Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography Vol. 32, No. 5, 551-560, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.7848/ksgpc.2014.32.5.551 ISSN 1598-4850(Print) ISSN 2288-260X(Online) Original article 저고도근접항공영상을이용한현장정보관리 Management of Construction Fields Information Using Low Altitude Close-range Aerial Images 조영선 1) 임노열 2) 정우수 3) 정성혁 3) 최석근 3) Cho, Young Sun ^ Lim, No Yeol ^ Joung, Woo Su ^ Jung, Sung Heuk ^ Choi, Seok Keun Abstract Compare to other industrial sites, the civil construction work not only takes longer time but also has made of complicated processes, such as the integrated management, process control, and quality control until the completion. However, it is hard to take control the construction sites, since numerous issues are always emerged. The study purposes on providing the dataset to synthetically manage and monitor the civil construction site, main design, drawings, process, construction cost, and others at real-time by using the low altitude closerange aerial images, based on UAV, and the GPS surveying method for treating the three-dimensional spatial information quickly and accurately. As a result, we could provide the latest information for the quick decisionmaking following from planning to completion of the construction, and objective site evaluation by the highresolution three-dimensional spatial information and drawings. Also, the present map, longitudinal map, and cross sectional view are developed to provide various datasets rapidly, such as earthwork volume table, specifications, and transition of ground level. Keywords : Low Altitude Close-Range Images, Digital Surface Model, Orthoimage, 3D GIS 초록,., GPS 3,,,,,,.,, 3,,,,. :,,, 3 GIS Received 2014. 10. 17, Revised 2014. 10. 21, Accepted 2014. 10. 30 1) Member, Hanmac Engineering (E-mail:hanmac65@hanmail.com) 2) Member, Chungbuk Development Corporation (E-mail:nylim019@hanmail.net) 3) Survey Design Woolim Ltd (E-mail:jos2734800@hanmail.net) 4) Corresponding Author, Member, School of Civil Engineering Chungbuk National University (E-mail:idealharry@gmail.com) 5) Member, School of Civil Engineering Chungbuk National University (E-mail:skchoi@cbnu.ac.kr) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 551
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 32, No. 5, 551-560, 2014 1. 서론.,,., BIM(Building Information Modeling) 3D GIS. 3,.. Wang et al.(2004) 3, Lin(2008) 4. Masahiko et al.(2008) CCD,, GPS, IMU, 3. Choi et al.(2011), Cho et al.(2014),. (Cho et al., 2014), 3 4,,,,,,,,.. UAV(Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle) UVS(Unmanned Vehicle Systems) UAV, UVS. 1950,,,,,,,,,, (Fonstad et al., 2013; Harwin et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2012). GPS, IMU,.,,,,.,.,, (Jung et al., 2010). 3. 3차원공간정보구축 3.1 연구대상지역. 700m 400m, Fig. 1. 2. 무인항공사진측량, GPS, IMU, FCC(Flight Control Computer),, Fig. 1. Study area 552
Management of Construction Fields Information Using Low Altitude Close-range Aerial Images 2013 3, 5 2014 12,,. 5D MarkII 2013 7 6, 2013 10 19, 2013 12 7, 2014 6 28 4. 3. 25 21. 3.2 대공표지및기준점측량 3, Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Position of control points(4th) Table 1. Result of control points surveying GCP GRS80(m) X(N) Y(E) GH(EGM2008) 1 444758.665 241843.999 86.767 4 444575.186 241726.489 88.964 7 444355.121 242193.350 86.332 9 444588.058 242304.967 84.329 Fig. 2. Control points surveying (Cho et al., 2014). Network GPS 4 21 4. 4 Fig. 3 4 Table 1. 4. 3.3 저고도항공영상취득 DSLR. Canon 5D MarkII Canon EF 24mm,.,,,, Ground Station. 7~8km/hr 3. 100m 70%, 40%, 1 (2013. 7. 6) 285, 2 (2013. 10. 19) 255, 3 (2013. 12. 7) 217, 4 (2014. 6. 28) 209. 3.4 고해상도공간정보제작 GPS 553
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 32, No. 5, 551-560, 2014. (point cloud data)., 4. 3 50points/. 3 Fig. 4 (DSM). Othoimage 1st 2st DSM 3st 4st 5st 6st Fig. 4. Orthoimage and DSM 7st 8st Table 2. Coordinates differences by photogrammetry method and GPS (unit : m) No 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Δx Δy Δz Δx Δy Δz Δx Δy Δz Δx Δy Δz gcp2-0.010-0.002 0.031 0.028 0.020-0.026 0.014-0.015-0.006-0.007-0.034-0.051 gcp3 0.020-0.012 0.008-0.025 0.046 0.020-0.022-0.014 0.033-0.025 0.020-0.049 gcp5-0.022-0.006-0.021-0.012 0.033-0.049 0.028 0.013-0.043 0.022 0.020 0.046 gcp6 0.032-0.026 0.064-0.015 0.021-0.058-0.005 0.036 0.011 0.024-0.031-0.009 gcp8-0.013 0.009 0.010 0.039 0.018 0.067-0.018 0.020-0.042-0.010-0.005-0.047 gcp10 0.015-0.011-0.019-0.014-0.037 0.036-0.015 0.029 0.007 0.029 0.014-0.024 gcp11-0.041-0.006 0.000 0.021 0.004 0.088 0.030 0.025-0.055 0.029 0.026-0.030 gcp12 0.031 0.008-0.035-0.032 0.002-0.063-0.013-0.052-0.048-0.009-0.023-0.037 gcp13-0.007 0.009-0.063-0.013 0.025-0.047 0.014 0.023-0.003-0.011 0.032 0.051 gcp14 0.025-0.005 0.040 0.014-0.025-0.043-0.014 0.051-0.014 0.012 0.025 0.011 gcp15 0.055-0.029-0.153-0.022-0.043 0.001-0.018 0.010-0.045-0.015 0.028 0.049 gcp16-0.013 0.003-0.044 0.013 0.017-0.084-0.028 0.035 0.051-0.026-0.003-0.050 gcp17-0.133 0.040 0.279 0.021-0.032 0.007 0.016 0.028-0.025 0.030 0.009 0.050 gcp18-0.028 0.036-0.037-0.021 0.027 0.039-0.001-0.025 0.046-0.020 0.020 0.045 gcp19-0.004-0.023 0.012 0.026 0.039 0.086 0.012-0.049 0.013-0.028 0.014-0.050 gcp20-0.025-0.029 0.101-0.017-0.003-0.039 0.023-0.032-0.048-0.030 0.017 0.049 gcp21-0.012-0.002 0.107-0.012 0.021 0.031-0.026-0.057-0.001-0.003-0.026-0.051 gcp22-0.007 0.010-0.051 0.000 0.010 0.048-0.011 0.021-0.003-0.006 0.012 0.051 gcp23 0.022 0.024-0.041-0.039-0.046 0.030 0.013 0.005 0.027 0.011-0.028-0.024 gcp24-0.013 0.032 0.087 0.018-0.038-0.015 0.016-0.038 0.015-0.027 0.013 0.022 gcp25-0.025 0.006 0.011 0.036 0.046-0.018 0.025 0.059-0.022 0.003 0.028-0.014 554
Management of Construction Fields Information Using Low Altitude Close-range Aerial Images 3.5 정확도분석 21 3. 21 Table 2, Fig. 5 1~4 X 2.49cm, Y 2.65cm, Z 5.19cm. 4. 시공현장정보구축 4,,,,, ( ), ( ),. Geo-TIFF, Shape, DXF. 4.1 등고선 1~4 50cm. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Accuracy of check points 4.2 단면도 Fig. 7 Contour map 1st 2st 3st 4st Contour map and orthoimage 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Fig. 6. Contour map and overlay orthoimage 555
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 32, No. 5, 551-560, 2014 Fig. 8~11. Fig. 10. Cross sectional detail view(a point) Fig. 7. Profile plan map Fig. 11. Cross sectional detail view(b point) Fig. 8. Longitudinal profile map(result of 1st~4th) 4.3 지반고분석 No. 6 A, B Table 3. A 66.00m, 62.72m 1 65.60m, 2 64.47m, 3 63.87m, 4 63.27m. Fig. 9. Drawing of cross section 4.4 토적표., 1~4 ( ) ( ) Table 4, Table 5. 1 ~4. 556
Management of Construction Fields Information Using Low Altitude Close-range Aerial Images Location Class GH ΔH Note A B Table 3. Point of ground level transition(no. 6) A-base 62.74 - planning level A-0 66.00 3.26 ground level A-1 65.60 2.86 1st A-2 64.47 1.73 2nd A-3 63.87 1.13 3rd A-4 63.27 0.53 4th B-base 60.40 - planning level B-0 57.40-3.00 ground level B-1 58.59-1.81 1st B-2 59.32-1.08 2nd B-3 60.14-0.26 3rd B-4 59.71-0.69 4th 4.5 공정율분석 Table 6, Fig. 12. 1, 2 28.0%, 20.9% 3 125.6%, 93.8%., Table 7, Fig. 13. 1~4. Table 4. Table of earthwork(c.a) ID Dist. (m) Plan 1st 2nd 3rd 4th NO.0 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.24 0.08 NO.1 20.0 0.69 9.60 1.24 15.10 6.87 71.00 4.04 42.80 12.31 123.90 NO.2 20.0 7.42 81.10 22.72 239.60 43.10 499.70 36.62 406.60 45.32 576.30 NO.3 20.0 56.42 638.40 67.88 906.00 72.87 1,159.70 55.81 924.30 48.82 941.40 NO.4 20.0 92.00 1,484.20 84.69 1,525.70 125.63 1,985.00 68.35 1,241.60 35.37 841.90 NO.5 20.0 71.97 1,639.70 70.94 1,556.30 89.03 2,146.60 26.20 945.50 9.97 453.40 NO.6 20.0 138.89 2,108.60 122.53 1,934.70 123.13 2,121.60 94.81 1,210.10 31.18 411.50 NO.7 20.0 178.85 3,177.40 153.23 2,757.60 3.36 1,264.90 3.65 984.60 19.87 510.50 NO.8 20.0 261.35 4,402.00 237.43 3,906.60 176.23 1,795.90 6.18 98.30 3.64 235.10 NO.9 20.0 307.22 5,685.70 200.21 4,376,40 228.24 4,044.70 162.04 1,682.20 36.53 401.70 NO.10 20.0 105.23 4,124.50 61.66 2,618.70 144.72 3,729.60 110.80 2,728.40 60.93 974.60 NO.11 20.0 94.51 1,997.40 85.39 1,470.50 39.82 1,845.40 101.26 2,120.60 27.46 883.90 NO.12 20.0 93.50 1,880.10 79.84 1,652.30 63.69 1,035.10 34.63 1,358.90 18.24 457.00 NO.13 20.0 152.18 2,456.80 161.75 2,415.90 129.87 1,935.60 66.81 1,014.40 32.61 508.50 NO.14 20.0 111.21 2,633.90 106.51 2,682.60 128.35 2,582.20 78.89 1,457.00 76.42 1,090.30 NO.15 20.0 68.99 1,802.00 91.02 1,975.30 131.00 2,593.50 71.93 1,508.20 42.42 1,188.40 NO.16 20.0 23.93 929.20 71.03 1,620.50 156.81 2,878.10 99.09 1,710.20 19.55 619.70 NO.17 20.0 7.80 317.30 58.32 1,293.50 5.91 1,627.20 12.63 1,117.20 6.19 257.40 NO.18 20.0 30.13 379.30 196.98 2,553.00 154.67 1,605.80 138.46 1,510.90 38.76 449.50 Total 360.0 35,747.20 35,500.30 34,921.60 22,061.80 10,925.00 557
Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 32, No. 5, 551-560, 2014 ID Dist. (m) Table 5. Table of earthwork(b.a) Plan 1st 2nd 3rd 4th NO.0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 NO.1 20.0 135.51 1,355.30 130.02 1,300.40 23.40 234.20 30.27 302.90 33.33 333.60 NO.2 20.0 200.21 3,357.20 259.83 3,898.50 66.51 899.10 26.86 571.30 6.31 396.40 NO.3 20.0 188.30 3,885.10 160.62 4,204.50 85.89 1,524.00 90.27 1,171.30 36.26 425.70 NO.4 20.0 338.90 5,272.00 322.63 4,832.50 164.05 2,499.40 104.59 1,948.60 63.39 996.50 NO.5 20.0 421.16 7,600.60 410.80 7,334.30 120.50 2,845.50 131.80 2,363.90 55.43 1,188.20 NO.6 20.0 396.30 8,174.60 302.78 7,135.80 145.62 2,661.20 84.44 2,162.40 73.50 1,289.30 NO.7 20.0 254.82 6,511.20 217.10 5,198.80 223.92 3,695.40 145.06 2,295.00 78.02 1,515.20 NO.8 20.0 97.24 3,520.60 19.12 2,362.20 47.80 2,717.20 64.30 2,093.60 32.55 1,105.70 NO.9 20.0 92.09 1,893.30 76.97 960.90 58.91 1,067.10 38.41 1,027.10 14.80 473.50 NO.10 20.0 78.68 1,707.68 20.99 979.60 3.76 626.70 35.64 740.50 0.46 152.60 NO.11 20.0 150.03 2,287.08 52.99 739.80 56.16 599.20 19.23 548.70 15.30 157.60 NO.12 20.0 121.37 2,714.00 36.83 898.20 12.65 688.10 29.13 483.60 18.97 342.70 NO.13 20.0 72.74 1,941.10 21.90 587.30 37.65 503.00 94.17 1,233.00 29.51 484.80 NO.14 20.0 70.48 1,432.20 38.20 601.00 69.20 1,068.50 111.79 2,059.60 34.88 643.90 NO.15 20.0 81.68 1,521.60 26.11 643.10 39.90 1,091.00 92.29 2,040.80 2.97 378.50 NO.16 20.0 110.49 1,921.70 17.36 434.70 2.15 420.50 3.72 960.10 19.37 223.40 NO.17 20.0 162.23 2,727.20 5.27 226.30 34.70 368.50 29.90 336.20 15.86 352.30 NO.18 20.0 33.44 1,956.70 4.32 95.90 0.55 352.50 1.46 313.60 10.74 266.00 Total 360.0 59,779.16 42,433.80 23,861.10 22,652.20 10,725.90 Class 1st 2rd 3nd 4th Ratio of planning 2.5% 11.0% 30.5% 74.0% Ratio of progress 0.7% 2.3% 38.3% 69.4% Ratio of progress against plan Table 6. Progress against plan(c.a) 28.0% 20.9% 125.6% 93.8% Table 7. Progress against plan(b.a) Class 1st 2rd 3nd 4th Ratio of planning 25.0% 55.0% 66.5% 85.0% Ratio of progress 29.0% 60.1% 62.1% 82.1% Ratio of progress against plan 116.0% 109.3% 93.4% 96.6% Fig. 12. Ratio of plan preparation process (cutting the ground) Fig. 13. Ratio of plan preparation process (banking the ground) 558
Management of Construction Fields Information Using Low Altitude Close-range Aerial Images Table 8. Earthwork calculation statement(d.p : Dump truck, B.H : Backhoe) Class No. Standard Quantity Unit Total Labor Material Cost Expenses Price Amount Price Amount Price Amount Price Amount Plan 1st 2re 3nd 4th 259,557,386 127,156,954 85,100,891 47,299,541 C.A B.H 0.7m3 35,747 2,607 93,192,429 2,027 72,459,169 302 10,795,594 278 9,937,666 B.A D.P 15ton B.H 0.7m3 59,779 2,783 166,364,957 915 54,697,785 1,243 74,305,297 625 37,361,875 210,639,539 110,784,695 63,465,219 36,389,625 C.A B.H 0.7m3 35,500 2,607 92,548,500 2,027 71,958,500 302 10,721,000 278 9,869,000 B.A D.P 15ton B.H 0.7m3 42,433 2,783 118,091,039 915 38,826,195 1,243 52,744,219 625 26,520,625 157,444,210 92,617,682 40,205,365 24,621,163 C.A B.H 0.7m3 34,921 2,607 91,039,047 2,027 70,784,867 302 10,546,142 278 9,708,038 B.A D.P 15ton B.H 0.7m3 23,861 2,783 66,405,163 915 21,832,815 1,243 29,659,223 625 14,913,125 120,553,543 65,444,227 34,818,858 20,290,458 C.A B.H 0.7m3 22,061 2,607 57,513,027 2,027 44,717,647 302 6,662,422 278 6,132,958 B.A D.P 15ton B.H 0.7m3 22,652 2,783 63,040,516 915 20,726,580 1,243 28,156,436 625 14,157,500 58,329,150 31,958,350 16,630,525 9,740,275 C.A B.H 0.7m3 10,925 2,607 28,481,475 2,027 22,144,975 302 3,299,350 278 3,037,150 B.A D.P 15ton B.H 0.7m3 10,725 2,783 29,847,675 915 9,813,375 1,243 13,331,175 625 6,703,125 4.6 토공내역서산출.,,, Table 8.. 4.7 공정율 ( 공사비 ) 분석 Table 9, Fig. 14 ( ). 1 ~3 125.3%, 112.3%, 107.2% 4 95.7% Table 9. Progress analysis(construction expenses) Class 1st 2rd 3nd 4th Ratio of planning 15.0% 35.0% 50.0% 81.0% Ratio of progress 18.8% 39.3% 53.6% 77.5% Ratio of progress against plan 125.3% 112.3% 107.2% 95.7% Fig. 14. Ratio of plan preparation process (construction expenses) 5. 결론, 559
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