4-1- 33. 10
4-1- 34. 10
4-1- 35. 10
4-1- 36. 10
I,,, 10. 10 3 5,., 1992 5. 4-1- 37 40 10. 4-1- 41 10 1991,,, 10 1995, 1997. 4-1-37. 10 4-1-38. 10
4-1-39. 10 4-1-40. 10 4-1- 20 10,,,..,.,,. 4-1-20. 10 ( : m/ sec) 7.8 6.4 6.1 6.5 6.7 10.6 8.7 8.3 8.9 9.13 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.7 7.3 5.5 5.4 5.8 6.0
4-1-41. 10 J 10 4-1- 42 10., 3, 4 I 3, 4., 2,000. 4-1- 42. 10 4-1- 21,,. 4-1- 43 46 10 4-1- 47,,.. 4-1-21. 10
( : ) 4809 4017 3315 3900 16041 7062 5697 5205 6294 24258 5148 4245 3612 4071 17076 3603 2958 2412 2772 11745 4-1-43. 10 4-1-44. 10
4-1-45. 10 4-1-46. 10 4-1-47. 10
5) K 10 ( ), 4-1- 48 10. 4 61%, 7 79% 6 8 73% 77%. 4 55%, 7.,,.. 58%. 4-1-22. 10 ( : %) 64 76 70 64 68.50 58 74 64 59 63.75 66 79 71 68 71.00 61 74 72 68 68.75, 7 82%,. 4-1- 49 10. 4-1-48. 10
4-1- 49. 10 6) ( ),. 10 11km. L 10,. 16km. 4-1- 50 1993 1992, 1988. 4-1- 50. 10
4-1-23. 10 ( : m) 11885 11721 12451 12089 12037 11490 10958 12356 10646 11363 15495 13466 16231 15801 15248 14422 13027 13445 13573 13617 7) ( ) 10, ov ercast 10, 0. 10 ( M ) 3, 7 6. 4-1- 51, 54 10,. 1989,. 4-1- 55, 1990 4. 4-1- 51. 10
4-1- 52. 10 4-1- 53. 10 4-1- 54. 10
4-1- 55. 10 8) ISC U.S. EPA 4-1- 24, 4-1- 25., IS C UAM U.S. EPA PCRAMMET.,, ( ) (C. Eagleman, 1998), ( ). = 2 (d n - 1)/ 365 [ 29] dn 1 1 1 2 28 12 31 365, ( ) [ 30]. = (0.006918-0.399912 cos +0.070257 sin - 0.006758 cos 2 +0.000907 sin 2 [ 30] - 0.002697 cos 3 +0.00148 sin 3 )(180/ ) ( ) [ 31].
sin = sin sin + cos cos cos [ 3 1] { : : 4/ 10 4/ 10. 5/ 10, 5/ 10. 7000 2. 7000 16000 1. 10/ 10 1. 1 1.. 4-1- 25 m/ sec,,,. 10 N, 4-1- 56 59. N, D,, F G. N - 5 8,., D F. N - 9 12 F,, G D. N - 13 16 F G. 4-1- 56 59 10 F G, B. 4-1-24. (a) 0 < a < 15 1 15 < a <35 2 35 < a <60 3 60 < a 4
4-1-25. (knots ) 5/ 10 Cloud 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 2 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 3 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 4 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 5 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 8 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 9 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 10 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 11 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 12 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 <5/ 10 Cloud 4-1- 56. 10
4-1- 57. 10 4-1- 58. 10
4-1- 59. 10, 1 6,. P CRAMMET 7(G) 6(F ) G F, A :6.95, B :2.82, C:1.77, D :1.0, E :0.72, F :0.46, G:0.29. 4-1- 26. 4-1- 26 2, 5., 5, 6, 4, 5,.
4-1-26. 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 1988 1362.2 3998.8 3152.4 1080.0 277.9 1793.5 11664.8 1989 1570.7 3964.9 3155.9 1066.0 262.8 1800.4 11820.8 1990 1077.3 3556.0 3205.5 1350.0 285.1 1742.0 11215.9 199 1 1174.5 3770.3 3228.5 1182.0 270.0 1781.6 11406.9 1992 1028.6 3663.2 3334.7 1180.0 306.7 1758.6 11271.8 1993 1167.6 3886.0 3325.8 1069.0 302.4 1769.2 11520.0 1994 1390.0 4187.7 3304.6 921.0 231.1 1824.4 11858.8 1995 1230.2 4066.4 3490.4 865.0 219.6 1839.5 11711.2 1996 1327.4 3829.6 3336.4 1022.0 305.3 1795.8 11616.6 1997 1813.9 3694.2 2823.1 1368.0 361.4 1713.0 11773.8 1314.2 3861.7 3235.7 1110.3 282.2 1781.8 11586.1
9),.(W ark and W arner, 1998) potential t emperature gradient, S odar heat flux,. Holzw orth (1972) ISC U.S. EPA,., 5,., Holzw orth,. Holzw orth (1998),, 1983 1992 10,. Holzw orth,,, 4,. 4-1- 27 Holzw orth 1983 1992 10 1988 1997. 6,, 9 3, (1998) 9. 4-1- 27 1988 1997 10 (1998) 1983 1992. 4-1-27. (1998) ( : m)
Me an S.D. Me an S.D. 1 994 436 875 383 2 1167 437 1091 426 3 1385 613 1281 544 4 1461 555 1437 561 5 1388 559 1251 505 6 1319 472 1112 443 7 1092 499 931 374 8 1252 467 1059 397 9 1240 538 1119 450 10 1367 434 1246 514 11 1157 438 984 426 12 938 455 873 370 1230 492 1112 449 :,, - 1983-1992 10,,,, 14(4), 1998
,. 6 9 profile,. 4-1- 60 10,, Holzworth. 4-1- 61 Utah Salt Lake City 1987 91 5 U.S. EPA,. 6, 7, 8,. 4-1- 60. 10
4-1- 61. Salt Lake City (1987 1991 ) Abreton (1998), Sodar.,. (H n ) [ 32], Yu(1978) Arya(1981). H n = C Uk ln ( z z 0 ) f [ 32] H n : (m ) U : z (m/ s ) z 0 : ( 100cm ; W ierig a, 1980) z : 1060cm ( ) f : Coriolis p aram eter C : (0.185; P late, 1971; B enk ly, 1970) k : V on K arm an (0.35) (Hm a x ) [ 33].
H m ax = ( H 2 n + H ) [ 33] [ 33] H n [ 32], Surface heat flux H [ 34] (Farmer, 1984). H = (1.0 - r )R n 1+ 1 B 0 [ 34] [ 34] r (albedo) 4-1- 28, B 0 Bowen ratio 4-1- 29. R n (net radiation) [ 35]. R n I n - 100 [ 35] [ 35] I n [ 36]. I n = I 0 C n I 0 = a 1 sin +a 2 [ 36] [ 37] I n : (I n tens ity ~of~incom ing ~rad iation ) I 0 : C n : a 1, a 2 : 990, - 30 : Cn 4-1- 30, [ 30] [ 31] (Eagleman, 1998)..
4-1-28. Albedo 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.40 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.30 0.14 0.20 0.18 0.60 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.60 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.35 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.45 : An Introduction to Solar Radiation. Academic Press, New York., Iqbal M., 1983 4-1-29. Bowen ratio 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.7 0.3 0.9 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.5 0.4 0.8 1 1.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 : U.S. EPA, 1995 Benkley Schulman(1979). Lena Desiato(1999) SODAR RASS, U *, L(Monin- obukhov length) algorithm Benkley Shulman. (Hm in )., u. H m in = 125u [ 38]
4-1-30. N(knots) Cn 0 1.000 1 0.832 2 0.757 3 0.710 4 0.673 5 0.626 6 0.551 7 0.421 8 0.215 : A comparison of two methods of estimating stability category and boundary layer depth using routine surface observations. Special Investigation s T echnical Note no. 3, Meteorological office Bracknell, F armer S.F.G.,1984 10,. 70m, Lena Desiato (1999) 50m, Arya(1981) 85m. 4-1- 31, 100m 1000m 1600m. 4, 5, 6 1600m 12 950m. heat flux,,,. 4-1-31. 10 1 121 973 2 130 1182 3 129 1383 4 125 1640 5 123 1609 6 119 1650 7 125 1459 8 115 1602 9 95 1524 10 97 1482 11 123 1171 12 138 955 120 1386 ( : m)
4-1- 62 10, 10 150m 10 120m, 126m, 120m, 105m, 130m. 4-1- 62. 10 4-1- 63 10 1400m,. 10 1544m, 1571m, 1392m, 1037m.
4-1- 63. 10. PCRAMMET (U.S. EPA, 1995). ( ) ( 2 ). 4-1- 64,.,.
4-1- 64. 11) ( ) ( ),, UAM. 4-1- 65, 66 10. 10 185 /, 197. 10, 600, 550, 500.,. 4-1- 67 69, 4 5.
4-1- 65. 10 4-1- 66. 10 4-1- 67. 10
4-1- 68. 10 4-1- 69. 10 2.,,., 5 -,,,.,,, SOx, NOx, CO, HC. 1997,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
15 16.2% 75%, 6., 2 3.,.,, ( ) NOX CO.,,,., 15., 15 domain particle- in- cell method,,.,,,,. 2.1.,, particle- in- cell. Particle- in- cell Largrangian Eulerian, ( ) particle- in- cell [ 39].
n t + U n x + V n y +W n z = n (D x x x ) + n (Dy y y ) + n (D z z z ) +S [ 39] {n : U, V, W : x,y,z D x,d y,d z : x,y,z S : x, y, z [ 40] [ 42], u d = - D x n/ x n v d = - D y n/ y n w d = - D z n/ z n [ 40] [ 41] [ 42] [ 43]. D x = exp [A log x - b] [ 43] x : (m ) { A, b : (A = 1.2857,b =2.04433) ( ) [ 44] Shir Sheih. D z =k 2 z [ log (z/ z o )exp (4z/ H )] - 1 [ 44] {k : v on karm an (0.4) : z (m/ s ) H : (m ) z 0 : (m )
,.
2.2. 126 128, 37 38 176.4km 111km 15 domain 25, 22, 2km 21. domain plume domain, domain domain 25 22 21,. domain plume, 0.1.,,,, 4 9 9 12. 12 u v [ 45] 2 interpolation. [ 45] 1 interpolation. u ij = +c 1 x i +c 2 y j +c 3 x 2 i +c 4 y 2 j +c 5 x i y j +c 6 [ 45] { x i, y i : c 1 c 6 : leas t - s quare,, 4. 4-1- 70,.. 4-1- 71 1997,,,,., 27% 14%, 12%. 1997,,,. 4-1- 72 1997,,,,,.,
.,,. 4-1- 73 1997. sine function 500m 2000m. 4-1-70. (1997 ) particle.
4-1- 71.,, (1997 )
4-1- 72. (1997 )
4-1- 73. (1997 )
50 300 1 14,400, 3km, 300m.,. 4-1- 32,,,,,. 4-1-32.,,,,,,,,,,
2.3. 1) 4-1- 74 1000m asl(abov e see lev el),,, 2 interpolation. 120. 4-1- 74 7 20 9, 4-1- 75 7 20 9 128. 4-1- 74, 75,. 4-1- 77, 78 X Y,. 0 300m 1000m 4-1- 77 127.5. 4-1- 79 126.7, 37.4 127.5, 37.5 4-1- 80 4-1- 81 X Y. 4-1- 80, 81 500 600m. 4-1- 82 4-1- 83, 4-1- 54 4-1- 84. 4-1- 84, 4-1- 82,,. 4-1- 85. 4-1- 86 88 4-1- 86 4-1- 87,, 4-1- 87 4-1- 86. 4-1- 100 4-1- 88 4-1- 86, 4-1- 87.
4-1-74. 1996 7 20
4-1-75. 1996 7 20 4-1-76.
4-1- 77. X- 4-1-78. Y- 4-1- 79. (A)
4-1- 80. X- (A) 4-1- 81. Y- (A) 4-1- 82. (B)
4-1- 83. X- (B) 4-1- 84. Y- (B) 4-1- 85.
4-1- 86. (A) 4-1- 87. (B)
4-1- 88. (C) 2) 4-1- 89 90 1996 3 4 5 1000m asl 127. 4-1- 91. 4-1- 92 93 X Y, ( ),,. 4-1- 94,. 4-1- 95 96 ( ),. 4-1- 97,. 4-1- 98. 4-1- 99 4-1- 97. 4-1- 100
. 4-1- 97 100 4-1- 100. 4-1- 89. 1996 3 4
4-1- 90. 1996 3 5 4-1- 91.
4-1- 92. X- 4-1- 93. Y- 4-1- 94. (A)
4-1- 95. X- (A) 4-1- 96. Y- (C) 4-1- 97. (A)
4-1- 98. (A) 4-1- 99. (B)
4-1- 100. (B) 3) 4-1- 101 1996 7 22. 4-1- 102,., 4-1- 71 73 4-1- 101. 4-1- 103.
4-1- 101. 1996 7 22 4-1- 102.
4-1- 103. 2.4. 1996 particle- in - cell.,,....,,,.
.,.,,,.,. 3. 3.1. 1) ( ) ( ) OECD.. ( ) ( ). 80, S O2 NOx.
: ( : ton) SO2 5 SO2 (1992). 4-1- 104. SO2 5 SO2 (ton/km 2 / yr ), 62.90,, 21.24 12.34. SO2, 1993 130 2000 300 NOx ( ). 20 47%, 2010 ( ).
SO2 NOx 4-1- 105. SO2 NOx 2), 170km, 300km. 10 48. (trajectory ), (backard) (forward) ( ),., ( ) (trajectory) 1 2 ( ).,.,,. 3.2. -, SO2, NOx., 1 1 km. ( ).
,,,, ( ) (Huebert et al.,1998). (1997) SO2 90 24 95 31 1.4. (1997) 8% 44%. (1998) SO2 70, Carmichael (1996) 92 SO2 18, 12% 2.2. (Carmichael, 1992),,.., 1/ 4.. 1) 1997 5.6, 5.4, 6.3. 1996 3 7 ph 4.0, 3 30 4.1, 1995 8 13 3.4, 7 1 3.9.. 4-1- 106.
ph (SO4-2 ) (NO3 - ) Ca +2. ph. SO2. ph ( ), ph. SO2 SO2 2 10ppb 1/ 3. 33% SO2 Rains- Asia, SO2 12 33%. SO2 1/ 3 SO2. 60% SO2. SO2 NOx 53ppb 57ppb, 54ppb, NOx ( )., 50%, 8% 30%. SO2 32 4-1- 107. SO2. 4-1-33. 14% 0% - 13% 0% 13% 1%
4-1- 107. SO2
2),, ( ) ( ), 3 6km. 2, 2 4. 3 5 4. 1. 3 6.4m/ sec. 3 28 30 4 14 22, 27 28. 9 82. 5. 5 12 8. ( ) 1989. ( ).,,,, 5 11 12,000, 11% 19%. ( ) T SP. 4-1- 34 T SP PM- 10. 4-1-34. TSP PM- 10 ( : / ) TS P 172 108 142 137 140 PM- 10 118 75 92 83 92 :, 1998.,. 3)
. O3, O3 3 4 NO O3 O3 NOx VOC O3. 1 O3., 4 5 O3 7 8. sink CO2 CO2,,,,. 3.3.. 1997 1998 (,1998). 1) SO2, NO, NOx, O3 T SP (High volume air sampler, KIMOT O) (Optical Particle Counter, RION KC- 01C).. SO2 1ppb O3 50 60ppb. 4-1- 35 SO2, NOx, O3, 6. 4-1-35.
(N) (E) SO2 (ppb) O3 (ppb) NOx (ppb) (m) '98.11.7 14:34-16:59 '98.11.8 11:10-12 :07 '98.11.8 15:15-16:15 '98.11.9 14:32-16:17 '98.11.10 14:3 1-16:05 S 1 37.0 ->36.0 126.0->125.0 0.79 0.5 54.4 2.6 0.59 0.06 1000 S2 36.0 ->37.0 125.0 1.30 0.27 51.2 1.1 0.60 0.08 1000 S3 37.0 125.0->126.0 0.97 0.23 54.7 1.2 0.61 0.06 1000 S4 37.0 ->36.0 126.0 0.90 0.26 54.5 1.2 0.60 0.05 1000 S5 36.0 126.0->127.0 1.59 0.10 49.8 1.5 0.60 0.07 1000 S6 36.0 ->37.0 127.0->126.0 1.62 0.24 47.7 0.5 0.59 0.06 1000 S 1 37.0 ->36.3 125.0 6.99 3.9 39.5 0.82 0.62 0.06 500 S2 36.3 ->36.0 125.0 8.25 1.1 42.3 0.72 0.62 0.06 1000 S3 36.0 ->35.3 125.0 3.05 0.3 47.3 1.3 0.61 0.06 2000 S4 35.3 ->35.0 125.0 1.95 0.3 56.8 1.3 0.61 0.07 3000 S 1 35.0 ->35.3 125.0 3.03 1.5 31.6 1.1 0.58 0.05 500 S2 35.3 ->36.0 125.0 4.43 1.2 33.2 0.7 0.62 0.04 1000 S3 36.0 ->36.3 125.0 1.33 0.6 36.5 0.9 0.59 0.05 2000 S4 36.3 ->37.0 125.0 1.15 0.5 60.1 4.5 0.59 0.05 3000 S 1 37.0 ->36.0 125.3 1.60 0.1 50.4 0.9 0.63 0.07 500 S2 36.0 ->37.0 125.3 1.45 0.2 48.6 2.1 0.62 0.06 1000 S3 37.0 ->36.0 125.3 0.87 0.2 46.2 2.1 0.64 0.05 2000 S4 36.0 ->37.0 125.3 0.45 0.1 58.0 3.6 0.65 0.05 3000 S 1 37.0 ->36.3 125.3-54.4 0.6 0.63 0.04 500 S2 36.3 ->37.0 125.3-54.3 1.1 0.67 0.05 1000 S3 37.0 ->36.3 125.3-54.1 1.4 0.65 0.07 1200 S4 36.3 ->37.0 125.3 2.65 0.2 54.3 2.1 0.63 0.10 1500 S5 37.0 ->36.3 125.3 2.19 0.3 53.7 3.3 0.61 0.05 1800 S6 36.3 ->37.0 125.3 1.70 0.1 52.6 2.1 0.62 0.07 2000 S7 37.0 ->36.3 125.3 1.62 0.1 52.1 0.7 0.62 0.04 2500 S8 36.3 ->37.0 125.3 1.33 0.2 49.6 2.8 0.63 0.06 3000 :,, 1998
4-1- 108. 1998 4 27 11 15LST 2), 5 4-1- 36 PM- 2.5, PM- 10, (PM- 2.5) (3 5 ) 9.908, 15.28 /, (6 8 ) 7.362, 3.084 /, (9 11 ) 16.13, 18.93 /, (12 2 ) 19.47, 22.49 / 98 14.09 /, 16.84 /. 98
3.084 /. 4-1-36. ( : / ) 9.908 6.982 29.37 3.128 17 15.28 18.31 79.70 4.323 17 7.362 12.27 34.48 0.626 7 3.084 1.883 6.460 0.575 7 16.13 11.87 46.04 1.565 21 18.34 11.26 46.73 2.645 21 19.47 9.650 36.61 6.940 14 22.49 20.64 87.65 2.320 14 14.09 10.84 46.04 0.626 59 16.84 16.27 87.65 0.575 59 3) RAMS RADM CADM (, 1997).. SO2,,. 15 ( ) 1997 1998 (,1998), 1997 12, 1998 11 0.25, 0.24 ton/ km 2 / hour, 1997 10, 1998 4. SO2 NOx 70 80%.,. SO2, SO2 109 238, SO2 50 95%, 60 95%., SO2. SO2 (124 E) (130 E) 32 N 38 N, 1.5km SO2.,, SO2
109, 185, 48, 82. SO2 54 41, 29, 38. SO2 50% 22%. 25%. 60%, 46%.,, SO2.,, 4-1- 37 SO2 238, 204, 32, 20. SO2 95% 25%. 88%. 95% 75%. 4-1-37. '97.12.18 10LST 6.3 15LST 6.3 '97.12.19 10LST 8.0 15LST 6.8 SO2 341 (319) 350 (341) 137 (130) 123 (116) 238 (227) (124 E) 2 - SO4 28 (27) 51 (50) 21 (21) 28 (28) 32 (32) SO2 244 (26) 243 (58) 181 (69) 146 (49) 204 (51) (130 E) ( : ton/hr) 2 - SO4 12 (9) 22 (4) 21 (18) 25 (18) 20 (15) SO2 50%, 60%, 95%, SO2 22%, 46%, 25%, 75%. SO2 82%. 2 SO2, 6 1418, 138, 30.7%, 8.4%, 0.2%, 60.5%. SO2, SO2. SO2 1768, 40, 18%, 0.8%, 0.08%, 80%
., SO2. 4-1-38. 2 ( : ton) 1997 10. 4-5 1997 12. 18-19 SO2 SO4 2-1) 2) 3) 1) 2) 3) 1418.4 200.5 0.14 137.9 51.1 0.37 1768.0 649.4 0.37 40.0 33.1 0.83 : 1),, 2) 3) 2) 1) 3.4. 1) ( ).,, 93 1,5000 2,334 (,1993).. 2).. 96.. IMF..
., ( ), ( ). ( ).. ( ).