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pissn 1229-1153 / eissn 2465-9223 J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 102~109 (2018) https://doi.org/10.13103/jfhs.2018.33.2.102 Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at http://www.foodhygiene.or.kr 국내유통폴리락타이드 (PLA) 식품용기구및용기 포장의중금속이행량모니터링 김현욱 박소연 조예은 박용춘 박세종 1 김미혜 * 경인지방식품의약품안전청수입식품분석과, 1 식품의약품안전평가원첨가물포장과 Monitoring of Heavy Metals Migrated from Polylactide (PLA) Food Contact Materials in Korea Hyeonuk Kim, So-Yeon Park, Ye-Eun Jo, Yongchjun Park, Se-Jong Park 1, and Meehye Kim* Imported Food Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Incheon, Korea 1 Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea (Received February 14, 2018/Revised March 10, 2018/Accepted April 6, 2018) ABSTRACT - In the present study, a variety of polylactide (PLA) articles (n = 211) were tested for migration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) into the food simulant (4% v/v acetic acid). Pb, Cd, and As were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Migration tests were performed at 70 o C and 100 o C for 30 min. The amounts of Pb, Cd, and As increased at 100 o C for 30 min compared with levels at 70 o C. However, the migration at both conditions was very low. The maximum level of Pb at 100 o C for 30 min corresponded to 1% of the migration limit. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) based on safety evaluation ranged from 2.5 10 5 to 2.0 10 3 µg/ kg bw/day for Pb, Cd, and As. The EDI calculated from migration of Pb at 100 o C for 30 min in PLA was the maximum value, 2.0 10 3 µg/kg bw/day, which corresponded to 0.055% of provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, 25 µg/ kg bw/week). The data from this study represent a valuable source for science-based safety control and management of hazardous heavy metals migrating from polylactide food contact materials. Key words : Polylactide, PLA, Heavy metal, Migration monitoring 폴리락타이드 (polylactide, PLA) 의화학구조는단량체인젖산 (lactic acid) 이중합반응에의하여형성된긴사슬의고분자물질이다. 폴리락타이드는화학적합성또는미생물을이용한젖산의발효과정을통하여만들수있으며, 상업적으로는 1992년미국의카길도우 (Cargill Dow) 사에의하여옥수수전분을원료로락타이드 (lactide) 생성을통한중합법을개발하여대량생산이가능하게되었다 1). 화학적합성으로는 L-타입및 D-타입이각각 50 wt% 씩혼합되는라세미체 (racemate) 가만들어지는반면, 미생물을이용한젖산발효에의한방법으로는물성이좋은 99.5 wt% 이상의 L-타입으로제조된다. 이런이유로폴리락타이드의상업적생산에는옥수수전분등의식물자원을활용한 *Correspondence to: Meehye Kim, Imported Food Analysis Division, Gyeongin Regional Food and Drug Administration, 137 Juan-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22133, Korea Tel: 82-32-450-3360, Fax: 82-32-442-4622 E-mail: meehkim@korea.kr 발효방법이주로활용되고있다. 폴리락타이드는천연의탄수화물로부터고분자를생산하기때문에화석연료의사용을 17~55% 까지절감할수있어결과적으로이산화탄소배출량을감소시킨다. 또한미생물에의해분해되며이산화탄소는식물의광합성에사용되므로자원의순환이라는장점을가지고있다 2). 국내에서는개발초기수입원료의높은가격으로보급이활발하지않았으나, 현재는환경부의친환경인증제도의실행과국내중소기업으로의가공 성형기술의보급으로식품용기구및용기 포장으로도많이보급되고있는상황이다 3). 식품의유형은다양하기때문에접촉하는식품용기구및용기 포장과강하게반응을할수있다. 예를들면, 산성식품은금속재질을부식시킬수있고, 지방성식품은합성수지제의변형으로내부물질을용출시킬수있으며, 주스등의음료는코팅이없는종이제를분해시키기도한다. 이는식품포장재가완전한불활성물질이아니라는것을의미하며, 식품용기구및용기 포장의제조과정에사 102

Monitoring of Heavy Metals Migrated from Polylactide (PLA) Food Contact Materials in Korea 103 Table 1. Migration specification for PLA in Korea Substances Migration Specification (mg/l) Pb not more than 1 As not more than 0.1 (as As 2 O 3 ) Formaldehyde not more than 4 용되는성분들이식품으로도이행될수있음을의미한다. 이렇게이행된성분들은담고있는식품의품질을저하시켜소비자의외면을가져올수도있으며, 장기간에걸쳐많은양을섭취할경우에는식품의안전성을위협할수도있다 4). 그렇기때문에위해가능성이높은중금속등의경우에는각국의규제기관에서기준 규격을설정하여관리하고있으며, 국내의폴리락타이드의용출기준 규격은 Table 1과같다. 중금속이란비중이 4 이상인금속원소를의미하며, 납, 카드뮴, 수은등이있다. 본연구에서이행량을조사한납, 카드뮴, 비소는합성수지제의제조 가공단계에서비의도적으로오염되거나, 가공성, 상품성향상등을위하여의도적으로첨가하는경우가있다. 납을첨가하면가공성이높아질뿐아니라색조성이잘되는이점이있어식기, 접시, 용기등에사용하고있으며, 카드뮴은황화물이나셀렌화물등의형태로, 비소는목재류의보존, 합성수지제의항균등의목적으로사용해왔다. 하지만, 이러한중금속의잔류는최종적으로식품중의함유량, 존재형태에따라인체에유해한영향을끼치게되므로식품위생학적측면에서중요하게관리되어야하는오염물질이며, 인체에노출되어흡수되는정도는주변환경, 식품의종류및개인의건강상태등에따라달라질수있으나미량일지라도인체내에급성, 만성중독현상을가져올수있으므로기구및용기 포장에서식품으로이행될수있는유해중금속의관리는매우중요하다 5-7). 국제암연구소 (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) 에서분류한발암성등급에납은 Group 2A( 인체발암추정물질 ), 카드뮴과무기비소는 Group 1( 발암성이있는물질 ) 로분류하고있다. 또한국제합동식품첨가물전문가위원회 (Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, JECFA) 에서는납의잠정주간섭취허용량 (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake, PTWI) 을 1986년도회의에서 25 μg/kg bw/week으로설정하였으나 8), 2010년도회의에서더이상건강을보장할수준이되지못한다고판단하여철회한상태이며 9), 비소의경우는무기비소로서 1989년도에 15 μg/kg bw/week 로설정하였으나, 2010년에철회하며무기비소의노출평가등의식이조사와독성자료가확보된이후에검토하도록하였다 11). 카드뮴의경우다른중금속과다른긴생물학적반감기를고려하여 2010년도회의에서잠정월간섭취허용량 (Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake, PTMI) 을 25 μg/ kg bw/month로설정하고있다 10). Table 2. The number of PLA samples Sample Types Domestics (n) Imports (n) Sum (n) Bottle 10-10 Bowl 13 5 18 Container 17-17 Cup 10 9 19 Kitchenwares 16-16 Packaging film 6 4 10 Tray 13 8 21 Tray_disposable 64 5 69 Utensils 25 6 31 Total 174 37 211 국내에서는 식품용기구및용기 포장공전 에서각각의재질별로기준 규격을설정하여관리하고있다. 그러나폴리락타이드의이행물질을모니터링하고안전성평가를한연구는거의수행된바가없어연구의필요성이있다. 본연구에서는국내유통되는폴리락타이드재질의기구및용기 포장총 211건을수거하고유도결합플라즈마질량분석기 (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, ICP-MS) 를이용하여납, 카드뮴및비소의식품모사용매로의이행량을조사하였다. 그결과를바탕으로기구및용기 포장의이행물질노출시나리오를활용하여잠정주간섭취허용량 (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake, PTWI) 등의기준과의비교를통하여위해도를산출하고안전성을평가하고자하였다 12). Materials and Methods 대상시료국내에유통되는폴리락타이드재질의식품용기구및용기 포장은대형할인매장, 도 소매점, 제조업체및인터넷을통해총 211개의시료를수거하였으며, 이중기구류는 51개, 용기 포장류는 160개였다. Table 2와같이본연구에서수거한시료는대부분국내제조품이었으며, 일부수입제품은모두중국산이었다. 유형별로는일회용트레이가총 69개로가장많았으며, 테이블용기구 ( 포크, 스푼, 나이프및젓가락 ) 31개, 트레이 21개, 컵 19개, 보울 18개, 보관용용기 17개, 주방용품 ( 밥주걱, 도마 ) 16개, 병및포장재가각각 10개였다. 표준품및시약표준품으로사용한납, 카드뮴및비소는 Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA) 사의 ICP instrument calibration standard (each 100 mg/l of lead, cadmium, arsenic) 를사용하였고, 시약으로는 Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) 사

104 Hyeonuk Kim, So-Yeon Park, Ye-Eun Jo, Yongchjun Park, Se-Jong Park, and Meehye Kim Table 3. Instrumental conditions of ICP-MS for analysis of Pb, Cd and As Parameter Value RF power 1600 W Nebulizer gas flow 0.96 L/min Auxillary gas flow 1.20 L/min Plasma gas flow 18 L/min Ion monitored Pb m/z 208, Cd m/z 111, As m/z 75 의 acetic acid (ACS Reagent grade 99.7%) 와 J.T. Baker (Waltham, MA, USA) 사의 nitric acid (ACS Reagent grade) 를사용하였다. 증류수는 Mili-Q Ultrapure water purification system (Milipore Co., Billerica, MA, USA) 에의해 18.2 MΩ 수준으로정제된증류수를사용하였다. 분석조건납, 카드뮴및비소분석에사용한기기는 Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA, USA) 사의유도결합플라즈마질량분석기 (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer, ICP-MS) 인 NexION 350D 모델을사용하였으며, 기기분석조건은 Table 3과같다. 표준원액및표준용액의조제 ICP instrument calibration standard용납, 카드뮴및비소표준품 (100 mg/l) 0.1 g을정밀히달아 4% acetic acid 를가하여 100 g으로한액을표준원액으로조제하였다. 표준용액은표준원액을 4% acetic acid로무게비율로희석하여납, 카드뮴, 비소의농도가각각 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 및 20.0 μg/l가되도록조제하였다. 시험용액의조제수거한모든시료는 식품용기구및용기 포장공전 의 2-6 재질별용출시험용액의제조가. 합성수지제용출시험용액의조제에따라시험용액을조제하였다. 식품모사용매로는 4% acetic acid를사용하였으며, 액체를채울수있는경우에는 70 o C와 100 o C로가온한 4% acetic acid 를시료면을따라 5mm 아래까지가득채우고, 액체를채울수없는경우에는식품과접촉하는표면적 1cm 2 당 2mL의비율로 4% acetic acid와접촉시켜 70 o C와 100 o C 에서 30분간방치한액을시험용액으로하였다. 분석법검증 직선성 4% acetic acid를이용하여농도별로조제한납, 카드뮴및비소표준용액을 ICP-MS에주입하여얻어진분석결과로검량선을작성하였고, 검량선의상관계수 (R 2 ) 값을통 하여직선성을확인하였다. 검출한계및정량한계 검출한계및정량한계는유럽연합의식품접촉물질의관리에사용되는분석법의성능기준및검증절차가이드라인 13) 을참조하여측정하였다. 용출시험용액인 4% acetic acid를 10번분석하여 X BL ( 바탕시료평균농도 )+3 X SD ( 바탕시료의표준편차 ) 의수식을통해산출한값을검출한계 (Limit of detection, LOD) 로사용하였으며, X BL ( 바탕시료평균농도 )+10 X SD ( 바탕시료의표준편차 ) 의수식을통해산출한값을정량한계 (Limit of quantification, LOQ) 로사용하였다. 회수율및정밀성 회수율은시료를용출한 4% acetic acid를이용하여저, 중고농도의표준용액을첨가한후, 1일 3회씩 3일에거쳐반복분석하였다. 정밀성확인을위한 intra-day 정밀도는 1일간반복하여얻은회수율의표준편차를평균치로나눈상대표준편차 (RSD%) 로나타내었으며, inter-day 정밀도는 3일간반복하여얻은회수율의표준편차를평균치로나눈상대표준편차 (RSD%) 로나타내었다. 회수율과정밀성에대한적합성은유럽연합합동연구소 (European commission Joint Research Centre, JRC) 의식품접촉물질관리에사용되는분석법의검증가이드라인 13) 에따라유효성을검증하였다. 측정불확도측정불확도는 EURACHEM 14) 과 ISO 관련가이드 15) 를참고하여납, 비소, 카드뮴의모델관계식을설정하였고, 각각의불확도요인들로부터불확도를추정하였다. 분석법에대한측정불확도를산출하기위하여불확도인자를검토한후, 요인별표준불확도및자유도계산으로부터합성불확도를구하였다. 불확도의계산에적용한요인들은크게시료전처리, 표준용액조제, 반복측정및검량선으로나누어각각의단계별로상대불확도와자유도를구하였다. 이를통하여합성불확도와포함인자 (κ) 를이용하여확장불확도를계산하고측정불확도를산출하였다. 합성표준불확도는측정결과가여러개의다른입력량으로부터구해질때에는이측정결과의표준불확도를불확도전파의법칙에따라구하였으며, 유효자유도는합성표준불확도의유효자유도를 Welch-Satterthwaite식으로구한후포함인자 (κ) 를산출하였다. 확장불확도는산출된합성표준불확도에약 95% 신뢰수준에상당하는포함인자를곱하여산출하였다. 안전성평가폴리락타이드기구및용기 포장중납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량실태조사결과를바탕으로납, 카드뮴및비

Monitoring of Heavy Metals Migrated from Polylactide (PLA) Food Contact Materials in Korea 105 소에대한일일추정섭취량을산출하고각각의물질에대한인체안전기준과비교하여안전성을평가하였다. 분석법검증 직선성 Results and Discussion 납, 카드뮴, 비소의검량선은 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 및 20.0 μg/l의농도로작성하였으며, 직선성결과는 Fig. 1과같이각각의검량선의상관계수 (R 2 ) 값이 0.999 이상으로나타나우수한직선성을보여주었다. 검출한계및정량한계 납의검출한계와정량한계는 0.002 μg/l, 0.006 μg/l, 카 드뮴의검출한계와정량한계는 0.001 μg/l, 0.004 μg/l, 그리고비소의검출한계와정량한계는 0.003 μg/l, 0.009 μg/ L임을확인하였으며, 낮은검출한계및정량한계값으로폴리락타이드기구및용기 포장에서이행되는납, 카드뮴및비소의모니터링에적합함을확인하였다. 회수율및정밀성 확립한분석법의회수율은납, 카드뮴, 비소에대해각각 94.52~106.67%, 97.64~103.09%, 97.64~102.32% 로나타났으며, 정밀성은 intra-day 정밀성이납, 카드뮴, 비소에대해각각 0.30~1.00%, 0.50~2.14%, 0.17~3.69% 로, interday 정밀성은납, 카드뮴비소에대해각각 1.84~3.06%, 0.24~1.91%, 1.30~1.47% 로나타났다 (Table 4). 유효성검증결과, 회수율은 94.52~106.67% 로 JRC 가이드라인에서제시하고있는기준 (10 ppb 미만의농도에 Fig. 1. Calibration curves for Pb, Cd, and As analysis by ICP-MS. Table 4. The results of LOD, LOQ, recovery, and precision (n = 3) Substances R 2 LOD LOQ Pb 0.9991 0.002 0.006 Cd 0.9998 0.001 0.004 Spiked level 1) Recovery (%) Precision (RSD%) Intra-day Inter-day 0.45 106.67 ± 3.54 1.00 3.06 9.00 94.52 ± 3.50 0.30 2.31 16.00 97.02 ± 3.40 0.39 1.84 0.45 103.09 ± 4.45 0.57 1.91 9.00 97.64 ± 2.53 0.50 1.25 16.00 101.25 ± 2.52 2.14 0.24 0.45 102.32 ± 4.11 3.69 1.47 As 0.9993 0.003 0.009 9.00 97.64 ± 2.71 1.43 1.43 16.00 101.42 ± 2.34 0.17 1.30 1)Values represent the concentration of standard spiked into 4% v/v acetic acid Table 5. The uncertainty results Substances Analysis result Relative uncertainty (u r ) Combined standard uncertainty (u) Effective degree of freedom Coverage factor (k) Expanded uncertainty 1) Pb 1.061 0.058 0.061 11.229 2.201 0.123 Cd 1.046 0.052 0.055 11.448 2.201 0.110 As 1.020 0.058 0.059 12.558 2.179 0.118 1)Basis of 95% confidence

106 Hyeonuk Kim, So-Yeon Park, Ye-Eun Jo, Yongchjun Park, Se-Jong Park, and Meehye Kim Fig. 2. Uncertainty contributions of Pb, Cd, and As analysis in PLA. 서평균회수율 40~120%) 에적합하였고, 정밀성또한 0.17~3.69% 로나타나 JRC에서제시하는 Horwitz 식에의해계산한기준 (0.1 ppb : 63.2%, 1 ppb : 44.8%, 10 ppb : 31.7%) 이내를만족하여본분석법이식품용폴리락타이드시료로부터이행되는납, 카드뮴, 비소의분석에적합함을확인하였다. 측정불확도산출된확장불확도는납 1.061 ± 0.123 μg/l, 카드뮴 1.046 ±0.110μg/L 및비소 1.020 ± 0.118 μg/l이었다 (Table 5). 각불확도의요인이전체불확도에차지하는비율은납의경우시료전처리, 표준용액조제, 반복측정, 검량선이각각 8.3%, 13.5%, 6.5% 및 71.7% 이었고, 카드뮴은 8.8%, 14.3%, 7.5% 및 69.4% 이었으며, 비소는 7.5%, 12.1%, 17.2% 및 63.2% 의기여도를보였다. 이러한측정불확도추정과정을통하여폴리락타이드식품용기구및용기 포장에서이행되는납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량평가에서검량선이가장큰불확도요인으로작용함을확인하였다 (Fig. 2). 이행량모니터링및안전성평가 납이행량 폴리락타이드시료총 211건에대해 식품용기구및용기 포장공전 시험방법에따라식품모사용매로 4% acetic acid를사용하여각각 70 o C, 30분과 100 o C, 30분간용출하여납의이행량을측정하였다. 70 o C, 30분간용출한경우납이행량은평균 0.96 μg/l로용출규격인 1000 μg/l에비해매우낮은수준으로기준 규격을초과하는시료는없었으며, 최대이행량은 4.45 μg/l로기준 규격대비약 0.4% 수준이었다. 100 o C, 30분간용출한경우에도납이행량은평균 1.57 μg/l로기준 규격과비교하여매우낮은수준이었으며, 기준 규격을초과하는시료는없었으며, 최대이행량은 9.57 μg/l로용출규격과비교해약 1.0% 수준이었다. 납이행량이가장높은품목은 100 o C에서 30분간용출한주방용품으로평균 2.82 μg/l 수준이었다 (Table 6). 카드뮴이행량 식품모사용매로 4% acetic acid 를사용하여각각 70 o C, Table 6. Pb contents in polylactide samples estimated by ICP-MS Samples n Pb Concentration 70 o C, 30 min 100 o C, 30 min Bottle 10 0.55(0.13~1.00) 1) 0.97(0.38~1.84) Bowl 18 0.68(0.35~1.28) 1.01(0.49~1.60) Container 17 0.87(0.24~2.17) 1.64(0.43~4.11) Cup 19 0.56(0.15~1.16) 0.81(0.23~1.37) Kitchenwares 16 1.55(0.51~2.42) 2.82(1.58~4.28) Packaging film 10 1.54(1.27~2.21) 2.58(2.15~2.90) Tray 21 0.97(0.28~4.45) 1.50(0.38~9.57) Tray_disposable 69 0.84(0.23~3.88) 1.28(0.60~2.72) Utensils 31 1.33(0.52~2.58) 2.25(0.87~5.20) Total 211 0.96(0.13~4.45) 1.57(0.23~9.57) Mean (min.~max.) 1) Table 7. Cd contents in polylactide samples estimated by ICP-MS Samples n Cd Concentration 70 o C, 30 min 100 o C, 30 min Bottle 10 0.01(N.D. 1) ~0.02) 2) 0.03(N.D.~0.05) Bowl 18 0.02(N.D.~0.03) 0.04(N.D.~0.10) Container 17 0.04(N.D.~0.17) 0.06(N.D.~0.31) Cup 19 0.02(N.D.~0.05) 0.03(N.D.~0.09) Kitchenwares 16 0.04(0.01~0.07) 0.13(0.04~0.46) Packaging film 10 0.02(0.01~0.06) 0.10(0.02~0.37) Tray 21 0.02(N.D.~0.09) 0.05(0.01~0.19) Tray_disposable 69 0.01(N.D.~0.12) 0.04(0.01~0.17) Utensils 31 0.02(N.D.~0.08) 0.07(0.01~0.23) Total 211 0.02(N.D.~0.17) 0.06(N.D.~0.46) 1)N.D. is not detected or a value below the LOQ (LOQ: 0.004 µg/l) 2)Mean (min.~max.) 30분과 100 o C, 30분간용출하여카드뮴의이행량을측정하였다. 70 o C, 30분간용출한경우의카드뮴이행량은평균 0.02 μg/l, 최대이행량은 0.17 μg/l로매우낮은수준이었으며, 정량한계미만으로검출된시료는총 33건이었다. 100 o C, 30분간용출한경우의카드뮴이행량은평균 0.06 μg/l, 최대이행량은 0.46 μg/l로매우낮은수준

Monitoring of Heavy Metals Migrated from Polylactide (PLA) Food Contact Materials in Korea 107 Table 8. As contents in polylactide samples estimated by ICP-MS Samples n As Concentration 70 o C, 30 min 100 o C, 30 min Bottle 10 0.39(0.10~0.91) 1) 0.76(0.20~1.72) Bowl 18 0.25(0.13~0.44) 0.41(0.18~0.69) Container 17 0.37(0.09~1.08) 0.94(0.17~2.95) Cup 19 0.23(0.09~0.47) 0.37(0.11~0.47) Kitchenwares 16 0.43(0.16~0.70) 0.71(0.04~1.74) Packaging film 10 0.46(0.39~0.58) 0.87(0.46~1.06) Tray 21 0.26(0.13~0.55) 0.40(0.20~0.76) Tray_disposable 69 0.27(0.11~1.06) 0.35(0.20~0.75) Utensils 31 0.54(0.13~3.80) 0.71(0.24~3.88) Total 211 0.34(0.09~3.80) 0.54(0.04~3.88) Mean (min.~max.) 1) 이었고, 정량한계미만으로검출된시료는총 8 건이었다 (Table 7). 비소이행량식품모사용매로 4% acetic acid를사용하여각각 70 o C 에서 30분과 100 o C에서 30분간용출하여비소의이행량을측정하였다. 70 o C, 30분간용출한경우의비소이행량은평균 0.34 μg/l로용출규격인 100 μg/l에비해매우낮은수준이었으며, 기준 규격을초과하는시료는없었고, 최대이행량은 3.80 μg/l로용출규격대비약 3.8% 수준이었다. 100 o C, 30분간용출한경우에도비소이행량은평균 0.54 μg/l로용출규격과비교해매우낮은수준이었으며, 기준 규격을초과하는시료는없었고, 최대이행량은 3.88 μg/l로용출규격과비교해약 3.9% 수준이었다. 비소이행량이가장높은품목은 100 o C, 30분간용출한용기로평균 0.94 μg/l 수준이었다 (Table 8). 용출조건별이행량변화 식품모사용매로 4% acetic acid 를사용하여 70 o C 에서용 Fig. 3. Comparison of Pb, Cd, and As contents by migration conditions in PLA samples. 출한결과와 100 o C에서용출한결과를비교를해보았으며, Fig. 3과같이용출온도가증가함에따라전체품목에서납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량이증가하는경향을보였다. 그러나 70 o C에서용출한경우보다가혹조건인 100 o C 에서용출한결과도납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량은기준 규격대비매우낮은수준임을확인하였다. Table 9. Estimated daily intake and risk of Pb, Cd, and As from PLA food contact materials Substances Migration conditions CF f T M EDI (µg/kg bw/day) %PTWI 1) Pb Cd 70 o C 0.05 1 0.96 1.2 10 3 0.034 100 o C 0.05 1 1.57 2.0 10 3 0.055 70 o C 0.05 1 0.02 2.5 10 5 0.003 100 o C 0.05 1 0.06 7.5 10 5 0.009 70 o C 0.05 1 0.34 4.3 10 4 0.020 As 100 o C 0.05 1 0.54 6.8 10 4 0.032 1)Pb PTWI : 25 µg/kg bw/week (JECFA, 2010 withdraw) Cd PTMI : 25 µg/kg bw/month (JECFA, 2010) Inorganic As PTWI : 15 µg/kg bw/week (JECFA, 2010 withdraw)

108 Hyeonuk Kim, So-Yeon Park, Ye-Eun Jo, Yongchjun Park, Se-Jong Park, and Meehye Kim 안전성평가 선행연구에서는국내유통되는폴리락타이드 60건에대한중금속중납이행량을조사한바있지만, 모든시료에서불검출로나타나노출평가를통한안전성평가를수행할수없었다 21). 그러나본연구에서는시료건수도보다많은 211건을수거하였고, 용출조건도가혹사용조건인 100 o C를추가하여이행량을조사하였다. 또한분석감도가우수한장비 (ICP-MS) 와보다낮은정량한계의분석법을적용하였으며납뿐만아니라, 카드뮴, 비소에대한이행량을조사하고다양한사용조건에서의노출수준의위해도를측정하여안전성평가를수행하였다. 폴리락타이드재질중납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량조사결과를바탕으로일일추정섭취량 (Estimated Daily Intake, EDI) 을구하였고, 납및비소는 JECFA의잠정주간섭취허용량 (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake, PTWI), 카드뮴은장기간의생물학적반감기를고려하여잠정월간섭취허용량 (Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake, PTMI) 과비교하여위해도 (%) 를산출하여노출수준의위해정도를확인하였다 24). 일일추정섭취량과 %PTWI 값을구한결과는 Table 9와같다. 소비계수 (Consumption Factor, CF) 는아직까지국내의시장현황등을반영한값이정하여진바없어, 미국 FDA 의 CF값 12) 을인용하여 0.05를적용하였고, 식품유형분배계수 (Food Type Distribution Factor, f T ) 값은식품모사용매로 4% acetic acid만을사용하였으므로 1을적용하였다. 납의일일추정섭취량은용출조건이 70 o C, 30분과 100 o C, 30분인조건에서각각 1.2 10 3, 2.0 10 3 μg/kg bw/day 로산출되었고, %PTWI 값은각각 0.034, 0.055로나타났다. 카드뮴의일일추정섭취량은용출조건이 70 o C, 30분과 100 o C, 30분인조건에서각각 2.5 10 5, 7.5 10 5 μg/kg bw/day로산출되었고, %PTMI 값은각각 0.003, 0.009로나타났다. 비소의일일추정섭취량은용출조건이 70 o C, 30 분과 100 o C, 30분인조건에서각각 4.3 10 4, 6.8 10 4 μg/kg bw/day 범위로산출되었고, %PTWI 값은각각 0.020, 0.032로나타났다. 위의결과와같이 100 o C, 30분용출조건에서의납평균이행량이 1.57 μg/l로가장높았고, 일일추정섭취량또한가장높게산출되었으나, 이를 2010년에철회된 JECFA 납 PTWI 기준인 25 μg/kg bw/week와비교해보면 %PTWI 값은 0.055로매우낮은수준임을알수있었다. 납과비소의경우에는현재철회된독성기준이향후정확한평가가완료되면인체안전성을평가할기초자료로활용할수있을것으로사료되며, 본연구의결과로폴리락타이드재질의식품용기구및용기 포장에서식품으로이행될가능성이있는납, 카드뮴및비소의양은실제로매우낮은수준임을확인하였다. 끝으로추후에도과학적근거에바탕한식품용기구및용기 포장의안전관리를위하여 본연구와같은모니터링연구가규제기관에서지속적으로이루어져야될것으로사료된다. Acknowledgement 본연구는 2017년도식품의약품안전처연구개발사업의연구비지원 (14161식품안015) 에의해수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. 국문요약 폴리락타이드재질의식품용기구및용기 포장에서식품으로이행될우려가있는유해중금속인납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량을측정하고안전성을평가하기위하여국내에유통중인폴리락타이드시료총 211건을수거하였다. 용출실험은 식품용기구및용기 포장공전 의조건에따라식품모사용매인 4% acetic acid로하였으며온도조건으로 70 o C와가혹사용조건인 100 o C 모두적용하여이행량을비교하였다. 납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량은모두 70 o C보다 100 o C의조건에서증가하는경향을보였으나, 납의최대이행량은기준 규격과비교하여 1.0% 의낮은수준이었고, 카드뮴은모두미량이검출되었으며, 비소의최대이행량은기준 규격대비 3.9% 의낮은수준으로기준 규격을초과하는시료는없었다. 이행량결과를바탕으로납, 카드뮴및비소의일일추정섭취량을산출한후잠정주간섭취허용량등과비교하는안전성평가를진행하 였으며, 국내에유통되는식품용폴리락타이드기구및용기 포장을통한납, 카드뮴및비소의일일추정섭취량은 2.5 10 5 ~2.0 10 3 μg/kg bw/day인것으로산출되었다. 용출조건별로는 70 o C, 30분에서카드뮴의일일추정섭취량이가장낮았고, 100 o C, 30분에서의납일일추정섭취량이 2.0 10 3 μg/kg bw/day로제일높게나타났으나, 납의위해도는인체안전기준 (25 μg/kg bw/week) 과비교시 0.055% 수준으로매우낮음을확인되었다. 이를통하여국내유통폴리락타이드재질식품용기구및용기 포장에서의납, 카드뮴및비소의이행량은매우낮은수준임을확인하였고, 본연구의결과는향후식품용기구및용기 포장의안전관리를위한과학적인근거자료로활용될수있을것으로사료된다. References 1. Schopmeyer, U.L. and Hickley, R.J., Lactic acid in industrial fermentations (1954). 2. Tsuji, H. ed., Polylactides in biopolymers 4 polyesters III applications and commercial products (2002). 3. Jun Woo Lee, The prospect and policy proposal of biodegradable plastic, KISTI (2012).

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