Development of breeding and production technique for high-grade bud sprout of Aralia elata Seem.
. 1998. 12. 20. : : : : : : : : ( ) : : : : : - 1 -
...,.,,,,,..,.,. - 2 -
,...,,,,.,,,,,.,.. - 3 -
. F1 1. 1 2 1.,, F1.. 1 2, (, ),. kinetin 5,000 10,000ppm 60 90%. 12 4.. benomyl captan 5% 6 60 100%. 2 3 F1,,,,, /.,,., - 4 -
. 11.., N-P2O5-K2O = 18-21-21kg/10a..,,,,.,.,, + 1. (250 ) (100 ) 2.5 2.. 90%.. - 5 -
-4 0 2 6. - 6 -
SUMMARY. Subject Development of breeding and production technique for high-grade bud sprout of Aralia elata Seem.. Project objective and importance Recently the domestic and foreign market demand for the bud sprouts of Aralia elata Seem. known as traditional high quality-wild vegetables is rapidly increasing but the supply is in short because of shortage of the natural resources by the reckless collecting the sprouts and the cuttings for winter sprout culture. The present studies aimed to develop breeding of new cultivars producing the high quality bud sprout, cultivation method of the tree crop, and the techniques of the sprout production, processing and utilization. The breeding studies aimed to search, to breed and to preserve genetic resources of the high quality bud sprout : the large number and the large size of the terminal and lateral bud, the short and thick internode, the thornlessness, and the high quality aroma and flavor in the local cultivars existing nation widely The cultivation and production studies aimed to find out the efficient tree-crop cultivation method and the efficient techniques of sprout - 7 -
production during winter and spring and the processing and utilization in case of the oversupply. The breeding studies are of importance for the urgent need of the preservation and practical use of the exterminating genetic resources by reckless collection and tall tree shading. The studies put emphasis on searching and collecting the genetic resources isolated in the areas of high mountains and islands in Korea. The cultivation and production studies are of importance for the urgent need of increase in the rapid income and extension of the cultivation area for the cultivating farmers who need the cultivation and production techniques such as the proper level of each kind of fertilization, the efficient time of the collection and incubation of the cuttings for the winter sprout production.. The study content and extent The breeding studies searched and collected nationwide genetic resources of local cultivars and wild varieties of high graded bud sprouts. The selected cultivars were propagated asexually and sexually, and the flowering stimulated cultivars were crossed by artificial and/or open pollination and selected new cultivars by evaluation of phenotype characteristics standard for breeding goal. The cultivars were evaluated by the phenotype of thornlessness, number and size of terminal and lateral bud, number of dormant and adventitious buds, number of current stem, ratio of diameter to length of the - 8 -
internode, The phenotype characteristics were discussed in terms of age of the tree, sprout production method and region of cultivation. The cultivation and production studies examined timing of the cutting collection, length of the storage, timing of the cutting incubation as related with controlling of timing and period of bud sprouting, and saleable quantities. The growth effects of the level of N-P2O5-K2O-fertilization were tested to find out the efficient fertilization level for different cultivation methods. The labor-saving weeding method and the income analysis of different cultivation methods were studied to find out the efficient cultivation method. The freeze storage at -20 and -40 for 0 to 6 months and the thawing at room temperature, 40 water and in microwave oven were tested.. Results and application in the breeding studies New cultivar Konkuk 1 was selected among F1 of local cultivars, Wang-Doo-Roop(Mt. Tae-Baek). Konkuk 1 has stem with little thorns, many dormant and adventitious buds in the base nodes of the stem of the 1 2-year-old seedling. The other peculiar local cultivars were Wool-Noong-DO cultivar with little thorn, Bo-Gil-Do cultivar with little thorn, F1 of thornless Japanese cultivar Jung-gang. These cultivars need cold hardiness test in - 9 -
the field. The 2-year old seedling of Konkuk 1 cultivar was transplanted for the test culture at Ga-Pyoung and Gok-Sung Agricultural Extension Stations, and the bud-sprout culturing farmers and for mass production by cell culture at the Tree Breeding Department, Forestry Research Institute. Propagation by root cuttings appeared to be practical method for mass production of the seedling in the farm field. The treatment of kinetin 5,000 10,000ppm vaseline paste on the cut surface of root-segment(6 8cm length) was effective to increase the percent root cutting survival to 60 90%. The proper timing to collecting the root segment propagates was from December to April next year. The propagates by seeds of the Konkuk 1 cultivar showed variable phenotypes in thornlessness charateristics in the F1. The successful seed germination can be obtained by 6 months sand stratification at 5 with benomyl or captan 5% treatment on the water screened full seeds. Superior cultivars were selected among the F1 hybrid of 2 3 year-old seedlings of which the flowering was stimulated by root cutting and fertilizing. The evaluation of the F1 was made on the basis of thornlessness, number and size of terminal and lateral buds, number of current year growth stems, height of the seedling, ratio of diameter to length of the internodes. The F1 cultivars which show advantages in certain phenotype in different ages, production methods, and areas of cultivation will be selected in the future breeding works and the gene will be preserved and - 10 -
distributed to the other research institutes. The cultivation and production studies showed that the total amount of bud-sprout production was not different among different incubation, different storage condition. The later the cuttings were incubated, the sooner and the shorter period the sprouts appeared. Therefore, the stem cutting for the sprout production can be collected on the middle of November and stored under cool and humid condition until the incubation starts in warm condition. In case of the winter sprout cultivation in the greenhouse in the warm area the cuttings need low temperature treatment for suitable period either by natural or artificial cold condition prior to the incubation in the green house. The proper fertilization in the cultivation field appeared to be N-P2O5-K2O = 18-21-21kg/ha. The main cause of the seedling die-back in the field plantation appeared to be unfavorable irrigation and drainage. The soil condition of the natural range of Aralia elata Seem. is highly air-permeable, stony, alluvial, fertile and moist. Pendi application appeared to be the most practical weeding method. The winter sprout cultivation in the green house resulted two times higher income than the spring sprout cultivation in the field. The most difficult problem in the cultivation appeared to be short supply of the stem cuttings. Therefore the extension of Aralia elata plantation and new cultivar is urgently needed for the bud-sprout cultivation farmers. - 11 -
The best storage and thawing method of the sprout appeared to be freezing of the boiled sprout at -40 and thawing in the microwave oven. - 12 -
CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction... 15 1 Objectives and Categories of the Project... 16 Chapter 2 Breeding studies on Genetic Resources of High Quality Bud Sprout of Aralia elata Seem.... 17 1 Introduction... 17 2 Objectives and Importance of the Study Project... 18 3 Study Contents and the Method... 19 4 Study Results and the Application... 25 Chapter 3 Cultivation and Production of the Bud Sprout of Aralia elata Seem.... 40 1 Introduction... 40 2 Objectives and Importance of the Study Project... 41 3 Study Contents and the Method... 44 4 Study Results and the Application... 49 Chapter 4 References... 69 Appendix Photographs of major cultivars... 71-13 -
1... 15 1... 16 2... 17 1... 17 2... 18 3... 19 4... 25 3... 40 1... 40 2... 41 3... 44 4... 49 4... 69... 71-14 -
1 (Aralia elata Seem.),,, 3 4m,., 40 100cm 2... 1995 () 2, () 6 8 200g 2,000 2,5004,00 0 5,000. 2 3.. 7 15. (30 60cm ). - 15 -
. (30cm 60cm )... 1.,..,. - ---.. - 16 -
2 1......... 3. 2 3. - 17 -
,. 2.,,,,,... 1. 2. 3.,, - 18 -
,,. 3 1.,... 2, 3, 1, 1, 10, 1, 2. 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 5, 3, 2.,,,,,,,,., - 19 -
. 2. (5 ) 1 90 5 10cm, 5 15mm : : (1:1:1). 2 30cm, 10 20cm. 8 15cm, 5 15mm 3 6cm,. 2 10 20., cytokinin IBA 5,000 10,000ppm... captan(5oc)3 6. GA, cytokinin IBA 500 1000ppm 24. ( :: = 1:1:1),. - 20 -
3. 1 2.,,. 10%, ( 1mm). 10 40 20 70cm( ). 3 4. 7. 10 20% 10,000 20,000Lux 2 4., (-20oC) 1.. 4.. 1),,. - 21 -
. (1988 ).... 1 3. 2 10. 2). 2 3.. 2 3. 3). - 22 -
... 4). 1 2... 5).,.. 6). - 23 -
.. 7)..,, /..,, /.. 1 10cm 23 1 3m.. 3.,,..,. - 24 -
.,.. 3.,,,,.,,,.. 4 1. 1. ( ). 1 2. - 25 -
. F1 1. F1 1.,,. F1.... 1. 1,, ( ), ( )... - 26 -
1. (file ) - 27 -
1. - 28 -
1. - 29 -
2.. 100%. kinetin 5,000 10,000ppm 2 360 96%. IBA 1,000 5,000ppm. 80 90%.. 5 10cm, 0.9 1.5cm.. (%) 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 93 96 94 95 90 30 0 0 12 4.. 3 (3 4oC) 47-30 -
80 85%. 7 13 5cm., benomyl captan 5% 6 60 100%. (2 ). 5 50%. ( ).. 1. 3. 2 3. 20 60%. 1 ( )F1. F1 (,,, ). - 31 -
F1F2F1. F1 F2. 4...,,,,.... 1),. 1. - 32 -
,.. F1 1, 6, 7, 8.. F1 ( 1).. 2) 1.., 1, 2, 3, 5, 10.. (40 60cm). 1 2.. 3 4. - 33 -
..,. 3), 2-186, 5, 6, 7,, 1, 5, 8..., F1, 10 ( ),,.... 4), 1, 2, 3, 5, 10. - 34 -
1. 2 3 1. 1.. kinetin 5,000 13,000ppm kinetin gibberellin 5,000 10,000ppm.. 5 6,. 5) 1. - 35 -
.. 7 15.. 6), 7, 8.,,. 2m.. 7, 8... 7) / /,, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,. biomass - 36 -
. /... 2 3. 1. 1. 2 3. 1 2 3.. 61 38cm 2 132cm. 3 4.. 2 3.... - 37 -
.,,,,.,,,..., 10 ( ), ( 1)... 1. 1, /,. 1,, ( ), ( ). 1. 1. ( ). 1F1-38 -
. 3 4. 1997F1 10. 10 1.. 10 101.. F1, F2., 1, 10, F1... - 39 -
3 1,.,. 1 2.,.. - 40 -
,,.... 2 1..,,,,,. 12 2 11.. - 41 -
2.. 10a 1,500kg, 150kg, N-P-K = 18-14-21kg.,,,, EC. 3...,,.. 4.. - 42 -
... 5....,. 6.,... - 43 -
3 1. (60cm) 1996 12 15 1997 1 30 15 4, ( 10 ), 3,880 /3.3, 2 /1 3.. 11.... 1 2, 110. 1996 11 15, 12 15,.,.,. (60cm) 1996 12 15, 12 30, 1997 1 15, 1 30, 10oC. ( 12 15 ) 5 7 3 4,,,,, - 44 -
. 3. 3, 3, 4. (. ) 11 15 12.15 : 12 15 12.30 * - 1.15 1.30 * - 2. 1. 4 = 100 60 150cm 2. 1) 000, 2) 022, 3) 122, 4) 222, 5) 322, 6) 202, 7) 212, 8) 232, 9) 220, 10) 221, 11) 223. - 45 -
: kg/10a 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 9 7 10 18 14 21 27 21 30 1500, 150 (: 1 : 2 : 3 ) ( 50 : 25 : 12 : 13 ) (100 : 0 : 0 : 0 ) (70 : 0 : 15 : 15 ) 6, 7, 8 3.. 2. (1) 4 : + (2) (1) + (2) (3) (4) - : - 46 -
= 100 60 150. (kg/10a) 1 2 3 1500 150 1500 150 - - - - - - 18 21 21 9 21 15 5 - - 2-3 2-3 - : 6, 7, 8 * : 3 ** :, 4. 3. (kg/10a) N-P2O5-K2O 18-21-21() 27-31-31(50% ) 36-42-42(2) - : 1997. 11. - : 30cm * : = 100 60 150cm ** : 3-47 -
5... (). 10a.. 10a,,. ( )... - -. - : 11 30cm - : 12 : ( 2) - 48 -
6. (4 ) 19 (-3 0 ) -10 150. 3 5 6.. ( ) -20-40 (20 ) (40 ) P.E 4 1. 2.,, 0 3.. - 49 -
. (,, ).. 11 15. 700 0..,. ( 3). 12 15 12 15cm1 1 30 42 17, 1 30 12 20 33 3 ( 4).. - 50 -
.. 12 11 (05 ). 2. (. ) (. ) ( ) ( ) (%) 12. 15 30 1.13 1.13 1.23 1.23 2.2 2.2 38 39 87.8 86.7 1.12 1.20 2.1 36 90.0 12. 30 45 30 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.26 1.27 1.26 1.26 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 27 28 27 27 92.2 94.4 88.9 92.2 1.20 1.26 2.13 27 93.3 1. 15 45 30 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.28 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.13 2.14 2.14 2.13 21 22 23 23 98.9 96.7 97.8 94.4 1.28 2.7 2.13 23 95.6 1. 30 60 45 2.13 2.11 2.13 2.13 2.19 2.17 2.17 2.19 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 20 18 18 20 94.4 96.7 93.3 92.2 2.11 2.17 2.25 18 96.7-51 -
3. (. ) ( ) ( / 3.3 ) ( /3.3 ) (%) 1 2 3 4 A B 30 3,407 556 905 1,164 259 2,884 74.3 84.6 12.15 3,364 776 1,073 776 427 3,052 78.7 90.7 3,492 887 1,203 776 349 3,195 82.3 91.5 45 3,577 1,552 1,073 479 388 3,142 80.9 88.3 3,663 1,293 1,164 905-3,362 86.6 91.8 12.30 30 3,449 3,577 647 1,073 1,940 1,384 815 737 - - 3,142 3,194 80.9 82.3 91.1 88.0 3,620 1,164 1,552 647-3,363 86.7 92.9 45 3,837 905 1,125 1,332-3,660 94.3 95.4 3,752 944 1,423 957-3,324 85.7 88.6 1.15 30 3,795 3,663 1,035 1,255 1,035 944 1,332 1,035 - - 3,402 3,234 87.7 83.3 89.6 88.2 3,709 1,681 867 776-3,324 85.7 89.6 60 3,663 906 1,849 569-3,324 85.7 90.7 3,752 944 1,772 556-3,272 84.3 87.2 1.30 45 3,620 3,577 1,423 1,035 1,332 1,642 517 517 - - 3,272 3,194 84.3 82.3 90.4 89.3 3,752 1,513 1,423 427-3,362 86.6 89.6 : / : / ( ) - 52 -
4. (. ) (. ) 1 2 3 4 12. 15 1. 30 2. 4 2. 10 2. 17 12-15cm 12. 30 2. 7 2. 14 2. 20 2. 25 1. 15 2. 14 2. 20 2. 25-1. 30 2. 20 2. 25 3. 3 - * 2. 1.2%, P2O5 6.2ppm, (CEC ; meq/100g) K ; 0.12, Ca ; 3.46, Mg ; 0.45 CEC. 5. ph O.M (%) P2O5 (ppm) CEC(meq/100g) K Ca Mg E.C. (ms/cm) 6.3 0.2 6.2 0.12 3.46 0.45 0.020 1 ( 6). 22 7. - 53 -
18kg/10a, 21kg/10a ( 7).., 1.521kg/10a. 6. () 1 2 2 2 000 22.0a 1.4a 21.3a 1.7a 73.7d 1.8b 022 28.4a 1.5a 24.3a 1.6a 92.5bcd 2.0ab 122 25.5a 1.3a 23.5a 1.5a 95.8abcd 2.0ab 222 22.4a 1.4a 24.2a 1.5a 109.5ab 2.2ab 322 28.5a 1.5a 26.7a 1.5a 107.1ab 2.0ab 202 20.3a 1.3a 22.5a 1.5a 83.3cd 1.8b 212 23.9a 1.4a 26.7a 1.6a 102.7abc 2.1ab 232 29.1a 1.4a 33.9a 1.7a 117.7a 2.3a 220 24.3a 1.4a 24.1a 1.5a 101.3abc 2.0ab 221 20.1a 1.4a 23.8a 1.6a 104.0abc 2.0ab 223 29.4a 1.4a 28.2a 1.6a 102.4abc 2.0ab :, : * : 1-2 : 7. 11, : 11. 1 2-2 : 7. 10-54 -
7. ( 2 2) (N) (P) (K) kg/10a (cm) (cm) kg/10a (cm) (cm) kg/10a (cm) (cm) 0 92.5 2.0 0 83.3 1.8 0 101.3 2.0 9 95.8 2.0 7 102.7 2.1 10 104.0 2.0 18 109.5 2.2 14 109.5 2.2 21 109.5 2.2 27 107.1 2.0 21 117.7 2.3 30 102.4 2.0 3 N, P, K ( 8).. 9. 8. (23, : %) T-N P2O5 K20 CaO MgO T-N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO 000 022 122 222 322 202 212 232 220 221 223 2.34 2.22 1.90 1.53 1.87 1.67 2.20 2.49 1.81 2.11 1.51 0.31 0.29 0.24 0.17 0.28 0.21 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.32 0.21 1.98 2.06 2.08 1.50 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.72 1.44 2.12 1.66 0.70 0.75 1.31 1.52 1.38 0.94 0.75 1.06 1.22 0.68 1.04 0.29 0.33 0.31 0.31 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.35 0.32 0.32 0.30 1.24 1.07 1.02 1.61 1.48 1.22 1.14 1.02 1.08 1.28 1.29 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.15 1.01 0.92 1.23 1.82 1.23 1.38 1.05 1.06 0.95 1.05 1.22 3.02 3.10 3.06 1.71 2.15 2.22 2.79 2.76 3.02 2.91 2.17 0.59 0.40 0.44 0.33 0.28 0.33 0.35 0.39 0.48 0.43 0.27-55 -
9. <> (%) T-N P2O5 K20 CaO MgO T-N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO 0 2.34 0.31 1.98 0.70 0.29 1.24 0.23 1.01 3.02 0.59 9 1.90 0.24 2.08 1.31 0.31 1.02 0.13 1.23 3.06 0.44 18 1.53 0.17 1.50 1.52 0.31 1.61 0.19 1.82 1.71 0.33 27 1.87 0.28 1.96 1.38 0.27 1.48 0.16 1.23 2.15 0.28 <> (%) T-N P2O5 K20 CaO MgO T-N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO 0 2.34 0.31 1.98 0.70 0.29 1.24 0.23 1.01 3.02 0.59 7 2.20 0.29 1.96 0.75 0.30 1.14 0.11 1.05 2.79 0.35 14 1.53 0.17 1.50 1.52 0.31 1.61 0.19 1.82 1.71 0.33 21 2.49 0.27 1.72 1.06 0.35 1.02 0.10 1.06 2.76 0.39 <> (%) T-N P2O5 K20 CaO MgO T-N P2O5 K2O CaO MgO 0 2.34 0.31 1.98 0.70 0.29 1.24 0.23 1.01 3.02 0.59 10 2.11 0.32 2.12 0.68 0.32 1.28 0.12 1.05 2.91 0.43 21 1.53 0.17 1.50 1.52 0.31 1.61 0.19 1.82 1.71 0.33 30 1.51 0.21 1.66 1.04 0.30 1.29 0.15 1.22 2.17 0.27-56 -
.,,,, EC. 2 2. 18, 21kg/10a. 1.521kg/10a. N-P2O5-K2O = 18-21-21kg/10a. 3N, P, K.. 1,500, 150 N-P2O5-K2O = 18-21-21kg/10a. 10a 1,500, 150, N-P-K = 18-14-21kg.... - 57 -
.,. 1998.,,,,... 70 90cm... 3.. 4 6 20 10.,,,, 16.2g, 0.5g. - 58 -
10. ( 60 ) ( ) 6. 20. ( 60 ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) 4.7a 1.0b 1425.9a 25.9a 54.8a 1.8b 16.2a 0.5a - 97.5 *,,,,, *, 7 20 (3) (6 20 ) 3090.5%, (4) 3096.2% ( 11). (4 ) 9095.7%. 11. 90(30) (m2 ) 7. 20. ( 90, 30 ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) 5.0a 977.8a 6862.3a 2168.1a - *,,,,,,, (1) 1.0b 18.5b 388.9b 91.9b 95.7 * (2) 1.7b 70.4b 710.0b 201.8b 90.5 *,, (1)+(2) 1.7b 25.8b 279.6b 82.2b 96.2 *, - 59 -
8 20,, +7 20 ( 12). 12. 120(60 ) (m2 ) ( ) 8. 20. ( 120, 60 ) ( ) (g) (g) 4.7a 974.1a 8049.2a 2614.1a - *,,,,,, (1) 1.0b 18.5b 458.9b 112.6b 95.7 * (2) 1.3b 48.1b 853.6b 234.4b 91.0 *,, (1)+(2) 1.3b 29.6b 413.7b 124.5b 95.2 *,, ( 13)...,.... - 60 -
13. (10 10 ) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) ( ) (0-5) ( ) 122.9a 2.66a 93.3a 2.17a 9.5a 0 ( ) 126.8a 2.33a 98.1a 1.90a 11.3a 0 + 132.3a 2.44a 98.3a 1.93a 10.3a 0 117.4a 2.22a 81.7a 1.93a 11.2a 0 132.3a 2.61a 91.4a 2.23a 11.3a 0 () + 90%. +... - 61 -
4. 1.5, 2. 1%, P2O5 152ppm( 14) 14. ph O.M (%) P2O5 (ppm) CEC(meq/100g) K Ca Mg E.C (ms/cm) 6.15 1.0 152 0.21 3.52 0.51 0.019 1 0 15cm, 0.7 0.9cm ( 15). 30cm () 3 3.5 1.2 1.5 2. 84.5 89.7cm, 48.7 56.2cm 33 35cm. 2.00 2.28cm, 1.89 2.22cm. ( 15).,. 1.52. - 62 -
. 18-21-21kg/10a. 15. ( 10 10 ) (kg/10a) (cm) (cm) ( ) (cm) (cm) ( ) 18-21-21 132.7a 3.08a 1.2a 48.7a 2.28a 9.2a 27-31-31 138,1a 2.94a 1.4a 56.2a 2.03a 9,3a 36-42-42 135.1a 3.00a 1.5a 55.1a 2.00a 10.0a 18-21-21 27-31-31 36-42-42 116.1a 122.2a 118.5a 2.18a 2.21a 2.22a 3.3a 3.5a 3.1a 84.5a 89.7a 86.4a 1.89a 2.00a 2.22a 10.7a 12.0a 11.1a 5... 2 10a 15cm, - 63 -
2.0cm, 4.5 1805.7 37.4kg ( 16). 10a 15.7cm, 2.1cm, 4.6 1684.7 30.5kg. 15cm 15-20g/. 30cm 1 8.0cm, 1cm, 3.0. 16. ( 2) (cm) (cm) ( ) (/10a) ( ) (kg) 15.0 2.0 4.5 1805.7 37.4-15.7 2.1 4.6 1684.7 30.5-8.0 1.0 3.0 - - : : 15cm 15-20g/ : : 1 100 / 250 / ( 17) - 64 -
2 ( 18). 17. (/10a) ( /10a) ( / ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1,806 100 180,600-180,600 100 1,685 250 421,250 39,078 382,172 211 : 10a 1,805 /100,000 (20 ) 2,165,000 (20) 18. (/20-100,000 ) () 415 100 1,650 2,165 () : 1 : : 2050400 = 400,000 100,000 240 4,375 : - : 15,000 240 2,500 * : * ( ) * - - 65 -
94 19. 10 8,760,000 10 8,000,000 90%. 19. ( ) ( ) 100,000 230 23,000,000 1 : 10 23,000,000 100,000 () 1,000 166 80 265 1,200 8,000,000 265,000 : 1,000 95,000 :9.0mx100m=90,000 192,000 8,760,000 8,760,000 :15,000 :6 =60,000 :1,000 =20,000 :, =20,000 : 760x150 =114,000 480 :240 :240 1,650,000 12,590,000 12,590,000 61.9% : 4,375 : 2,500 * 94 () - 66 -
= 100 60 150 10a 66.6 3.0 200. 10a16,000.,,,.. 6. -40-20 ( 20). 20. ( ) () 0 2 4 6-20 L 44.13 38.36 44.68 44.45 a -11.76-9.12-7.26-8.30 b +29.61 +29.61 +29.61 +29.61 (%) 0 0 0.56 0.61 L 42.30 42.97 41.68 45.26-40 a -12.99-10.62-8.80-8.84 b +28.62 +28.62 +28.24 +25.94 (%) 0 0 0 1.30 * L : +(White) -(Black), a : +(Red) -(Green), b : +(Yellow) -(Blue) - 67 -
,,,, >> ( 21). -40. 21. (6 ) ( ) ( ) (1 5) - 20-40 265 305 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.5 4.2 3.7 3.8-20 - 40 13.2 14.5 3.8 3.5 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.9-20 - 40 16.8 15.4 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.4 : : 1() 5() - 68 -
4 1.. 1986., pp. 372-373. 2.. 1994., p. 46. 3.. 1996. ( ). 369 : 62-67. 4.,. 1994.. 61 : 23-29 5.. 1990.., pp. 25-26, 144-152. 6.. 1996.. pp. 30-33. 7.,. 1998.., p. 263. 8.. 1995.. 9.,,. 1998. 10,. 87 : 57-61. 10.,. 1990.. 8 : 71-79. 11.. 1997... 12.,,. 1980. Aralia elata Seem.. 18 : 271-274. 13.. 1976.., pp. 27-29. 14.. 1977.., pp. 305-310. 15.,. 1994. 2. 16 : 561-571. 16.. 1982.., pp. 124-132. 17.. 1996.. 21 : - 69 -
18.. 1998.. 385 : 142-152. 19.. 1991... 20.. 1991... 21.,,,,,. 1987..., pp. 322-324. 22.. 1997.. 30 : 122-127. 23.. 1987.., pp. 689-690. 24.. 1980..., pp. 282-283. 25.,. 1975.. 33 : 177-178. 26.. 1978.. 8 : 31-33. 27. Barrett, S. C. H., & J. D. Thomson. 1982. Spatial pattern, floral sex ratio and fecundity in dioecious Aralia nudicaule. Canadian J. Botany 60 : 1662-1670. 28. Blum, B.M. 1974. Aralia. In : Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Forest Service, USDA, Washington, D.C. pp. 220-222. 29. Erbar, C. and P. Leins. 1988. Flowers developmental studies in Aralia and Hedera(Araliaceae). Oekophysiologie 180 : 391-406 30. Flanagan, L.B. and W. Moser. 1985. Flowering phenology, floral display and reproductive succession in dioecious Aralia nudicaulis L. Oecologia 68 : 23-28. 31. Satoh, Y., S. Sakai, M. Katsumata, M. Nagasao, M. Miyakoshi, Y. Ida, and J. Shoji. 1994. Oleanolic acid saponins from root-bark of Aralia elata. Phytochemistry 36 : 147-152. 32. White, P.S. 1984. The architecture of devil's walking stick, Aralia spinosa. Arboretum 65 : 403-418.2. - 70 -
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1.. 2.. 3.. - 74 -