대한치과보철학회지 :Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004 한국미인의치아안면구도에대한기하학적분석 원광대학교치과대학치과보철학교실 신영호 오상천 Ⅰ. 서론안모의아름다움에대한정의나기준은연령, 성, 인종, 개성그리고문화및관습등에의해서영향을받는다. 1) 그러나이러한주관적차이에도불구하고, 공통적가치는균형 2) 과조화 3) 그리고다양성의통일등을통한객관적요소가바탕을이루고있다. 4) 일반적으로아름다운안모란각얼굴의구성요소가일정한비율을갖고이들이적절히조화를이룰때발현되며, 치과계에서는치열을중심으로그균형과조화를찾으려고노력해왔다. 특히안모심미분석시미의주관적요소에의해대상선정이나평가에어려움을극복하기위해 Riedel 5,6) 그리고 Peck 과 Peck 1) 은패션모델과미인대회후보자를대상으로삼거나, 심미안이어느정도표준화된교정의들이연조직측모의심미성을평가하는방법을사용하였고, Burstone 7) 은예술가에의해평가된양호한안모를가진 Harron Sample을대상으로삼았으며, Cox 와 Linden 8) 은 silhouette photograph를이용하였고, Ferrario 등 9) 은 3차원안면계측법을이용하여텔레비전여배우와일반여성을비교하기도하였다. 국내에서도안모에대한연구가다수있으며 Park 10) 은건치미인선발후보자를, Kang 11) 은모델과배우등을, Row와 Rhu 12) 는미스코리아를대상으로선택하였다. 그러나대부분의연구들은주로측모를중심으로경조직을분석한것으로한국인정모의연조직, 특히치과와밀접한치아안면구도에대한연구는매우미흡한실정이다. 이에연구진은심미치과치료시진단및치료계획수립에도움을주고자미스코리아선발대회본선입후보자를대상으로안면정중선과치아정중선의일치도, 상악전치부치아의배열, 미소시상순의위치, 미소시상순의만곡도, 미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성, 미소시상악전치와하순과의관계, 미소시보이는치아그리고미소의대칭성을기하학적으로분석한결과다소의지견을얻었기에이를보고하는바이다. Ⅱ. 연구재료및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는미스코리아공식홈페이지 (http://misskorea.hankooki.com/) 에서 1971년부터 2003년까지의미스코리아선발대회본선입후보자 1633명중정면미소사진이있는 678명을대상으로하였다. (Table I, Fig. 1) 연구대상의평균연령은 20.1세이었다. 2. 연구방법 <1> 자료수집및표준화각분석대상자정면사진을 Adobe Photoshop 7.0 을이용하여회전등을통해피검자동공선 (interpupillary line) 을수평기준선에일치시켜사진을표준화하였다. 표준화된사진에서각항목을계측, 기록하였다. 524
Table I. Number of subjects according to candidate decade. Period Subjects the 1970 s 87(13%) the 1980 s 156(23%) the 1990 s 282(42%) the 2000 s 153(23%) Total 678(100%) Fig. 1. Subjects selection for this study. <3> 분석항목 (1) 안면정중선과치아정중선의일치도 1) coincidence : 상순인중의중심 (CP) 과연조직상턱끝점 (MS) 을연결하는안면정중선과양상악중절치의접촉점 (CUI) 의수직선인치아정중선이일치하는경우 2) deviation : 상순인중의중심 (CP) 과연조직상턱끝점 (MS) 을연결하는안면정중선과양상악중절치의접촉점 (CUI) 의수직선인치아정중선이일치하지않는경우 Fig. 2. Landmarks used to evaluate the dentofacial composition. <2> 계측점설정 (Fig. 2) 1) RP와 LP(Rt. pupil and Lt. pupil) : 좌측과우측동공 2) CUI(Central point of upper central incisors) : 상악양중절치의접촉면의중심점 3) RIC와 LIC(Rt. and Lt. inner point of commissure) : 양구각부입술의최내측점 4) PCC(perpendicular contact point of Point CUI on superior border of lower lip) : 하순상연에 Point CUI의직하방점 5) CIU(central point of inferior border of upper lip) : 상순하연의중심점 6) CP(central point of the philtrum) : 상순인중의중심점 7) MS(menton of soft tissue) : 연조직상턱끝점 (2) 상악전치부치아의배열 1) normal : 전두면상상악전치치관장축배열이중절치에서견치까지점진적인근심경사를보이며, 확연한치아회전이나위치이상이없는경우 2) abnormal : 전두면상상악전치치관장축배열이중절치에서견치까지점진적인근심경사를보이지않거나, 확연한치아회전이나위치이상이있는경우 (3) 미소시상순의위치 1) high : 상악전치와치은까지다보이는경우 2) average : 상악전치의 75 100% 정도가보이고치간유두가약간보이는경우 3) low : 상악전치의 75% 이하만보이는경우 (4) 미소시상순의만곡도 1) upward : 구각부가상순하연의중앙보다높은경우 2) straight : 구각부와상순하연의중앙이일직선인경우 3) downward : 구각부가상순하연중앙보다낮은경우 525
(5) 미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성 1) parallel : 상악전치부의절단연이하순의상연과평행한경우 2) straight : 상악전치부의절단연이직선인경우 3) reverse : 상악전치부의절단연이하순상연에반대되는곡선을그리는경우 <3> 통계처리방법이상에서얻은계측값을 Microsoft Excel 2002를이용하여자료입력후평균을구하였고, 참가연대별 (1970년대, 1980년대, 1990년대, 2000년대 ) 비교를위해 SPSS 10.0 for Windows를이용하여 χ 2 test 를이용하여검정하였다. (6) 미소시상악전치와하순과의관계 1) slightly covered : 상악전치의절단연이하순에의해살짝덮여있는경우 2) touching : 상악전치의절단연이하순과맞닿아있는경우 3) not-touching : 상악전치와하순이닿지않는경우 (7) 미소시보이는치아의수 1) C(up to canine) : 견치까지보이는경우 2) 1P(up to 1st Premolar) : 제1 소구치까지보이는경우 3) 2P(up to 2nd Premolar) : 제2 소구치까지보이는경우 4) 1M(up to 1st Molar) : 제1 대구치까지보이는경우 Ⅲ. 연구성적 1. 안면정중선과치아정중선의일치도안면정중선과치아정중선의일치도는 coincidence 가 563명 (83.0%), deviation 이 115명 (17.0%) 이었다.(Table II, Fig. 3) 참가연대별안면정중선과치아정중선의일치도는유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). (8) 미소의대칭성 1) symmetry : 구각선과동공선이평행관계를이루고미소형태가좌우대칭균형을보이는경우 2) asymmetry : 구각선과동공선이평행관계를이루지못하고미소형태가좌우대칭균형을보이지못하는경우 Fig. 3. Proportion of groups by the relationship between facial midline and dental midline. Table II. umber of subjects by the relationship between facial midline and dental midline Period No / % Coincidence(N/%) Deviation(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 563 / 83.0 115 / 17.0 the 1970 s 87 / 100 73 / 83.9 14 / 16.1 the 1980 s 156 / 100 125 / 80.1 31 / 19.9 the 1990 s 282 / 100 240 / 85.1 42 / 14.9 the 2000 s 153 / 100 125 / 81.7 28 / 18.3 (χ 2 =2.036, df=3, p>0.05) 526
2. 상악전치부치아의배열 3. 미소시상순의위치 상악전치부치아의배열은 normal 이 657명 (96.9%), abnormal 이 21명 (3.1%) 이었다.(Table III, Fig. 4) 참가연대별상악전치부치아의배열은유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). 미소시상순의위치는 high 가 5명 (0.7%), average 가 536명 (79.1%), low 가 137명 (20.2%) 이었다.(Table IV, Fig. 6) 참가연대별미소시상순의위치는유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). Table III. Number of subjects by upper anterior teeth alignment and arrangement Period No / % Normal(N/%) Abnormal(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 657 / 96.9 21 / 3.1 the 1970 s 87 / 100 85 / 97.7 2 / 2.3 the 1980 s 156 / 100 150 / 96.2 6 / 3.8 the 1990 s 282 / 100 271 / 96.1 11 / 3.9 the 2000 s 153 / 100 151 / 98.7 2 / 1.3 (χ 2 =2.716, df=3, p>0.05) Table IV. Number of subjects by upper lip position Period No / % High(N/%) Average(N/%) Low(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 5 / 0.7 536 / 79.1 137 / 20.2 the 1970 s 87 / 100 1 / 1.1 67 / 77.0 19 / 21.8 the 1980 s 156 / 100 1 / 0.6 117 / 75.0 38 / 24.4 the 1990 s 282 / 100 2 / 0.7 222 / 78.7 58 / 20.6 the 2000 s 153 / 100 1 / 0.7 130 / 85.0 22 / 14.4 (χ 2 =5.324, df=6, p>0.05) Fig. 4. Proportion of groups by maxillary anterior teeth alignment and arrangement. Fig. 5. Proportion of groups by upper lip position. 527
4. 미소시상순의만곡도 5. 미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성 미소시상순의만곡도는 upward 가 362명 (53.4%), straight 가 51명 (7.5%), downward 가 265명 (39.1%) 이었다 (Table V, Fig. 6). 참가연대별미소시상순의만곡도는유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.05). 미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성은 parallel 이 581명 (85.7%), straight 가97명 (14.3%), reverse 가 0명 (0%) 이었다 (Table VI, Fig. 7). 참가연대별미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성은유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). Table V. Number of subjects by upper lip curvature Period No / % Upward(N/%) Straight(N/%) Downward(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 362 / 53.4 51 / 7.5 265 / 39.1 the 1970 s 87 / 100 30 / 34.5 6 / 6.9 51 / 58.6 the 1980 s 156 / 100 56 / 35.9 14 / 9.0 86 / 55.1 the 1990 s 282 / 100 173 / 61.3 19 / 6.7 90 / 31.9 the 2000 s 153 / 100 103 / 67.3 12 / 7.8 38 / 24.8 (χ 2 =54.829, df=6, p<0.05) Table VI. Number of subjects by parallelism of the maxillary anterior incisal curve with the lower lip Period No / % Parallel(N/%) Straight(N/%) Reverse(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 581 / 85.7 97 / 14.3 0 / 0.0 the 1970 s 87 / 100 75 / 86.2 12 / 13.8 0 / 0.0 the 1980 s 156 / 100 141 / 90.4 15 / 9.6 0 / 0.0 the 1990 s 282 / 100 235 / 83.3 47 / 16.7 0 / 0.0 the 2000 s 153 / 100 130 / 85.0 23 / 15.0 0 / 0.0 (χ 2 =4.166, df=3, p>0.05) Fig. 6. Proportion of groups by upper lip curvature. Fig. 7. Proportion of groups by parallelism of the maxillary anterior incisal curve with the lower lip. 528
6. 미소시상악전치와하순과의관계 7. 미소시보이는치아 미소시상악전치와하순과의관계는 slightly covered 가 36명 (5.3%), touching 이 338명 (49.9%), not-touching 이 304명 (44.8%) 이었다 (Table VII, Fig. 8). 참가연대별미소시상악전치와하순과의관계는유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.05). 미소시보이는치아는 canine 이 41명 (6.0%), 1st premolar 가 367명 (54.1%), 2nd premolar 가 264명 (38.9%), 1st molar 가 6명 (0.9%) 이었다 (Table VIII, Fig. 9). 참가연대별미소시보이는치아는유의한차이가있었다 (p<0.05). Table VII. Number of subjects by the relationship between the maxillary anterior teeth and lower lip Period No / % Slightly covered(n/%) Touching(N/%) Not-touching(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 36 / 5.3 338 / 49.9 304 / 44.8 the 1970 s 87 / 100 9 / 10.3 34 / 39.1 44 / 50.6 the 1980 s 156 / 100 12 / 7.7 66 / 42.3 78 / 50.0 the 1990 s 282 / 100 14 / 5.0 150 / 53.2 118 / 41.8 the 2000 s 153 / 100 1 / 0.7 88 / 57.5 64 / 41.8 (χ 2 =20.810, df=6, p<0.05) Table VIII. Number of subjects by the teeth displayed in a smile Period No / % Canine(N/%) 1st Premolar(N/%) 2nd Premolar(N/%) 1st Molar(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 41 / 6.0 367 / 54.1 264 / 38.9 6 / 0.9 the 1970 s 87 / 100 11 / 12.6 51 / 58.6 24 / 27.6 1 / 1.1 the 1980 s 156 / 100 14 / 9.0 93 / 59.6 48 / 30.8 1 / 0.6 the 1990 s 282 / 100 16 / 5.7 145 / 51.4 120 / 42.6 1 / 0.4 the 2000 s 153 / 100 0 / 0.0 78 / 51.0 72 / 47.1 3 / 2.0 (χ 2 =31.804, df=9, p<0.05) Fig. 8. Proportion of groups by the relationship between the maxillary anterior teeth and lower lip. Fig. 9. Proportion of groups by the teeth displayed in a smile. 529
Table IX. Number of subjects by upper lip symmetry during smiling Period No / % Symmetry(N/%) Asymmetry(N/%) 1971 2003 678 / 100 606 / 89.4 72 / 10.6 the 1970 s 87 / 100 79 / 90.8 8 / 9.2 the 1980 s 156 / 100 140 / 89.7 16 / 10.3 the 1990 s 282 / 100 250 / 88.7 32 / 11.3 the 2000 s 153 / 100 137 / 89.5 16 / 10.5 (χ 2 =0.369, df=3, p>0.05) Fig. 10. Proportion of groups by upper lip symmetry during smiling. 8. 미소의대칭성 미소의대칭성은 symmetry 가 606명 (89.4%), asymmetry 가 72명 (10.6%) 이었다.(Table IX, Fig. 10) 참가연대별미소의대칭성은유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (p>0.05). Ⅳ. 총괄및고찰 일반적으로자연스럽고아름답다고생각되는구조물에특정한기하학적공통점이있듯이가시영역의아름다운치열도치아하나에서부터인접치아그리고입술및얼굴구성요소에이르기까지일정한비례와비율이구조적법칙을이루고있다. 13) 안모의미적형태에대한연구분석이직접생체에캘리퍼스등으로계측하는방법, 사진을촬영하여계측하는방법, 측모두부방사선사진을이용하는방법, 컴퓨터화상을이용한측정방법등으로다양 하게진행되어왔다. 14-23) 본연구는홈페이지에올라온미스코리아두부사진을활용했으며사진촬영시두부위치가표준화되지않은관계로 Viazis 24) 가제안한전두면상평가를위한최적위치인관찰자를향해똑바로서있거나앉아있는자세인 natural postural head position을기준으로미소를지으며비교적정면을주시하고있는대상을선정하였으며, Arnett 등 25) 이미소를평가하기위해사용한동공선 (inter-pupillary line) 을수평기준선으로하여 Adobe Photoshop 7.0 을이용하여대상자의자세를표준화하였다. 정중선에대한연구로 Lombardi 26) 는정중선이심미적인미소에있어서가장중요한포인트라하였고, Tjan 등 27) 은일반인들은정중선에대해그들의다른안모구조물보다도상순의중요성을강조하였다. 아름다운안모를위해서안모정중선과치열정중선이반드시일치될필요는없다. 본연구에서도 17% 의미스코리아들이일치하지않은모습을보였으며, 일반인을대상으로한 Um 등 28) 의연구에서도 18.2% 가일치되지않은것으로보고된다. 이는 Johnston 등 29) 의 2mm 이내의정중선변위, Kokich 등 30) 의 4mm의정중선변위, Jung과 Oh 16) 의 5mm이내의정중선변위가일반인에게는비심미적으로보지않는다는결과들과연관지어설명될수있다. 또한본연구에서정중선일치도는시대에따라특이한연관성이없었다. 즉일반인들은안모의심미성을평가할때, 안모정중선과치열정중선이평행하다면일정한정중선변위는시대에관계없이큰영향을주지않는것으로판단된다. Goldstein 31) 의일반인을상대로한설문조사에서안면심미에관여되는요소로 34% 는눈, 31% 는미소, 10% 는머리, 5% 는피부색, 5% 는코의형태그 530
리고 15% 는전체적인안모비율이라고보고하였다. 따라서매력적인안모중에서미소는중요한요소중의하나이다. Hulsey 32) 는매력적인미소는상악전치부의절단연만곡과하순의상연사이의완벽한조화를이루고, 상순이상악중절치의치은연의높이까지온다고보고하였고, 윤등 18) 은아름다운미소는상악전치전체가상순과하순사이에위치되고, 상순은구각부가위쪽으로올라가거나직선이고, 상악전치부의절단만곡은하순과평행이며, 치아는제1대구치까지보여질때라고보고하였다. 미스코리아의미소를대상으로한본연구에서는 high 가 0.7%, average 가 79.1%, low 가 20.2% 이었으며, 20 30세의여성일반인을대상으로한윤등 18) 은 high 가 35.1%, average 가 46.8%, low 가 21.5% 를보인다고하였다. 이것은미소평가에서가장높은심미성을보이는미스코리아의 average 의비율이일반인의미소에비해매우높고, 가장낮은심미성을보이는 high 의비율이극히낮은것으로보아미적인안모판단시치은노출이매우민감하게반응하는것으로사료된다. 그러나이는평가자들이미대교수나심미분야의전문가들의결과이고 Jung과 Oh 16) 의연구에의하면한국일반인들은치은노출에대해비교적높은관용도를보이고 3mm 이상노출이되어야확실히비심미적으로느끼는것으로보고했다. 미소시, 상순의만곡도평가에서본연구는 upward 가 53.4%, straight 가 7.5%, downward 가 39.1% 이었으며, 1970/1980년대에비해 1990/ 2000년대로오면서 downward 의비율이상대적으로줄어들고 upward 의비율이높아지는경향을보였다. 가장높은심미성을보이는 upward 의비율이시대에따라높아지는것으로보아그만큼최근의미스코리아들이치열을비롯한미소에자신감을갖는다는것을의미하며, 또한일반인의미소를분석한윤등 18) 의보고 (upward: 9.0%, straight: 48.6%, downward: 42.3%) 에비해 upward 의비율이상대적으로높은것은미인의미소에서 upward 의상순만곡도가안모심미에중요한역할을하였을것으로추론할수있다. 미소시, 상악전치절단연과하순의평행성은본연구에서 parallel 이 85.7%, straight 가 14.3%, reverse 가 0.0% 이었으며, 일반인을대상으로한윤 등 18) 의연구결과 (parallel: 72.1%, straight: 25.2%, reverse: 2.7%) 와는다소차이를보이는것으로한국미인의높은심미성을보이는 parallel 의비율이일반인의미소에비해상대적으로높고낮은심미성을보이는 reverse 의경우는극히낮았다는것이다. 즉, 미소시상악전치절단연과하순의평행성은미적인안모평가에서일반인과미인사이에심미성의차이가민감하게작용되는것으로해석할수있다. 미소시보이는최후방치아에대해본연구에서는견치까지보이는경우가 6.0%, 제1 소구치까지보이는경우가 54.1%, 제2 소구치까지보이는경우가 38.9%, 제1 대구치까지보이는경우가 0.9% 이었으며, 1970/1980년대에비해 1990/2000년대에더욱더후방의제2 소구치까지보이는경우가증가하는경향을보였다. 이는최근들어참가자들이자신의매력적인미소를표현하기위해좀더자신감있게사진촬영에임했다는것을의미것이다. 또한윤등 18) 의연구 (11.7%) 에비해제1 대구치까지보이는경우가적었는데이것은일정거리에서입술을중심으로안면하부를근접촬영한데반해, 본연구에사용된미스코리아사진들은상대적으로좀더먼곳에서촬영이이루어진주로흉부까지의사진이어서미소시측면의음영공간이미소의깊이와신비감을더해주는음영공간 (negative space) 이상대적으로많았다는것을의미하며, 또한미스코리아들이좀더친근감있는모습을연출하기위해의도적인 full smile 보다는 Sarver 등 33) 이보고한 social smile 의성격이짙었음을유추할수도있다. 한국미인의안모에서치열을중심으로치아안면구도를분석한결과우리가서양인을토대로인정하고있는일반적심미기준과부합하였으며, 시대에따라한국인의아름다운안모에서치아안면구도에대한영향이날로증가되는것으로보아같은시대와문화를공유하는일반인들의치아안모구도에대한심미적인식도가향상되었음을유추할수있었기에치아및치열의자연스러움을복원하고아름다움을창조하는치과의사는이에대한고려가필요할것으로사료되었다. 또한대상선택에있어미의평가에주관성을배제하기위해홈페이지에서미스코리아를선정했지만사진의표준화가결여되어비록표본수를늘리기는했지만계측시오류가발생했을가능성을배제할수없었으며, 연구대상들의연 531
령이 10 대후반에서 20 대초반의여성으로편중되어있어서다른연령이나성별그리고계층을대상으로한추가적인연구가필요할것으로사료되었다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는 1971년부터 2003년까지미스코리아선발대회본선입후보자중 678명을대상으로치열을중심으로한국미인의치아안면구도를기하학관점에서분석한결과다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1. 한국미인은안면정중선과치아정중선이대부분일치하며 (83.0%), 전두면상상악전치치관장축배열이중절치에서견치까지점진적인근심경사와확연한치아회전이나위치이상이없는정상배열을보이고 (96.9%), 미소시상악전치의 75 100% 정도와치간부치은이살짝보이며 (79.1%), 양구각부가상순하연의중앙보다약간올라가고 (53.4%), 상악전치부의절단연이하순의상연과평행하며 (85.7%), 상악전치의절단연이하순과가볍게맞닿거나 (49.9%) 살짝떨어져있고 (44.8%), 대부분제1 소구치 (54.1%) 나제2 소구치 (38.9%) 까지의치아노출을보이며, 구각선과동공선이평행관계를이루면서미소가안모정중선에좌우대칭 (89.4%) 을보였다. 2. 한국미인은시대에따라, 즉근래로오면서더욱적극적이고활짝웃는경향이있었다 (p<0.05). 참고문헌 1. Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970; 40: 284-318. 2. Wuerpel EH. On facial balance and harmony. Angle Orthod. 1937; 7: 81-89. 3. Ricketts RM. Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957; 27: 14-37. 4. Heinzpeter MS. Esthetic corrections in cases of orthognathic surgery. Int. J. Adult Orthodon. Orthognath. Surg. 1989; 4: 229-237. 5. Riedel RA. Esthetics and its relation to orthodontic therapy. Angle Orthod. 1950; 20: 168-178. 6. Riedel RA. An analysis of dentofacial relationships. Am. J. Orthod. 1957; 43: 103-119. 7. Burstone CJ. Integumental profile. Am. J. Orthod. 1958; 44: 1-25. 8. Cox NH, Linden. Facial Harmony. Am. J. Orthod. 1971; 60: 175-183. 9. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Tartaglia G. Facial morphometry of television actress compared with normal women. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995; 53: 1008-1014. 10. Tae-Won Park. A study on the profile of Korean adult. Korean J Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 1972; 2(1): 23-27. 11. Goo-Han Kang. A morphological study on the soft and hard tissue facial profile of harmonious Korean young adult females. Korean J Orthod 1986; 16(1): 7-34. 12. Joon-Row, Young-Kyu Rhu. A cephalometric analysis on facial esthetics of Korean young adult female. Korean J Orthod 1988; 18: 127-139. 13. Claude R. Rufenacht., Fundamentals of Esthetics., Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, Chicago, Illinois., 1990. 14. Lombardi RE. Factors mediating against excellence in dental esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1977; 38: 243-253. 15. Oh CS. A roentgenocephalometric study of Korean soft tissue profile. Korean J Orthod. 1982; 12: 79-89. 16. Jae-Hoon Jung, Sang-Chun Oh. Perception assessment of esthetics of upper anterior teeth. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2003; 41(5): 640-654. 17. Miller CJ. The smile line as a guide to anterior esthetics. Dent Clin North Am. 1989; 33: 157-167. 18. Min-Eui Yoon, Tai-Ho Jin, Jin-Keun Dong. A study on the smile in Korean youth. J Korean Acad Prosthodont 1992; 30: 259-270. 19. Joon-Won Koh, Tai-Ho Jin, Jin-Keun Dong. 532
The effect of missing teeth, prosthesis and malalignment on the smile. 1993; 31: 542-548. 20. Jeong-Hoi Kim, Tai-Ho Jin, Jin-Keun Dong. A study on the effect of Gibson s smile exercise. 1995; 33: 164-175. 21. Dong JK, Jin TH, Cho HW, Oh SC. The esthetics of the smile: a review of some recent studies. Int J Prosthodont. 1999; 12(1): 9-19. 22. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001; 132(1): 39-45. 23. Naylor CK. Esthetic treatment planning: the grid analysis system. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2002; 14(2): 76-84. 24. Viazis AD. A cephalometric analysis based on natural head position. J Clin Orthod. 1991; 25(3): 172-181. 25. Arnett GW, Bergman RT. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatement planning. Part Ⅰ. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993; 103(4): 299-312. 26. Lombardi RE. The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1973; 29: 358. 27. Tjan AHL, Miller GD, Josephine GP. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent. 1984; 51: 24-28. 28. Um KY. A study of the relationship of the dental midline to the facial median line. Hanyang University, Master s thesis, 1985. 29. Johnston CD, Burden DJ, Stevenson MR. The influence of dental to facial midline discrepancies on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod. 1999; 21: 517-522. 30. Kokich VO, Kiyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999; 11: 311-324. 31. Goldstein R. Study of need for esthetics in dentistry. J Prosthet Dent. 1969; 21: 589-598. 32. Hulsey CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970; 57: 132-144. 33. Sarver DM, Akerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003; 124: 116-27. Reprint request to: Sang-Chun Oh, D.D.S., M.S.D., Ph.D. Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University 1126-1, Sanbon-Dong, Gunpo, Gyunggi-Do, 435-040, Republic of Korea scoh@wonkwang.ac.kr 533
ABSTRACT GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DENTOFACIAL COMPOSITION OF KOREAN BEAUTIFUL WOMAN Young-Ho Shin, D.D.S., M.S.D., Sang-Chun Oh, D.D.S., M.S.D., Ph.D. Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University Statement of problem: The meaning of the beauty has a little different nature according to a time, culture, and nation. Purpose : This study was undertaken to estimate the geometric esthetic criteria for Korean woman by analysis of facial photograph in a smiling. Material and methods: The facial photographs of 678 Korean beautiful woman were collected from Miss Korea candidates(from 1971 to 2003 year). The dento-facial composition was measured and analyzed geometrically on computer monitor using Adobe Photoshop 7.0. The statistical significance of the differences among the 4 decade groups was estimated by a χ 2 test. Result: The Korean beautiful woman showed the geometric characteristics such as the coincidence (83.0%) between facial midline and dental midline, the normal (96.9%) alignment and arrangement of upper anterior teeth, the average (79.1%) position and upward (53.4%) curvature of upper lip, the parallel (85.7%) relationship between the lower lip and upper anterior incisal curvature, the touching (49.9%) and not-touching (44.8%) relationship between upper anterior incisor and lower lip, the first premolar (54.1%) and second premolar (38.9%) displayed in a smile, and the symmetry (89.4%) of smile. There was statistical significance among the 4 decades in the respect of the upper lip curvature, the relationship between upper anterior incisor and lower lip, and the most posterior teeth displayed in a smile (p<0.05). Conclusion: The Korean beautiful woman showed similar results to the western esthetic criteria in the some respects and the tendency that the Korean woman had more active smiling recently. Key words : The geometric esthetic criteria, The dento-facial composition, The Korean beautiful woman 534