laceration) 등에서는보존적치료방법으로치료가가능한것 으로알려져있다 (1-4). 그러나신골절 (renal fracture) 이나완전열상 (comp lete 료응 - laceration) 등에서는아직까지 치료방법에있어연구자들간에이견이있다 (1-4). 저자 들은 CT 상신손상이있었던 40 명의환자들에서많이사 용되는훼더리씨 (Fede r!e) 분류법으로신손상의정도를 분류하고 (1, 2) 그분류에따른각등급의치료방법및예 후를비교함으로써훼더리씨분류방법이치료방법의결 1 동국대학교의과대학진단방사선과학교실 2 삼성의료원영상의학과 이논문은 1995 년 3 월 15 일접수하여 1995 년 10 월 4 일에채택되었음 정에효과적인지알아보았다. 특히치료방법에이견이있는신골절, 완전열상환자를보존적으로치료한경우그예후를주의하여조사하였다. 대상및방법 1 987년 7월부터 1 994년 3월까지 80개월간동국대학병원을내원하여복부 CT를시행한환자 655명을후향적으로분석하여복부외상의병력이확실하고복부 CT상신손상이있는환자 41 명중추적되지않는 l명을제외한 40 명을대상으로하였다. 40명중 1 명은양측신이모두손상을받아실질적으로연구대상이된신은 41 예였다대상환자는남자 32 명, 여자 8명이며나이는 5세에서 80세 ( 평균 35세 ) 까지였고, 모든환자가사고당일복부 CT를시행하였다. 신손상의원인은교통사고 24 명, 낙하사고 8 명, 구타사고 7 명, 창상이 1명이였다. 사용한 CT 기기는 HITACHI CT-W400(Tokyo, Ja pan) 이며대부분의환자에서경정맥조영증강후횡격막하부에서치골결합부까지 lo mm 두께로연속촬영을하 - 609
2 대한방사선의학회지 1995; 33(4) : 였다. 응급으로복부 C T를촬영했기때문에경구조영은대부분실시하지않았고, 복부 CT전에뇨로조영술이나혈관조영술등의다른방사선학적겸사를실시한예는없었다. 복부 CT상신손상의정도는훼더리씨의분류방법을기본적으로사용하여세개의등급으로분류하였고 I 등급에는신좌상, 신실질내혈종, 구역성경색, 소량의피막하혈종이해당하고 IIa등급에는대량의피막하혈종, 불완전열상이해당되고 IIb등급에는완전열상, 신골절이해당된다. lli a등급에는분쇄신, IlI b 에는신경손상이해당된다. 그외복부 CT상다른장기의손상유무, 손상신의위치, 늑골이나요추횡돌기골절의유무를보았다. 모든환자의임상기록을검토하여외상의원인, 생체정후 (v ital sign), 수술여부와수술방법, 치료후의경과등을살펴보았으며각등급에따른수술률을비교하였다. 결복부 CT상신손상의정도는 I 등급이 1 5예 ( 37% ) (Fig. 1), IIa등급이 11 예 ( 27% )(Fig. 2, 3 ) 11 b등급이 8예 (1 9%)(Fig. 4, 5 ), lli a등급이 6 예 (1 5% ) (Fig. 6), IlI b등급이 l 예 ( 2%)(F ig. 7) 였다. 손상신의위치는우측이 20명, 좌측이 1 9명, 양측이 1 명으로총 40명의환자, 손상신은 41 예였다. 동반된장기의손상은골반또는늑골골절이있는경우가 11 예로가장많았고, 비장이나뇌신경조직손상이있는경우가각각 6예, 요근혈종 5예, 훼장및간장손상과요추횡돌기골절이있는경우가각 4 예, 횡격막또는장파열이있는경우가각 3예의순이었다. 신손상의등급과생체징후로알수있는환자의혈역동학적안정여부와그치료방법에대한결과는 Table 1 에요약되어있다. 수술은 4 1 예중 1 3예에서시행하였으나이 Fig. 1. Grade 1 Renal blunt injury. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a small hypodense area 01 intrarenal hematoma Fig. 3. Grade II a Renal blunt i 미 ury. Contrast-enhanced CT in the left kidney(arrows). scan shows a incomplete laceration in the right kidney Fig. 2. Grade II a Renal blunt injury. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a large subcapsular hematoma in the right kid- ney. Th e peripheral area shows lower attenuation. Fig. 4. Grade 0 b Renal blunt injury. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows extravasati on 01 con trast media (arrows) in the right kidney suggesting complete laceration
3 이현경외 : 신손상으 I CT분류및수술결정에있어그역할 a Fig. 5. Grade II b Renal blunt injury a. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a renal Iracture with the perirenal hematoma in the right kidney b. CT scan after 1 month shows a contracted scar. The perirenal hematoma has disappeared b Fig. 6. Grade m a Renal blunt trauma. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows multiple Iragmentation 01 the left kidney with perirenal hematoma. This kidney was totally nephrectomized Fig. 7. Grade illb renal blunt trauma. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows no enhancement 01 the both kidneys suggesting 01 renal pedicle injury, contrary to enhanced aorta 중신손상이직접원인이되어수술한경우는 IIl a 등급의 4 예였고모두수축기혈압이 90 mrnhg 이하로혈역동학적으 로불안정한상태였다. 나머지 9예는 1, II 등급이나신창 이외의장기손상으로인해개복숨을시행한경우였다. 즉 수술여부와관계없이 1, II 등급환자 3 4 명의손상된신장 은전례에서보존적방법에의하여성공적으로치료되었 다. IIl a 등급 6 예중혈역동학적으로불안정한 4 예에서수술 을시행하였고, 6예중 1 예는환자가수술을거부하였고이 후추적이되지않아통계에서제외시켰다. 혈역동학적으 로안정한환자 1 명은보존적방법으로성공적으로치료되 었다. 수숨을시행한 4 예중 1 예는수술 l 주후에사망하였 다. IIl b 등급의 1 명은신혈관손상에의한허혈성쇼크로응 급실에서사망하였다. 수술방법은 1 예에서신장수복술 (r e n a l r e p a ir ) 을시행 하였고나머지 3 예에선모두신적출술 (total n ephrectomy ) 을시행하였다. 보존적방법으로치료를받은 35 예모 두에서합병증이나지연수술없이완치되어퇴원하였다. 요약하면전체신손상환자중추적되지 않았던 l 예를 제외한 4 0 예에서 35 예 ( 8 7.5% ) 가보존적방법만으로치료 가가능하였는데그중에는 1, II 등급의전부가포함되어 있다. 수솔이필요했던 4 예 (IIl a) 나치료전에사망한 1 예 (IIl b) 는모두 m 등급이었다. 고 신손상은전체복부손상의 10% 에해당하며 10-20% 에서다른장기의손상을동반하는것으로알려져있다 (5). 신손상환자의치료방향을결정하기위해먼저신 찰 r o
4 대한방사선의학회지 1995; 33(4) : Table 1. Management of the Patients with Renal Injuries According to CT Classification by Federle No.of Vital Sign Management Operation Rate Grade Patients S US Operative Conservative (% ) --qij nu nu -- co ιι nu nu, O Ila l 8 nnu nu 0 Ilb 6 4l A4l %* 야IlIa A 1 nu, 4l nu 띠nu Illb * One patient among six patients who were graded as IIla on CT was discharged against medical advice and not followed, resulting in 5 patients as a total of grade Illa S;stable US ;unstable 손상의정도를정확히분류하는것이중요한데이때복부 CT가가장유용한검사로이용되고있다 (1, 2, 6-13). 현재신손상의분류는복부 CT 소견에따라현재훼더리씨의분류방법을주로사용하고있다 (1, 2, 7, 9). 각신손상의 CT소견을여러문헌에서종합하면다음과같다 : I 등급에속하는신좌상 ( cont usion) 은신실질의부종에의해조영증강물질의배설이늦게나타나나 1주이내함병증없이정상으로되돌아오는경우이고신실질내혈종 (intrarenal hematoma) 은조영증강후 CT상국소저음영으로보이게되고 (Fig. 1), 구역성경색 (segmental infarction) 의경우는쐐기모양의저음영으로나타나기때문에혈종과감별이가능하다. 피막하혈종 (subcapsular hematoma) 은신피막내에국한되어나타난다. lla 등급에속하는대량의피막하혈종 (Fig. 2) 은신실질을눌러고혈압을일으킬수있고이러한경우를파제신 (Page kidney) 이라한다. 불완전열상 (Fig. 3) 은뇨집관계 ( collect i ng system) 까지침범하지않는열상을말한다. llb에속하는완전열상 (Fig. 4) 은뇨집관계까지침범하는열상을말한다. 이때에는뇨의관외유출 (extravasation) 을보일수있다. 신골절 (Fig.5a) 은실질이 2개의절편으로나누어지는경우를말한다. III a 등급에속하는분쇄신 (Fig. 6) 은신이여러개의절편으로나누어지는경우를말한다. 가장심한손상인신경손상 (Fig. 7) 은 IlI b등급으로주로신동맥손상을의미하며신동맥이막히는경우와찢어지는경우가있는데특히신동맥이찢어진경우에는사망율이높다 (4). 저자들의경우에있어서도신경손상이있었던 m 등급환자는내원당일사망하였다. I 등급은비교적경미한손상으로 I등급신손상환자의경우는보존적방법으로치료가가능한것으로알려져있 다 (1, 3, 6, 11, 14). 그러나중간정도의손상인 R 등급은 그치료방법에있어서연구자들간에이견이있어일부에서는섬한출혈이나임상적악화 ( deterioration) 의소견이없는한보존적치료가좋다고하고다른일부에서는응급수술을시행하는것이합병증을피할수있어더좋다고한다 (1, 4, 15). 본연구에셔는 CT상 I 등급과 n 등급손상시는 CT 소견과환자상태를동시에관찰하여전례에서보존적방법으로성공적인치료가가능하였다.IlI등급의치 료는 Cass (16) 등은혈관외유출이동반된신손상에서임상적으로안정된환자는보존척요법으로, 안정되지않은환자는수술을권유하였으며, Smith(17) 등은신동맥폐쇄시되도록빨리맥관재생 (revascularization) 을할것을권유하고있다. Gay(5) 등은혈역동학적안정여부로치료방법을분류하고있다. 본연구의결과를검토하여보면, 혈역동학적으로안정된 IlI a 등급 1예는보존적요법으로치료가되었고, 혈역동학적으로불안정한 4예는수술을하였다. 복부 CT외에다른방사션학적검사도이용될수있지만몇가지제약점이있다. 과거에많이이용되였던뇨로조영술이나핵의학검사는버특칭적이어서정확도가 70-85% 정도에불과하며타장기의동반된손상을볼수없는단점이있다 (1, 2, 8, 11, 13). 혈관조영술은신혈관손상을잘볼수있지만시간이많이걸리며침습적인검사이어서중한환자에서는오히려유병율이증가될수있고다발성손상인경우엔많은장기의혈관들을모두검사해야하는어려움이있다 (9, 11, 18). 복부초음파검사는혈종의유무를보는데에는좋으나열상이나경색, 뇨집관계의손상을보는데에는복부 CT보다못한것으로알려져있다 ( 19). 본연구에서는뇨로조영술이나혈관조영술을시행한예는없으며복부 CT를우선적으로시행하였다. 또복부 CT는신손상의추적검사에도유용하다. 신실질의손상부위는수축된반흔 (contracted scar)(fig. 5b) 으로남고나머지는정상기능을가지고있어구분이되어보이며혈종의경우에도크기가작아지면서주변부부터점차저농도로바뀌는것을알수있다 (1 2, 15, 19). 이러한변화는 Schaner 등의연구에의하면초기에고농도로보이던급성출혈이시간이경과함에따라혈종내액화와응고된혈종의용해가생겨나타나는결과라고한다 (2이. 본연구에서도 6예에서복부 CT로추적검사를하였는데혈종의농도가주변부부터저농도로바뀌는것을볼수있었다 (Fig.2). 복부 CT로신손상여부판독시주의해야할사항은환자의호흡운동에의해야기되는인공음영이신장주위에저음영으로나타날수있어피막하혈종과감별이요구되며이런경우엔전복벽에서도비슷한현상으로저음영이 - 612
5 이현경외 신손상으 I CT 분류및수술걸정에있어그역할 나타나는것으로감별이가능하다. 뇨로조영제에의한인 공음영도조영제의관외유출과비슷한모양으로나타날 수있어감별이요구되며이때는 2 4 시간후추척검사를실시하여정상소견을보이는것을확인하여야한다 ( 7, 13, 18). 본연구결과를종합하면 1, 1I 등급의신손상은보존적 치료를 m 등급이상의신손상은대부분에서수술적치료 를시행하였다. 특히 H 등급으로구분되는완전열상이나 신골절등의비교적심한손상도보존적치료만으로성공 적으로치료되었다. 또보존적치료를하는경우에 CT 로 추적검사를하여경과를판단하는데도움이되었다. 결론 적으로신손상의치료는혈역동학적으로안정한환자에 서는보존적요법을우선적으로하는경향을보이지만 CT 상분쇄신이나신경손상이보이는 m 등급의경우는수술 요법의필요성이높았던점으로미루어보아 CT 소견이혈 역통학적안정여부와밀접한관련이있으므로 m 등급이 상의손상에선언제라도수술을할수있도록대비하여야 한다. ~~ I그 고 헌 81; Fanney DR. Casillas J, Murphy BJ. CT in the diagnosis 01 renal trauma. RadioGraphics 1990 ; 10: Wollman NT, Bechtold RE, Scharling ES, Meredith Jw. Blunt upper abdominal trauma evaluation by CT. AJR 1992 ; 158 : 김옥배, 김홍, 전석길, 서수지신손상의전산화단층촬영의의의 대한방사선의학회지 1986 ; 22 : Steinberg DL, Jeffrey RB, Federle MP, McAninch JW. The computed tomography appearance 01 renal pedicle injury. J Urol 1984 ; 632 : Bretan PN, Jr., McAninch JW, Federle MP, Jettery RB. Computed Tomographic staging 01 renal trauma ; 85 consecutive cases. J U rol 1986 ; 136 : Erturk E, Sheinleld J, Dimarco PL, Cockett JK. Renal trauma Evaluation by computed tomography. J Urol 1985 ; 133: McAninch JW, Federle MP. Evaluation 01 renal injuries with computerized tomography. J Uro/1981 ; 128 : Takenawa J, Taki Y, Hayashi T, Hiura fv1, : Ry 이 i 0, Kiriyama T. A study cases 01 renal injury. Hinyokika 1989 ; 35 : Yale-Loehr AJ, Kramer SS, Quintan DM, 'La France MD, Mitchell SE, Gearhart JP. CT 01 severe renal trauma in children evaluation and course 01 healing with conservative therapy AJR 1989 ; 152 : Cass AS, Lu xenberg M, Gleich P, Smith C. Long term results 1. Federle MP, Kaiser JA, McAninch JW Jettrey RB, Mall Jc. 01 conservative and surgical management 01 blunt renal la- The role 01 computed tom ograpghy in renal trauma. Radio- cerations. British Journal of Urology ; 59 : logy 1981 ;141 : Smith SD, Gardner MJ, Rowe MI. Renal artery occlusion in 2. Federle MP, Crass RA, Jettrey RB, Trunkey DD. C πlputed pediatric blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma 1993 ; 35 : 861- tomogrphy in blunt abdominal trauma. Arch Surg 1982 ; 117 : Sander CM, Toombs BD. Computed tomographic evaluati on 3. Bandhau er K, Hassler H, Injuries 01 urogenital system. Uro- 01 blunt renal i 미 uries. Radiology : loge[ A11990 ; 29 : 오주형, 정규순, 이동호, 고영태, 잉재훈신손상의초음파검사및 4. Cass AS, M.B., B.S. Immediate Radiologic and Surgical Man- 전산화단층찰영소견상비교분석대한방사선의학회지 1989 ;25 agement 01 Renal 1 미 uries. JTrauma 1982 ; 22 : : Gay SB, Sistro CL. Computed tomographic evaluation 01 blunt 20. Schaner EG, Balow JE, Doppman JL. Computed tomography ab dominal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 1992 ; 30 : 367-3e8 6. Toombs BD Lester RG, Menacheam YB, Sandler CM. Com- AJR 1977 ; 129 : puted tomography in blunt trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 19 in the diagnosis 01 subcapsular and perirenal hematoma
6 대한방사선의학회지 1995: 33(4) : Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 1995 : 33(4): CT Classification of Renal Injury and Its Role in Decision on Operation' Hyeon Kyeong Lee, M.D., Jee Yeong Yun, M.D., Soon Kim, M.D., Won Jae Lee, M.D. 2, Sung WOO Lee, M.D., 1 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Pohang Hospital, Dongguk University, College of Medicine 2 Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Samsung Medical Center Purpose: This study was performed to examine if CT classification of renal blunt injury could aid in expectation of hemodynamic stability and clinical decision of whether to intervene surgically Materials and Methods: Over a 80-month period between J 비 Y 1987 and March 1994, 41 patients were admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of renal blunt injury. The renal blunt i 미 uries were classified on Federle' s three-point scale CT classification methods: grade 1, contusion, intrarenal hematoma, segmental infarction, and small subcapsular hematoma ; grade 11 complete or incomplete laceration, large subcapsular hematoma, and renal fracture; grade 111, shattered kidney and renal pedicle injury. Hemodynamic stability, treatment method and clinical outcome of the patients with different CT grade were analyzed retrospectively. Results: AII 34 patients with grade 1 or 11 CT findings were hemodynamically stable and were successfully managed with conservative method. Among 7 patients with grade 111 CT findings, 6 patients were hemodynamically unstable. Out of the 6, One patient with grade IIlb or renal pedicle injury was expired before surgical intervention due to ischemic shock. Four patients were intervened surgically with one failure to thrive. The remaining one patient refused to be intervened surgically, and was discharged against medical advice. Only one out of 7 patients was hemodynamically stable and was managed conservatively. Conclusion : The patients with grade 1 or 11 CT findings are prone to be hemodynamically stable and to be managed with conservative method. But the patients with grade 111 CT findings are more likely to be hemodynamically unstable. Therefore patients with grade 111 CT findings should be closely monitored and be prepared for the possibility of immediate surgical intervention Index Words: Kidney, injuries Kidney, CT Address r eprint requests to : Hyeon Kyeong Lee, M.D., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Pohang Hospital, D ongguk University, College of Medicine # 646-1, Juk-Do 2 강 ong, Pohang, KyeongBuk, Korea. Tel Fax 一 614
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